Ayaklanma ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131nca Mele Selim ve beraberindeki arkada\u015flar\u0131, Bitlis\u2019teki Rusya Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019na s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 devleti Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na dahil olup Rusya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan etti\u011fi kas\u0131m ay\u0131na kadar orada kal\u0131rlar. Rusya Konsoloslu\u011fu\u2019nda bulunduklar\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde, ka\u00e7mamalar\u0131 ya da firar etmemeleri i\u00e7in, k\u0131rk askerden olu\u015fan bir \u00f6zel birlik taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli izlenirler. Mele Selim ve arkada\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen karalama ve anti propaganda, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na kadar devam eder. \u201cSava\u015f ba\u015flar ba\u015flamaz, T\u00fcrk g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri Rus Konsoloslu\u011funa sald\u0131r\u0131r, ya\u011fmalar ve Mele Selim ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, K\u00fcrd\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve hilafete isyan su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla yakalayarak \u00f6nceden verilen karar gere\u011fince konsoloslu\u011fun \u00f6n\u00fcnde idam edilirler. \u0130syana kalk\u0131\u015fanlara ibret olsun diye cans\u0131z bedenleri 8 g\u00fcn boyunca dara\u011fac\u0131nda as\u0131l\u0131 kal\u0131r.\u201d[1]\n
1914 Bitlis K\u00fcrd Ayaklanmas\u0131, mayalanmas\u0131 daha eskiye dayanan ve silahl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleme faaliyetlerinin 1912\u2019lerden itibaren yo\u011funla\u015farak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z\/\u00f6zerk bir K\u00fcrdistan hedefli faaliyetin doruk noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Amac\u0131, niteli\u011fi ve izlenen y\u00f6ntemiyle; \u0130ttihat ve Terakki rejimi y\u00f6netimindeki Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 merkezci ve K\u00fcrd milletinin hukukunu yok sayan, bask\u0131c\u0131, ba\u015f\u0131bozuk idaresi, a\u011f\u0131r vergi uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 otonom ya da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir emirlik \u015feklinde kendi kendini y\u00f6netmeyi ama\u00e7layan kitlesel, silahl\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 hareketi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Erzurum polis m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc iken, 8 Temmuz 1913\u2019te Bitlis Polis M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne tayin edilen, ba\u015ftan sona kadar geli\u015fmelere tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015f ve daha sonralar\u0131 Bitlis Milis Taburu ve Alay Kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan Mustafa Durak, Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin ikinci meclisinde milletvekillerine hitaben yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmada, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da nas\u0131l bir y\u00f6netimin icra etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k bir dille ifade etmektedir. \u201cEfendiler 1329\u2019da K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n ufak bir yerinde bir isyan zuhura geldi. \u0130\u015fte Bitlis mebuslar\u0131 burada. Ben de o zaman orada idim. Bunun safahat\u0131n\u0131 size arz etmi\u015f olsam saatlerce devam eder. Bunun i\u00e7in teferruattan vazge\u00e7iyorum. Mesela, Selim, idam edilirken bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti; pek ac\u0131d\u0131r. Ne \u00e7are memleketimizin derdidir, s\u00f6yleyece\u011fim. Bunu bendenize s\u00f6yledi ve bir arkada\u015f\u0131mda orda idi. Demi\u015fti ki, ey T\u00fcrkler, beni idam edeceksiniz ediniz. Fakat memleketinizdeki idareden utanm\u0131yormusunuz. Bu kadar yeri verdiniz; ne kadar yeri \u015funa buna hibe ettiniz. Bunda bizim bir kusurumuz vard\u0131r, diye s\u00f6ylemiyorsunuz. Ne zarar\u0131 var, Bitlis\u2019i de bize veriniz; ne olur. Efendiler bir Bitlis\u2019i bize veriniz, bir de ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za siz kontrol koyunuz; biz sizden ziyade iyi idare etmezsek, o vakit ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za vurunuz. Yine siz al\u0131n\u0131z, koca bir Bitlis\u2019i taksim ettiniz. Ne var bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 da mesela Selim\u2019e veriniz. Bu s\u00f6z, o g\u00fcn bug\u00fcn hi\u00e7 kula\u011f\u0131mdan gitmiyor. Selim\u2019e bu s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6yleten idaresizlikti.\u201d[2]\n
