{"id":23327,"date":"2024-02-07T07:08:34","date_gmt":"2024-02-07T04:08:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=23327"},"modified":"2024-02-05T19:14:39","modified_gmt":"2024-02-05T16:14:39","slug":"takrir-i-sukun-reformlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=23327","title":{"rendered":"Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn \u2018Reformlar\u0131\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019lu y\u0131llarda ve sonras\u0131nda (kad\u0131nlara se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 vesaire) yap\u0131lanlara ink\u0131lap veya reform derken, m\u00fclk\u00fcn ve ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesini, \u015eark Islahat Plan\u0131 Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmek de ideolojik-siyasi k\u00f6rl\u00fck de\u011filse nedir? Madalyonun sadece bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne bakmak tuzakt\u0131r!<\/p>\n

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29 Ekim 1923\u2019te ilan edilen Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurumsal in\u015fas\u0131, Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019lu y\u0131llarda yap\u0131ld\u0131. Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn,\u00a0Cumhuriyet\u2019in ekonomi politi\u011finin<\/strong>\u00a0temel kanunlar\u0131ndand\u0131.(1)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kanunun tekrarlanan gerek\u00e7esi, 13 \u015eubat 1925\u2019teki \u2018\u015eeyh Said \u0130syan\u0131\u2019yd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda bahsedilen isyan olmasayd\u0131 da gidi\u015fat, rejimin b\u00f6ylesi bir icraata evrilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek abartma olmayacakt\u0131r. D\u00f6nem tek parti rejiminin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kanunun amac\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0nettir (madde 1): H\u00fck\u00fcmet, memleketin d\u00fczenini ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ihlal eden te\u015fkilat\u0131, te\u015febb\u00fcsat\u0131 ve ne\u015friyat\u0131\/yay\u0131n\u0131, Reisicumhur tasdikiyle idareden yasaklayacak ve bu i\u015fi yapanlar\u0131 istikl\u00e2l mahkemesine verecektir.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet, anlam\u0131 \u201chuzuru sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rma\/yerle\u015ftirme<\/strong>\u201d olarak ifade edilecek Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019da, \u201ckamu huzuru ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in her \u015feyi yasaklamaya ve yapanlar\u0131 da istikl\u00e2l mahkemesine vermeye yetkili\u201d k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmetin nerede duraca\u011f\u0131ysa mu\u011flakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da neler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktaraca\u011f\u0131m; g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir ki,\u00a0istedi\u011fini yapmada<\/strong>\u00a0Meclis\u2019i de a\u015fan d\u00fczeyde \u2018tek\u2019 yetkilidir, h\u00fck\u00fcmet. Neredeyse yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve buna yarg\u0131 da eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Her \u015fey h\u00fck\u00fcmetin iki duda\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bir as\u0131r sonra\u00a02020\u2019li y\u0131llar da<\/strong>\u00a0esasta pek farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Kanun iki y\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalacak (madde 2) ve uygulanmas\u0131ndan h\u00fck\u00fcmet sorumlu olacakt\u0131r (madde 3). \u0130ki y\u0131l\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 2 \u015eubat 1927 tarihli kanunla, Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn Kanunu\u2019nun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck s\u00fcresi iki y\u0131l uzat\u0131ld\u0131 ve 4 Mart 1929\u2019da ilga edildi.(2)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcrede devletin merkezile\u015ftirilmesine ve sistemin yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ok say\u0131da kanuni d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0D\u00f6rt y\u0131lda 823 kanun<\/strong>\u00a0y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu.(3)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018DEVR\u0130M, MODERN\u0130ZM\u2019 YA DA\u2026<\/h2>\n

CHP\u2019nin tek parti sisteminin merkezile\u015fmesinde ve yeniden tesisinde yap\u0131lanlar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u015eeyh Said Hareketinin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bu y\u0131llar\u0131n icraat\u0131n\u0131n sadece bir tanesiydi.<\/p>\n

Reisicumhur Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>\u2019in [Atat\u00fcrk], Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn Kanunu icraat\u0131 hakk\u0131nda\u00a0Nutuk<\/em>\u2019taki de\u011ferlendirmesinden(4)<\/strong>\u00a0anl\u0131yoruz ki, \u2018devrim\u2019 ad\u0131na yap\u0131lanlar\u0131n hepsi bu y\u0131llardayd\u0131.\u00a0Ba\u015fvekil \u0130smet<\/strong>\u00a0[\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc] de d\u00f6nemi, \u201c[Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019la] ge\u00e7en d\u00f6rt y\u0131lda 100 y\u0131la bile s\u0131\u011fmayacak eserler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u201d diyerek \u00f6zetledi.(5)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Benzer yorumlar, yap\u0131lageldi; ink\u0131lapt\u0131, reformdu, sosyal devrimdi, modernizmdi gibi.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019le monar\u015finin ilan\u0131na \u2018devrim\u2019 diyenlerin (hat\u0131rlat\u0131r\u0131m ki, an itibariyle monar\u015finin kurumsal kimli\u011fini tan\u0131yan 1876 Anayasas\u0131 30 Ekim 1923\u2019te de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteydi), en iyimser tahminle 2,5 milyon Ermeni ve Rum\u2019un on binlerce mal\u0131yla-m\u00fclk\u00fcyle tasfiyesini g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi gibi, ayn\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019lu y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lanlar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemsel olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bakmay\u0131nca, resm\u00ee ideolojinin yolundan y\u00fcr\u00fcmenin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ilemiyor.<\/p>\n

