{"id":23878,"date":"2025-01-04T20:45:29","date_gmt":"2025-01-04T17:45:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=23878"},"modified":"2025-01-04T20:45:29","modified_gmt":"2025-01-04T17:45:29","slug":"kurd-muziginin-kisa-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=23878","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcrd m\u00fczi\u011finin k\u0131sa tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maalesef \u015fimdiye kadar\u00a0\u201cBin y\u0131l \u00f6nce K\u00fcrdlerde\u00a0m\u00fczik<\/a>\u00a0nas\u0131l icra edildi? K\u00fcrdler, m\u00fczik ilmine ne gibi katk\u0131da bulundular? Kullan\u0131lan m\u00fczik aletleri nelerdi? Hangi makamlar ve na\u011fmeler tercih edildi? K\u00fcrd devlet ve mirliklerin saraylar\u0131nda, qas\u0131rlar\u0131nda musiki\u015finaslar nas\u0131l korundu? \u0130lk yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve sesli kay\u0131t versiyonlar\u0131 ne zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti?\u201d<\/em>\u00a0gibi sorular\u0131n cevaplar\u0131n\u0131 bulabilece\u011fimiz ve en az\u0131ndan\u00a0\u0130slam\u00eeyet<\/a>\u2019ten sonraki s\u00fcreci takip edebilece\u011fimiz referans bir kitap \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na rastlayam\u0131yoruz. Ancak Sad\u0131k Sef\u00eezade Borekey\u00ee\u2019nin Tahran\u2019da 1378\/1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fars\u00e7a olarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u2018Tar\u00eex-i M\u00fbs\u00eeqiy Kurd\u00ee\u2019<\/em>\u00a0ile Zeynep Ya\u015f\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrd\u00e7e\u00a0\u2018\u015eaker\u00ean Muz\u00eeka Kurd\u00ee\u2019 (2 C, Diyarbak\u0131r B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131)<\/em>\u00a0ve Mehmet Bayrak\u2019\u0131n\u00a0\u2018K\u00fcrd M\u00fczi\u011fi, Danslar\u0131 ve \u015eark\u0131lar\u0131\u2019 (\u00d6z-Ge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 3 C, 2013)<\/em>\u00a0isimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bu alanda \u00f6nemli kitaplar oldu\u011funu kabul etmemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdler<\/a>in milat \u00f6ncesi do\u011frudan atalar\u0131n aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen Med, Mana ile dolayl\u0131 atlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen Elamlar\u2019dan kalma g\u00f6rsel \u00f6gelerde Tanbur\/Saza yak\u0131n bir musiki aletinin bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu spesifik bilgilerin yan\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015f\u00fcpheye mahal vermeyecek \u015fekilde bilgilerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 klasik \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee kaynaklarda, K\u00fcrdlerin hem mus\u00eek\u00ee aletlerinin yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 hem de \u00e7ok iyi icrac\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u011fdat\u2019tan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a, oradan End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emevileri\u2019ne gidip Ziryab nam\u0131yla \u015f\u00f6hret sahibi olan\u00a0Ebu\u2019l-Hasan Ali b. N\u00e2fi\u2019<\/em><\/strong>nin (790-804) \u0130sl\u00e2m m\u00fczi\u011fine katt\u0131klar\u0131 Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda \u00f6vg\u00fcyle s\u00f6z edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Mana<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Mana ve Media medeniyetlerinin hakim oldu\u011fu sahalarda bulunan bir kap-kacakta elinde saz aleti bulunan \u015fah\u0131s tasviri (M.\u00d6. 9-5. y\u00fczy\u0131l)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Elam,<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Elam, saz \u00e7alan ozan, Louvre M\u00fczesi, \u0130.\u00d6.18-17. y\u00fcz y\u0131llar<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Salah\u00fcdd\u00een Safed\u00ee\u2019nin\u00a0(697\/1297-764\/1363)<\/em>\u00a0\u201cRisale fi \u0130lmi\u2019l M\u00fbs\u00eeka\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0adl\u0131 eserinde\u00a0\u2018K\u00fcrd Kemen\u00e7esi\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