LawRe\u015f\u00eed (Law\u00eaRe\u015f\u00eed) mahlas\u0131yla yazan Bitlisli Kemal Fevzi, hareketin niteli\u011fini ve temel etkenlerini \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00fc\u00e7 nokta \u00fczerinde toplay\u0131p \u00f6zetlemektedir: 1- Bu olay, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin s\u00fcbjektif icraat\u0131na ve halk\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zalimce y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imine kar\u015f\u0131 adalet isteyen bir hareket idi. 2- Olay\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalar\u0131nda n\u00fcfuz ve rekabet iddialar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 3- Dinsel istekler g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ulusal \u00fcmitler s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[3]Kadri Cemil Pa\u015fa da Mele Selim\u2019in, hareketin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131na dair s\u00f6ylediklerine benzer bir de\u011ferlendirmede bulunarak, \u201c\u0130ttifak eden din adamlar\u0131 ve a\u015firet reisleri harekete kat\u0131lma cesaretini g\u00f6steremediler. Hareket yaln\u0131z Hizan \u015feyhlerinin etki alan\u0131nda bulunan a\u015firetlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in[4] yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Elbette ki hareketin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece yukar\u0131da belirtilen nedenlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi. R\u00eaxistina\u00cer\u015fad\u2019\u0131n yeterli ve kitleselle\u015fmi\u015f bir g\u00fcce ula\u015famamas\u0131 ve \u00f6nemli \u00f6nc\u00fc kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n suikastlar sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi; o zamanki K\u00fcrd toplumunda milliyet\u00e7i fikirlerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmamas\u0131, yeterli ulusal bilin\u00e7 d\u00fczeyine ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve a\u015firetsel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olumsuz etkisi; Bedirhan karde\u015fler, \u015eeyh Abd\u00fcsselam ve Simko gibi K\u00fcrd liderlerle olan geni\u015f ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen hareketin yerel ve dar bir b\u00f6lgeyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmas\u0131; Kamil ve Abdurezzak Bedirhan karde\u015flerin \u00f6nemli giri\u015fimlerine ra\u011fmen ba\u015fta Rusya gibi \u00f6nemli bir kom\u015fu devletten olmak \u00fczere gerekli olan uluslararas\u0131 siyasi ve silahl\u0131 deste\u011fin sa\u011flanamamas\u0131; yakla\u015fan Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi safla\u015fmalar ve yeni ko\u015fullar K\u00fcrdlerin aleyhine olmu\u015f; b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir n\u00fcfusa sahip olan Ermenilerle kurulan ili\u015fkiler, yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde ortak bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ve anla\u015fman\u0131n olu\u015fturulamamas\u0131 gibi temel nedenler hareketin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Mele Selim\u2019in Hristiyanlara zarar verilmeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a taahh\u00fct etmesine ra\u011fmen Ermenilerin \u00e7o\u011fu ona inanmaya yana\u015fmad\u0131. \u201cI. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda tam te\u00e7hizatl\u0131 ve silahl\u0131 Ermeni \u00e7eteleri; K\u00fcrtleri, mal ve can kayb\u0131 itibariyle b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlara u\u011fratt\u0131lar. Bu \u00e7eteler \u00f6zellikle Van, Ele\u015fkirt ve Bazit beldelerini ya\u011fmalayan Rus \u00f6nc\u00fc birliklerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde yer almaktayd\u0131lar.\u201d[5] Ayn\u0131 zamanda K\u00fcrdlerekar\u015f\u0131 \u201cme\u015frutiyeti savunmak\u201d i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetten kendilerine silah vermesini istediler. Rus konsolos yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Olferyev\u2019e a\u011f\u0131r silahl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 Da\u015fnak Ermeni\u2019nin Aram Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 birlikleriyle beraber K\u00fcrt g\u00f6\u00e7erleri kovalay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 seyretti\u011fini[6] yazar.<\/p>\n
