{"id":23894,"date":"2025-01-11T12:08:46","date_gmt":"2025-01-11T09:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=23894"},"modified":"2025-01-11T12:11:20","modified_gmt":"2025-01-11T09:11:20","slug":"ibn-haldun1332-1406-ve-kurdler1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=23894","title":{"rendered":"\u0130bn-i Haldun(1332 -1406) ve K\u00fcrdler(1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130bn Xaldun \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli tarih\u00e7ilerinden, filozoflar\u0131ndan ve sosyologlar\u0131ndan biridir. \u0130bn Haldun, \u00fcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i ve sosyolog olarak bilinir ve “Mukaddime” adl\u0131 eseriyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Bu eserinde \u0130bn Haldun, toplumlar\u0131n ve medeniyetlerin do\u011fu\u015fu, geli\u015fimi ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00fczerine kapsaml\u0131 analizler yapar. K\u00fcrtler hakk\u0131nda da baz\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri ve bilgileri mevcuttur. \u00d6zellikle o d\u00f6nemde K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeler, sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131, ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer halklarla olan ili\u015fkileri hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir.\u0130bn Xaldun\u2019un Mukaddime adl\u0131 eserinde K\u00fcrdler hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6yledikleri K\u00fcrd ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131\u00a0 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok bilinmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ben \u0130bn Haldun\u2019un ba\u015fka eserlerinde ve bug\u00fcne kadar hi\u00e7 \u00fczerine durulmayan K\u00fcrdlerle\u00a0 ilgili yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetleyerek aktarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.\u00a0\u00a0 K\u00fcrd ve Berber ili\u015fkileri konusunda \u00e7ok ciddi bilgiler vermektedir.\u00a0 Cezayir, Tunus, Fas ve\u00a0 G\u00fcney \u0130spanya\u2019da \u00a0Belli ba\u015fl\u0131 K\u00fcrd \u015fahsiyetlerini ilk defa duyacaks\u0131n\u0131z.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130bn Haldun\u2019un K\u00fcrdlerin\u00a0 Kuzey Afrika\u2019ya\u00a0 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u00a0 ve Berber Hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131n hizmetine\u00a0 girmesini anlat\u0131rken\u00a0 Mo\u011follar\u0131n Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali \u00a0sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan K\u00fcrd trajedisi hakk\u0131nda da \u00a0de\u011ferli bilgiler vermektedir.\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130bn Haldun\u2019un verdi\u011fi bilgiler\u00a0 K\u00fcrdlerin Rum diyar\u0131na yapt\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7lerine de \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcrdlerin Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011finin kurulu\u015funda, Germiyano\u011flar\u0131, Mente\u015feo\u011fullar ve daha bir \u00e7ok beylikte kurucu rol oynamalar\u0131na da \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0130bn Haldun \u00a0Berber Hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131n hizmetine giren K\u00fcrdlere ili\u015fkin bilgileri\u00a0 dedesinden ve\u00a0 babas\u0131ndan da almaktad\u0131r. \u0130bn Haldun\u2019un Kuzey Afrika\u2019daki K\u00fcrd \u015fahsiyetlerine ili\u015fkin anlat\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 \u00f6zetleyerek aktarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0130bn Haldun,\u00a0Musa ibni Ali ya da Chambellan Musa ibni Ali el-Kurdi<\/b>\u00a0hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferli bilgiler vermektedir.\u00a0Musa ibni Ali el-Kurdi,<\/b>\u00a0Sultan Ebu Ta\u015fefin ile ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde vefat etmi\u015ftir.\u00a0Musa ibni Ali el-Kurdi,<\/b>\u00a0bir K\u00fcrt a\u015firetinin mensubuydu. K\u00fcrtler, do\u011fuda ikamet eden, Arap olmayan bir topluluktur. Bu kitab\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde K\u00fcrtlerin k\u00f6keni hakk\u0131nda belirsiz baz\u0131 bilgiler vermi\u015ftik. El-Mesudi, eserinde bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt halk\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir; bunlar aras\u0131nda \u015eahcan, Ber\u00e7an ve Kikan gibi gruplar bulunmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcrtler, Azerbaycan, Suriye ve Musul b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda Yakubi Hristiyanlar\u0131 ve Hz. Osman ile Ali’nin me\u015fruiyetini kabul etmeyen Hariciler de vard\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt toplulu\u011fu da Arap Irak’\u0131n \u015earezor Da\u011flar\u0131’nda ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bu halk, kendine g\u00fcvenen ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket eden bir topluluktur ve say\u0131ca \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r. Halifelik d\u00f6neminde, Ba\u011fdat komutanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir. 1258’de H\u00fclagu Han’\u0131n Ba\u011fdat’\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesinden ve son Abbasi halifesi el-Mustas\u0131m’\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra, K\u00fcrtlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu pagan Mo\u011fol ordular\u0131yla temas kurmak istememi\u015ftir.\u00a0Bir k\u0131sm\u0131, T\u00fcrkmen y\u00f6netimlerinin oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir. Yabanc\u0131 egemenli\u011fi kabul etmeyen Louin ve Tabir gibi soylu K\u00fcrt aileleri, kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olanlarla birlikte Ma\u011frib’e gelmi\u015fti<\/b>r. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7, Almohad \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Fas’a geldiklerinde Halife el-Murteza taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131cak bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu prens, onlara maa\u015f, yerle\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in topraklar ve sarayda onurlu yerler vermi\u015ftir. K\u00fcrtlerin geli\u015finden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Almohad Hanedan\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve K\u00fcrtler Merinid y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Bu K\u00fcrtlerden bir grup, Yagmoracen ibn Ziyan’\u0131n korumas\u0131 alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Tabirlerin bir kolu (ad\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorum) \u0130frikiya emiri El-Mostencere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ailenin bir kolundan\u00a0El Mizouar olarak bilinen Muhammed \u0130bn Abdulaziz do\u011fmu\u015ftu<\/b>r. O, Sultan Abu Yahya Abubekir’in y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Merinidlerin hakimiyeti alt\u0131ndaki K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda\u00a0Hasan \u0130bn Saf\u2019\u0131n iki o\u011flu Ali ve Salman<\/b>dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir; bu ki\u015filer Tabir ailesinin \u00fcyeleridir.\u00a0Tabirler, Ali ve Salman’\u0131<\/b>\u00a0kendi \u015fefleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr.\u00a0Louinler\u00a0<\/b>ise\u00a0Xidir \u0130bn Muhammed\u2019i<\/b>\u00a0liderleri olarak kabul eder. Bu iki a\u015firet aras\u0131nda zaman zaman \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r; bu \u00e7eki\u015fmeler, kendi memleketlerinde de ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda genellikle geleneksel silahlar\u0131 olan ok ve yaylar\u0131 kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. En \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan biri 674 y\u0131l\u0131nda (1275-6) Fes’te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Xidir, Louin a\u015firetinden olan destek\u00e7ilerini Fotouh Kap\u0131s\u0131’nda toplam\u0131\u015f ve Ali ve Salman taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Tabirlerle sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sultan Yakup \u0130bn Abdelhak bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara kar\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131n inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015feye sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k etmek istememi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Salman \u0130bn Hasan, 1291 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130spanya’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bulunan Tarifa’da bir askeri garnizonu ele ge\u00e7irmek ve cihad\u0131n gereklerini yerine getirmek i\u00e7in \u015fehit olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0<\/span><\/b>Salman’\u0131n ye\u011feni\u00a0Musa (Ali’nin o\u011flu)<\/b>\u00a0Yusuf \u0130bn Yakub’un saray\u0131nda kraliyet ailesinin kad\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitilmi\u015ftir. Musa, istedi\u011fi zaman saraydan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p ailesine gitme imkan\u0131na sahipti ve sarayda \u00f6zg\u00fcrce hareket edebilmekteydi. Sultan Tlemcen \u015fehrini ku\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Musa \u00e7e\u015fitli ki\u015fisel nedenlerden dolay\u0131 Abdul Ouadit’in taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Osman \u0130bn Yagmoracen onu i\u00e7tenlikle kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; Osman’\u0131n onu g\u00f6rkemli bir \u015fekilde kabul etmesinin nedeni, Musa’n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015ftan sahip oldu\u011fu y\u00fcksek mevkiydi. Sultan Yusuf’un iste\u011fi \u00fczerine Musa’n\u0131n babas\u0131, o\u011flunu geri getirmek i\u00e7in giderek ona geri d\u00f6nmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler. Ancak Musa, babas\u0131ndan \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyerek geri d\u00f6nmeyece\u011fini belirtir; nedeni olarak Beni Abdul Ouad ailesinin kendisine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyilikleri g\u00f6sterir. Babas\u0131 dilini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek o\u011fluna yeni dostlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda kalmas\u0131n\u0131 ve onlara hizmet etmesini \u00f6\u011f\u00fctler. Ya\u015fl\u0131 \u015fef kampa geri d\u00f6ner ve yap\u0131lan bu \u00f6zel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmenin detaylar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r, Sultan da Musa’ya k\u0131zmaz. Musa’n\u0131n babas\u0131, 1300 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ma\u011frib’te vefat etmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Osman \u0130bn Yagmoracen’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Musa’n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda daha da artm\u0131\u015f, Musa aile \u00fcyelerinin aras\u0131nda bir s\u0131rda\u015f olarak yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Musa, ordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, vezirlik ve \u015fambelanc\u0131l\u0131k gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revde bulunmu\u015f, \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelere y\u00f6netici olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatta Abu Hammou’nun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda cenaze t\u00f6renini y\u00f6neten de Musa’d\u0131r. Musa, Sultan Abu Ta\u015fefin’e sad\u0131kt\u0131; ancak Musa’n\u0131n kraliyet ailesindeki y\u00fckseli\u015fi, Hristiyanl\u0131ktan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f yapan Hilal’in k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekiyordu.\u00a0Musa, \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nen entrikalar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u0130spanya’da Hristiyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmeye haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; bu projesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde Hilal taraf\u0131ndan tutuklanm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130spanya’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyine, Granada’ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015ftir.<\/b>\u00a0Musa, Granada’ya vard\u0131ktan sonra g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklere kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Granada sultan\u0131n\u0131n kendisine verdi\u011fi yetkileri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve fedak\u00e2rca yerine getirmi\u015ftir. Halk taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sempatiyle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu. Hilal, Musa’n\u0131n Granada’da sahip oldu\u011fu bu b\u00fcy\u00fck sempatiyi duyunca k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da artm\u0131\u015f ve Musa’y\u0131 geri istemi\u015ftir. Musa, Afrika’ya geri g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f ve Sultan Abdul Ouadit taraf\u0131ndan do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bir g\u00f6reve atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgede Musa, bir\u00e7ok operasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. En son 1326 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Zenatin birliklerini \u0130frikiya’da Yahya Abubekir’e kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6netirken b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ordusunun geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131yla Tlemcen’e geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Musa, geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Hilal’in yine kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 Sultan’\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark eder. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve ciddi tehlikelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmamak i\u00e7in Musa, Douaouida’lara s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. Chelif Emiri Yahya \u0130bni Musa taraf\u0131ndan Bougie’de g\u00f6revlendirilir. Musa, Douaouida’lar\u0131n \u015fefleri olan Ali \u0130bn Saba \u0130bn Yahya’n\u0131n iki o\u011flu olan S\u00fcleyman ve Yahya’ya gider. Bu karde\u015fler taraf\u0131ndan Musa s\u0131cak bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r. Belli bir d\u00f6nem bu a\u015firetlerin i\u00e7inde kal\u0131r. Daha sonra Sultan taraf\u0131ndan saraya geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r ve g\u00f6revini devral\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 ay sonra ayn\u0131 prens taraf\u0131ndan tutuklan\u0131r ve Cezayir’e g\u00f6nderilir. Musa, Cezayir’de hapiste ciddi i\u015fkencelere maruz kal\u0131r. Bu olaylar\u0131n ard\u0131nda yatan ki\u015fi Hilal’dir. Hilal tutuklan\u0131p g\u00f6revden al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra Musa, ba\u015fkentteki saraya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r ve Saray\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck mabeyincili\u011fine getirilir. Musa, \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna kadar bu g\u00f6revde kal\u0131r. Musa’n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 Abu Al Hasan’\u0131n hizmetine girerler. Musa’n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fta b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Said \u0130bn Musa da ciddi \u015fekilde yaralan\u0131r. Said \u0130bn Musa, yaral\u0131 halde \u00f6l\u00fcler aras\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Karanl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde b\u00f6lgeden ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve \u015fans eseri yaralar\u0131ndan kurtulur. Said \u0130bn Musa, Abdul Ouadit Hanedan\u0131 yeniden tesis edilene kadar Abu Hasan’\u0131n yan\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span>(Sayfa 415-417)<\/p>\n

Devam edecek<\/p>\n

Aso Zagrosi -zagrosname.com<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130bn Xaldun \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli tarih\u00e7ilerinden, filozoflar\u0131ndan ve sosyologlar\u0131ndan biridir. \u0130bn Haldun, \u00fcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i ve sosyolog olarak bilinir ve “Mukaddime” adl\u0131 eseriyle tan\u0131n\u0131r. Bu eserinde \u0130bn Haldun, toplumlar\u0131n ve medeniyetlerin do\u011fu\u015fu, geli\u015fimi ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00fczerine kapsaml\u0131 analizler yapar. K\u00fcrtler hakk\u0131nda da baz\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri ve bilgileri mevcuttur. \u00d6zellikle o d\u00f6nemde K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeler, sosyal …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":23895,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5371],"tags":[6761,4143,117,1616,5017,5580,6679,3964],"class_list":["post-23894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-alinti-yazilar","tag-berberi","tag-ibn-i-haldun","tag-kurtler","tag-manset","tag-mukaddime","tag-turkler","tag-zagros","tag-zagrosname"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=23894"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23894\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23897,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23894\/revisions\/23897"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/23895"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=23894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=23894"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=23894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}