Buna benzer bir bilgi de, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Frans\u0131zca olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olan\u00a0\u2018Du Caucase au Golfe Pers\u0131que A Travers L\u2019arm\u00e9nie, Le Kurdistan Et La M\u00e9sopotamie (1889)\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0kitapta,\u00a0\u2018Kiamantcha k\u00fcrde\/K\u00fcrd Kemen\u00e7esi (ss:322)\u2019<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0ad\u0131yla \u00e7izimine yer verilerek ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Kiamantcha<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Kiamantcha k\u00fcrde \/ K\u00fcrd Kemen\u00e7esi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abd\u00fclk\u00e2dir-i Mer\u00e2g\u00ee\u00a0(1355-1435)<\/em>, 1415 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sultan \u015eahruha ithaf etti\u011fi m\u00fbsik\u00ee nazariyat\u0131n\u0131n temel kaynaklar\u0131ndan olan\u00a0\u201cC\u00e2miu\u2019l-elh\u00e2n (\u0130stanbul Nuruosmaniye K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, no:3644)\u201d<\/em>\u00a0isimli Fars\u00e7a eserinde\u00a0\u201cN\u00e2y-\u0131 sef\u00eedi ise K\u00fcrtler \u00eec\u00e2t etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc koyunlar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Neyin sesiyle toplan\u0131yorlard\u0131\u201d<\/em>\u00a0ifadelerini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eserde Nay-\u0131 Sef\u00eed \u015fu \u015fekilde tan\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Deliklerinden sekiz ses h\u00e2s\u0131l olur. Yedi sesi y\u00fczeyinde yer alan yedi delikten, bir sesi arkas\u0131nda bulunan bir delikten \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu deli\u011fe \u015f\u00fcc\u00e2\u2019 denir. Bu delik ba\u015fparmakla kapat\u0131l\u0131p kalan sesler de \u00fcflemenin \u015fiddeti ve yava\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6yle ki iki oktav aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunan tiz ve pest seslerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 bu \u015fiddetli ve yava\u015f \u00fcflemeyle sa\u011flan\u0131r. Ustalar, s\u00f6z konusu neyin yar\u0131s\u0131 oran\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir ney de \u00eec\u00e2t etmi\u015flerdir. Neyin uzunlu\u011fu kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n iste\u011fine g\u00f6re olur. Ancak yayg\u0131n ve kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olan\u0131 yedi bu\u00e7uk yumruk (56,25cm)\u2019tur. Bunu son delikten neyin a\u011fz\u0131na kadar sayarlar. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, d\u00f6rt parma\u011f\u0131, yani ba\u015fparmak, orta parmak, ser\u00e7e parma\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015faret parma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 birbirleriyle biti\u015ftirerek sayarlar. Bundan daha uzun neyler de yap\u0131l\u0131r. Mesel\u00e2 dokuz (67,5cm) veya on iki yumruk (90cm) boyunda. Ancak meclislerde kullan\u0131lanlar sekiz (60cm),yedi bu\u00e7uk(56 cm), alt\u0131 bu\u00e7uk (48,75cm)veya alt\u0131 yumruk (45cm)\u2019tur. Ancak \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in be\u015f bu\u00e7uk (41,25cm) veya be\u015f yumruk (37,5cm) yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"\u00c2rif\u00ee-i<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u00c2rif\u00ee-i Herev\u00ee\u2019nin (\u00f6. 853\/1449) \u201cH\u00e2ln\u00e2me (G\u00fby u \u00c7evg\u00e2n)\u201d isimli eserinde Def, Nay-\u0131 Sef\u00eed (ortada) ve \u00c7eng. 15.y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131<\/a>\u00a0ulemas\u0131ndan Amasyal\u0131 \u015e\u00fckrullah\u00a0(1388-1464?)