\u015eeyh Ubeydullah liderli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 1880 K\u00fcrd Ayaklanmas\u0131 gibi, 1914 Bitlis K\u00fcrd Ayaklanmas\u0131na da, \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden lider kadronun dini kimli\u011fi ve kullan\u0131lan dini sembollerden hareketle ba\u015fta \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 T\u00fcrk bas\u0131n\u0131 olmak \u00fczere genel olarak Avrupa ve Rus bas\u0131n\u0131nda, hareketin gerici bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, irticac\u0131 ve Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 e\u011filimleri oldu\u011fu \u015feklindeki temelsiz iddialar ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu iddialara kar\u015f\u0131 M\u0131\u015fagadl\u0131 Ermeni gazetesinde \u201cBitlis\u2019te K\u00fcrt Ayaklanmas\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131mlanan makalede Mtrak mahlas\u0131 kullanan Ermeni yazar konuyla ilgili olarak \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: Elbette ki \u015feriat K\u00fcrd ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcd\u00fcr; onun i\u00e7 mahiyeti ise dine te\u015fvikten \u00e7ok ulusal karakter ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Benzer bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla Navasardyanda, Bat\u0131 bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tezlerin temelsiz oldu\u011funu, hareketin gerici karakter ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, K\u00fcrd ulusal uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klar.[7]\n
Tar\u0131k Zafer Tunaya g\u00f6re, Bitlis\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kan ayaklanman\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda K\u00fcrd Teav\u00fcn ve Terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin kurucusu ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (Halife Selim ve Ali A\u011fa) bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.[8] Hareketin \u00f6nde gelen liderlerinden Mele Selim idam edildi\u011fi zaman 65 ya\u015f\u0131nda idi, ulema ve dini kimli\u011fiyle birlikte karizmatik bir ki\u015fili\u011fe de sahipti. Ba\u015fta T\u00fcrk bas\u0131n\u0131 olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6nemin bir k\u0131s\u0131m Ermeni ve Avrupa bas\u0131n\u0131nda da iddia edildi\u011fi gibi, o fanatik bir \u201cirticac\u0131\u201d ve \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi hareket de dini motifler i\u00e7ermekle birlikte salt bir dini hareket de\u011fildi. Mele Selim Efendi yi\u011fitli\u011fiyle tan\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eair, edip, yurtsever ve dindard\u0131. \u0130yi derecede dini e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bir ulema, din adam\u0131 olmas\u0131 itibar\u0131yla her zaman dini ve milli ir\u015fad\u0131 birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrd\u00fc, s\u00fcrekli derdi ki: \u201cMilli ve dini meselede, son nefesime kadar K\u00fcrd halk\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m ve davamdan vaz ge\u00e7meyece\u011fim.\u201d[9] Mele Selim idam sehpas\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde iken Bitlis Valisi M. Abd\u00fclhalik kendisine sorar: Allah\u2019\u0131n sizi muhafaza edece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftin, neden ba\u015faramad\u0131n\u0131z? Mele Selim cevaben \u015f\u00f6yle der: Evet Allah bize zaferi bah\u015fetti. Lakin i\u00e7imizde hainler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bah\u015fetti\u011fi gibi de ald\u0131. Fakat sana m\u00fcjde vereyim ki sen bir cehennemliksin ve yerin de cehennem olacak. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ben sizden hakk\u0131m olan\u0131 istedim ancak kabul etmediniz. \u00d6l\u00fcm sadece bizim i\u00e7in de\u011fil, siz hem bu d\u00fcnyada hem de k\u0131yamette mahk\u00fbm olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sizin h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcz ve saltanat\u0131n\u0131z ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc, hilebaz ve bahts\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131zla hi\u00e7bir zaman mutlak ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flayamazs\u0131n\u0131z ve mutlaka hakl\u0131 olan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.[10]\n
Bitlis Ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nc\u00fc Liderlerinden Mele Sel\u00eem\u00eaDimil\u00ee Kimdir<\/p>\n
1914 Bitlis Hareketi, \u00f6nc\u00fc liderlerinden bir olan Mele Selim ya da di\u011fer bilinen adlar\u0131yla Mele Sel\u00eem\u00eaDimil\u00ee, Xel\u00eefeSel\u00eem, Zaza Sel\u00eem ve Sel\u00eem\u00ea\u015eerq\u00ee[11] ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamada Mele Selim\u2019in kimli\u011fine dair k\u0131sa bir bilgilendirme \u00f6nemlidir. Mele Selim, babas\u0131 Mele Mehm\u00fbd ve anas\u0131 Hevsete\u2019den 1849\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Mele Mehm\u00fbd, Bing\u00f6l\u2019\u00fcn Gen\u00e7 il\u00e7esinin \u015e\u00een k\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015f ve daha sora oradan Karl\u0131ova\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Az\u00eezan (Sudura\u011f\u0131) k\u00f6y\u00fcne g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f. 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mele Selim annesi Hevsete\u2019yi kaybeder. Babas\u0131, \u201cBu k\u00f6y bana iyi gelmedi.\u201d diyerek, oradan Kalencik k\u00f6y\u00fcne yerle\u015fir. Mele Selim 7 ya\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren medreselerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flar. \u0130lk e\u011fitimini babas\u0131 Mele Mehm\u00fbd\u2019dan alan Sel\u00eem, daha sonra \u015eam ve Kahire\u2019de e\u011fitimine devam eder. Medrese e\u011fitiminde on iki ilim (Sarf, Nahv, K\u0131raat, Beyan, Akaid, Mant\u0131k, kelam, Tevsir, Hadis, \u0130lm-i Meani, \u0130lm-i Bedii, Lugat) e\u011fitimini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra yeniden k\u00f6y\u00fc Kalencik\u2019e d\u00f6ner. K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin ana leh\u00e7elerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Fars\u00e7a ve Arap\u00e7a biliyordu. Seyday\u00ea Mele Sel\u00eem\u2019in; Said, Ahmet ve Derw\u00ea\u015f isimli karde\u015fleri vard\u0131. Bitlis isyan\u0131nda Said ile Ahmet tutuklanarak Mu\u015f cezaevine konulur ve cezaevinde \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan bir yang\u0131nla, di\u011fer mahkumlarla birlikte katledilirler.[12]\n
Mele Selim, Nak\u015fibendi tarikat\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck temsilcilerinden biri olan Hizanl\u0131 \u015eeyh Se\u011fbetullah\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. \u015eeyh Se\u011fbetullah \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nce Mele Selim\u2019i kendi halifesi olarak belirlemi\u015fti. Fakat Mele Selim halifelik postuna oturmay\u0131 kabul etmedi, yerine \u015feyhin o\u011flu ve ayn\u0131 zamanda kendisinin de \u00f6\u011frencisi olan on ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u015eehabeddin\u2019in oturmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kendisi \u015eehabeddin\u2019ipostni\u015finli\u011fe haz\u0131rlamak \u00fczere dini, tarikat ve ilmi e\u011fitiminde birinci derecede rehberlik ve hocal\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015f. Mele Selim, din\u00ee ve Arap\u00e7a bilimleri bilen, bilgin ve dindar bir zat idi ve harekette oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 role bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, “kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc ki\u015fili\u011fi olan” kimselerden say\u0131labilir. \u0130radeli ve ideal sahibi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.[13]\n