Kanunun ekonomi politi\u011fini maddele\u015ftirdim; 1925 sonras\u0131na b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bakmak amac\u0131yla, 1929 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131n\u0131 da dikkate ald\u0131m.<\/p>\n

MUHALEFET TASF\u0130YE ED\u0130LD\u0130<\/h3>\n

1- Bas\u0131n susturuldu; gazeteler, dergiler kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve gazeteciler tutukland\u0131.(6)<\/strong><\/p>\n

2- \u015eeyh Said Hareketi bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve 28 Haziran 1925\u2019te\u00a0\u015eeyh Said d\u00e2hil 47 ki\u015fi idam edildi<\/strong>. \u0130dam sonras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede on y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre asker\u00ee harek\u00e2ta devam edildi.<\/p>\n

3- Lideri K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir olan Meclis\u2019teki muhalefet partisi\u00a0Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/strong>, 17 Kas\u0131m 1924\u2019te kuruldu ve 5 Haziran 1925\u2019te kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

4- Meclis d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki muhalefet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 bilinenler de yarg\u0131land\u0131; 4\u2019\u00fc (eski Maliye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Cavid, Doktor N\u00e2z\u0131m, eski Ardahan Mebusu Hilmi ve Nail<\/strong>) 26 A\u011fustos\u2019ta ve\u00a0eski Ankara Valisi Abd\u00fclkadir\u00a0<\/strong>1 Eyl\u00fcl 1926\u2019da idam edildi ve di\u011ferleri \u00e7e\u015fitli cezaya \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130zmir Suikast\u0131 yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda da ikisi g\u0131yab\u0131nda 15 ki\u015fiye idam cezas\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n

5- Meclis d\u0131\u015f\u0131 muhaliflerden TKP\u2019liler de tutukland\u0131 ve yarg\u0131land\u0131, 1927\u2019de ve 1930\u2019larda.<\/p>\n

6- Reisicumhur Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Fethi\u2019yi (Okyar) g\u00f6revlendirmesiyle kurulan\u00a0Serbest Cumhuriyet F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 ay (12.8.1930-17.11.1930) s\u00fcrd\u00fc.(7)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018\u0130NKILAPLAR\u2019<\/h4>\n

Rejimin \u2018ink\u0131lap kanunlar\u0131\u2019 olarak anayasaya (1982 Anayasas\u0131, madde 174) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanunlar bu d\u00f6nemde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu.<\/p>\n

7-\u00a0Tekkeler, zaviyeler ile t\u00fcrbeler<\/strong>\u00a0kapat\u0131ld\u0131, seyitlik, \u015feyhlik, dervi\u015flik, m\u00fcritlik gibi birtak\u0131m unvanlar yasakland\u0131, 30 Kas\u0131m 1925 tarih ve 677 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.<\/p>\n

Devam\u0131 y\u0131llarda (26.11.1934 tarih ve 2590 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla) efendi, bey, pa\u015fa unvan\u0131 ve (3.12.1934 tarih ve 2596 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla) baz\u0131 kisvelerin giyilmesi yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

8-\u00a0\u015eapka<\/strong>\u00a0giymek zorunlu hale getirildi, 25 Kas\u0131m 1925 tarih ve 671 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla.<\/p>\n

9- 1926\u2019n\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019den Medeni Kanun ile Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, \u0130talya\u2019dan Ceza Kanunu ve Almanya\u2019dan Ticaret Kanunu al\u0131nd\u0131. \u00c7eviri yasalara, Hukuk ve Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulleri, Deniz Ticaret, \u0130cra ve \u0130fl\u00e2s kanunlar\u0131yla devam edildi. Mete Tun\u00e7ay\u2019\u0131n(8)<\/strong>\u00a0ifadesiyle, bu, \u201c\u00e7eviri yasalarla hukuk devrimi<\/strong>\u201dydi.<\/p>\n