<\/em>, Safiyy\u00fcdd\u00een Abd\u00fclm\u00fc\u2019min Urmev\u00ee\u2019nin\u00a0(1216-1294)<\/em>\u00a0Arap\u00e7a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0\u201cKit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l-Edv\u00e2r\u201d<\/em>\u00a0eserini,\u00a0\u201cRis\u00e2le min \u0130lmi\u2019l-Edv\u00e2r\u201d<\/em>\u00a0ad\u0131yla Anadolu T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine terc\u00fcme ederek ilavelerle geni\u015fletti\u011fi m\u00fbsik\u00ee risalesinde; makamlar\u0131 ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cOn Birinci Fas\u0131l\u201dda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc makam olarak\u00a0\u2018K\u00fcrd\u00ee\u2019<\/strong>ye yer vermi\u015ftir. Ki bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrk Musikisi i\u00e7erisinde \u2018rast perdesinde bir \u015fed makam\u2019 olan \u2018K\u00fcrdilihicaskar\u2019 bu tarihsel mirastan gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdlerin tarihine y\u00f6nelik olarak 1005\/1597 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan \u015eerefn\u00e2me\u2019nin Oxford Biblioteka Bodleian (no:312) k\u00fct\u00fcphanesindeki yazmada yer alan minyat\u00fcrlerde; nay, def, tanbur, nef\u00eer, kerren\u00e2y, \u015fe\u015ft\u00e2y vb m\u00fczik aletlerinin bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"1597<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
1597 tarihli \u015eerefname\u2019de yer alan E\u011fil Kalesi minyat\u00fcr\u00fcnde Daire\/Def ve \u015ee\u015ftay m\u00fczik aletleri<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"1597<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
1597 tarihli \u015eerefname\u2019de, Amad\u00eeye minyat\u00fcr\u00fcnde yer alan Nay\/Ney ve Daire\/Def isimli m\u00fczik aletleri<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"1597<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
1597 tarihli \u015eerefname\u2019de, D\u00eez Kalesinin Ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 minyat\u00fcr\u00fcnde yer alan Tanbur isimli m\u00fczik aleti<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"1597<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
1597 tarihli \u015eerefname\u2019de, Hakkari\u2019de Av minyat\u00fcr\u00fcnde yer alan Nef\u00eer ve Kerren\u00e2y isimli m\u00fczik aletleri<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"1597<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
1597 tarihli \u015eerefname\u2019de, Botan Mirinin Meclisi minyat\u00fcr\u00fcnde yer alan Nef\u00eer isimli m\u00fczik aleti<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Martin van Bruniessen;\u00a0Evliya \u00c7elebi<\/a>\u2019nin\u00a0(1611-1682)<\/em>\u00a0\u2018Seyehatn\u00e2me\u2019<\/em>sinde yer verdi\u011fi Dicle ve Habur nehirleri \u00fczerinde kelekle ge\u00e7en \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n icra etti\u011fi m\u00fczik kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n, K\u00fcrd folklorunun ilk numunelerini te\u015fkil etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. 1600-1900 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n\u00a0Ortado\u011fu<\/a>\u00a0co\u011frafyas\u0131na yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gezilerle olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 bin civar\u0131ndaki \u2018Seyehatname\u2019 literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, \u015fimdilik bu bilgiyi ge\u00e7erli k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak kesin olarak ifade etmemiz gerekir ki, 1800\u2019den itibaren Bat\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklarda \u2018K\u00fcrd M\u00fczi\u011fi\u2019ne dair kay\u0131tlar yer almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim \u00a0Ha\u00e7atur Abovyan\u00a0(1809-1849)<\/em>, August Jaba\u00a0(1801-1894)<\/em>, Felix fon Luschan\u00a0(1854-1924)<\/em>, Albert Socin\u00a0(1844-1899)<\/em>, Oscar Mann\u00a0(1867-1917)<\/em>, Comitas Vartaped\u00a0(1869-1935)<\/em>\u00a0gibi \u015fahsiyetlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda 1900\u2019den itibaren sesli kay\u0131tlar da yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zeynep Ya\u015f,\u00a0ABD<\/a>\u2019de bir ar\u015fivde 1893\u2019lerde Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Amerika\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan\u00a0Ermeni<\/a>\u00a0ve\u00a0S\u00fcryani<\/a>ler taraf\u0131ndan kaydedilen\u00a0m\u00fczik<\/a>ler i\u00e7erisinde K\u00fcrd\u00e7e m\u00fcziklerin de bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n