Hareketin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan liderlerinden olan Mele Selim idam edildi\u011fi zaman 65 ya\u015f\u0131nda idi, \u015eeyh \u015eahabettin ve Seyyid Ali ise 30 ya\u015flar\u0131nda idiler. \u015eeyh \u015eehabeddin, hocas\u0131 Mele Selim\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131, y\u00fcre\u011finde zaafa yak\u0131n derin bir sayg\u0131 ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duygusu beslerdi. \u015eeyh \u015eehabeddin, Seyyid Nur Muhammed\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu idi ve halk\u0131n g\u00f6nl\u00fcnde, tap\u0131nma derecesine varan bir ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc sayg\u0131ya ve manevi n\u00fcfuza sahipti. Seyyid Ali ise Seyyid Celaleddin\u2019in o\u011flu idi ve K\u00fcrdler aras\u0131nda, kendisine \u00f6zg\u00fc takma ad\u0131yla “H\u00fbt\u00eaGewr”(Boz Ejder) diye an\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130dam edilenler, Bitlis Hanlar\u0131 ile Rojkan a\u015fireti a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcrbelerinin bulundu\u011fu Eski Mezarl\u0131kta topra\u011fa verildiler. Bu \u015fehitlerin kemikleri, 1951-1952 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olduklar\u0131 yerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak Hizan\u2019\u0131n Seyidava k\u00f6y\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve oradaki mezarl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Se\u00eed veroj-R\u00fbpela N\u00fb<\/strong><\/p>\n[1]\u00cesmailHeq\u00ee\u015eaweys, Mele Sel\u00eemEfend\u00ee, 2003, B\u00eer, Hejmar: 2, 2005, s. 44<\/p>\n[2]Emruhan Yal\u00e7\u0131n, Milli M\u00fccadele\u2019ye Sadakat ve Mustafa Durak Sakarya, Bizbize Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2008, s. 142 (L\u00fctfi Baksi ar\u015fivinden)<\/p>\n[3]LawRe\u015fid (Kemal Fevz\u00ee),Mele Selim ve Bitlis Hareketi,J\u00een, aded: 17-18, (J\u00een, KovaraKurd\u00ee-Tirk\u00ee&K\u00fcrd\u00e7e -T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Dergi (1918-1919), M. Emin Bozarslan, Deng Yay\u0131nevi, Sweden, 1985)<\/p>\n[4]Kadri Cemil Pa\u015fa (ZinarS\u00eelop\u00ee), Doza Kurdistan (K\u00fcrdistan Davas\u0131): K\u00fcrt Milletinin 60 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Esaretten Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 Hat\u0131ralar\u0131, \u00d6zge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1991, s. 39<\/p>\n[5]Muhammed Emin Zeki Beg, K\u00fcrtler ve K\u00fcrdistan Tarihi, N\u00fbbihar Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2012, s. 242<\/p>\n[6]Sean McMeekin, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Rol\u00fc, \u00c7eviren: Nurettin Elh\u00fcseyni, YKY, \u0130stanbul, 2012, s. 185, 187<\/p>\n[7]Celil\u00ea Celil, K\u00fcrt Ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131, Avesta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2013, s. 155<\/p>\n[8] Tar\u0131k Zafer Tunaya, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Siyasal Partiler, Cilt-1, \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet D\u00f6nemi, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 4. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2011, s. 431<\/p>\n[9]\u00cesma\u00eelHeq\u00ee\u015eaweys, Mele Sel\u00eemEfend\u00ee, KovaraB\u00eer, Hejmar: 2, 2005, s. 45 (Jiyan \u00fb Berhemekan\u00ea\u00cesma\u00eelHeq\u00ee\u015eaweys, Dezgay \u00c7ap \u00fb Belawkirdin\u00ee Aras, Zinc\u00eereyRo\u015finb\u00eer\u00ee, \u00c7ap\u00ee Yekem, \u00c7apxaneyWezaret\u00eePerwerde, Hewl\u00ear, 2003)<\/p>\n[10]\u00cesma\u00eelHeq\u00ee\u015eaweys, Mele Sel\u00eemEfend\u00ee, KovaraB\u00eer, Hejmar: 2, 2005, s. 45<\/p>\n[11]Nevzat Bing\u00f6l, Bitlis \u0130syan\u0131 ve \u015eeyh Selim, Do Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2013, s. 27<\/p>\n[12] Nevzat Bing\u00f6l, Bitlis \u0130syan\u0131 ve \u015eeyh Selim, Do Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2013, s. 28, 29<\/p>\n[13]LawRe\u015fid (Kemal Fevz\u00ee),Mele Selim ve Bitlis Hareketi,J\u00een, aded: 17-18, (J\u00een, KovaraKurd\u00ee-Tirk\u00ee&K\u00fcrd\u00e7e -T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Dergi (1918-1919), M. Emin Bozarslan, Deng Yay\u0131nevi, Sweden, 1985)<\/p>\n