Diyarbak\u0131r<\/a>\u00a0S\u00fcryanilerinden Kosrof Maloll\u2019un 1909-1929 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ta\u015f plaklara yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131tlar bu alanda ilktir. 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Colombia, Polyphon, Baidaphon, Odeon, Sodwa, His Master\u2019s Voice gibi Amerikan, \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z plak \u015firketlerinin \u0130stanbul, Ba\u011fdat, Musul, Halep, Kahire, Tahran gibi yerlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri kay\u0131tlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde internet ortam\u0131na da aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde K\u00fcrd m\u00fczi\u011finin profesyonel bir d\u00fczlemde kaydedilip ar\u015fivlendi\u011fi tek merkez Mezher Xal\u0131q\u00ee liderli\u011finde 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Irak Federe K\u00fcrdsitan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin S\u00fcleymaniye, 2005\u2019te Kerk\u00fck, 2006\u2019da Duhok illerinde \u015fubeleri a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00censt\u00eet\u00fbya Kelepora Kurd\u00ee\/K\u00fcrd K\u00fclt\u00fcr Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Enstit\u00fcn\u00fcn kay\u0131tlar\u0131 sadece b\u00f6lgede konu\u015fulan Soran\u00ee leh\u00e7esi de\u011fil, K\u00fcrdlerin konu\u015ftu\u011fu Kurmanc\u00ee, K\u0131rmanck\u00ee\/Zaza, Lor\u00ee, Goran\u00ee, Kendulayi leh\u00e7eleri\/\u015fiveleridir de.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nurullah Alka\u00e7-ndyturk.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/em><\/p>\n

Mesud Serf\u00eeraz; \u201cKurted\u00eeroka Berhevkirina Stran\u00ean Kurd\u00ee\/K\u00fcrd M\u00fczi\u011finin Kaydedili\u015finin K\u0131sa Tarihi\u201d, N\u00fbbihar Dergisi, S:141, 2017, ss:24-9.
\nNurullah Alka\u00e7; \u201cHi\u015f\u00ea Kurdan: Navenda Kurdolojiy\u00ea\/K\u00fcrdlerin Haf\u0131zas\u0131: K\u00fcrdoloji Merkezleri\u201d, Basnews, 2017.
\nUbeydullah Sezikli; \u201cAbd\u00fclk\u00e2dir Mer\u00e2g\u00ee ve C\u00e2mi\u2019u\u2019l-Elh\u00e2n\u2019\u0131\u201d, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, 2007, ss:2.
\nErhan Tekin; \u201cSafedi\u2019nin M\u00fczik Teorisinin \u0130ncelenmesi\u201d, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, 2007, ss:95.
\nAbdulreq\u00eeb Y\u00fbsuf; \u201cHurer\u00ea Tabloy\u00ean \u015eerefname\/\u015eerefname Minyat\u00fcrlerindeki Sanat\u201d, J\u00eena N\u00fb Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1991.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Maalesef \u015fimdiye kadar\u00a0\u201cBin y\u0131l \u00f6nce K\u00fcrdlerde\u00a0m\u00fczik\u00a0nas\u0131l icra edildi? K\u00fcrdler, m\u00fczik ilmine ne gibi katk\u0131da bulundular? Kullan\u0131lan m\u00fczik aletleri nelerdi? Hangi makamlar ve na\u011fmeler tercih edildi? K\u00fcrd devlet ve mirliklerin saraylar\u0131nda, qas\u0131rlar\u0131nda musiki\u015finaslar nas\u0131l korundu? \u0130lk yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve sesli kay\u0131t versiyonlar\u0131 ne zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti?\u201d\u00a0gibi sorular\u0131n cevaplar\u0131n\u0131 bulabilece\u011fimiz ve en az\u0131ndan\u00a0\u0130slam\u00eeyet\u2019ten sonraki s\u00fcreci takip edebilece\u011fimiz referans bir …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":23879,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[698],"tags":[6467,117,1616,643,4331],"class_list":["post-23878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-muzik","tag-kurt-muzigi","tag-kurtler","tag-manset","tag-muzik","tag-seyehatname"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23878","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=23878"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23878\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23880,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23878\/revisions\/23880"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/23879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=23878"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=23878"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=23878"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}