10-\u00a0Latin Alfabeye<\/strong>\u00a0ge\u00e7ildi, 1 Kas\u0131m 1928 tarih ve 1353 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Harflerinin Kabul ve Tatbiki Hakk\u0131nda Kanunla. Alt\u0131 ay \u00f6ncesinde de (20.5.1928 tarih ve 1288 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla) beynelmilel rakamlar kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ve Tevhidi Tedrisat Kanunu (3.3.1924 tarih ve 430 say\u0131l\u0131), Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn \u00f6ncesinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

11- 29 Ekim 1923\u2019te Cumhuriyet ilan\u0131yla kabul edilen \u201cdevletin dini \u0130slam\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0ifadesi, 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda aynen yer ald\u0131 (madde 2) ve 9 Nisan 1928\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. 5 \u015eubat 1937\u2019deki de\u011fi\u015fikle\u00a0laiklik<\/strong>, ikinci maddeye eklendi ve sonraki b\u00fct\u00fcn anayasalarda yer ald\u0131.(9)<\/strong><\/p>\n

EMV\u00c2L-\u0130 METR\u00dbKEN\u0130N TRANSFER\u0130 S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/h5>\n

12- 1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda, 1910\u2019lardan beri yerinden-yurdundan edilen\u00a0Ermenilerin ve Rumlar\u0131n (emv\u00e2l-i metr\u00fbke edilen) mal\u0131n\u0131n-m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn transferi<\/strong>\u00a0ve tapuyu de\u011fi\u015ftirmenin mevzuat\u0131 haz\u0131rland\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu.<\/p>\n

1930\u2019a kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan mevzuatla, 1915\u2019lerde \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n temellendirdi\u011fi T\u00fcrk-S\u00fcnni \u0130slam olmayan\u0131n demografik ve iktisadi yap\u0131dan tasfiyesinin in\u015fas\u0131 tamamland\u0131; sistemle\u015ftirildi. M\u00fclks\u00fcz k\u0131l\u0131nanlar da m\u00fclk\u00fc alanlar da milyonlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kanun ve talimatnamelerle\u00a0devletin fiilen el koydu\u011fu ve kayd\u0131n\u0131 yok sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fclk, 1- T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam sermayedar\u0131na, 2- T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam ahalisine, muhacirlere ve m\u00fcbadillere, 3- Asker\u00ee ve sivil b\u00fcrokrasiyle, devlet kurumlar\u0131na, 4- T\u00fcrk Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019na ve di\u011fer benzer kurumlara hibe edildi, sat\u0131ld\u0131 ya da kapan\u0131n elinde kald\u0131 ve yeni sahiplerine kay\u0131t edildi.<\/p>\n

Transfer sisteminin sonucu olarak \u015fu tespiti yapabiliriz: 1910\u2019lardaki Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\u00a0T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam burjuvazisinin sermaye birikiminin kayna\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, Ermeni ve Rum [ve di\u011fer] milletlerin gasp edilen mal\u0131d\u0131r-m\u00fclk\u00fcd\u00fcr-fabrikas\u0131d\u0131r! Elbette istihdam\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi de unutulmad\u0131!<\/p>\n

YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARI<\/h6>\n

13- Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131na yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu y\u0131llarda yabanc\u0131 sermaye, yerelde h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ilgili kurumlar\u0131yla, belediyelerle ve ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerle i\u015f birli\u011fi yapt\u0131. T\u00fcrk anonim \u015firketlerin kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131na g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131: 1920\u2019de 16\u2019n\u0131n 4\u2019\u00fc, 1921\u2019de 5\u2019in 2\u2019si, 1922\u2019de 2\u2019nin 1\u2019i, 1923\u2019te 7\u2019nin 4\u2019\u00fc, 1924\u2019te 27\u2019nin 10\u2019u, 1925\u2019te 40\u2019\u0131n 12\u2019si, 1926\u2019da 37\u2019nin 9\u2019u, 1927\u2019de 14\u2019\u00fcn 2\u2019si, 1928\u2019de 27\u2019nin 13\u2019\u00fc, 1929\u2019da 16\u2019n\u0131n 5\u2019i, 1930\u2019da 10\u2019un 4\u2019\u00fc yabanc\u0131 sermayeliydi. 201 anonim \u015firketin\u00a0135\u2019i T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam sermayeli<\/strong>\u00a0ve 66\u2019s\u0131 da yabanc\u0131 sermayeliydi. 112,8 milyon liral\u0131k nominal sermayenin y\u00fczde 38\u2019i ve 73,3 milyon liral\u0131k \u00f6denmi\u015f sermayenin y\u00fczde 43\u2019\u00fc yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketlere aittir.(10)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yahya Sezai Tezel, 1920 sonbahar\u0131nda Erzurum Mebusu\u00a0Celalettin Arif\u2019in<\/a>\u00a0Ere\u011fli\u2019deki maden imtiyaz\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f halinde olunan \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0Terni Company<\/strong>\u2019e devrinin onaylanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve\u00a09 Nisan 1923<\/a>\u00a0tarihli kanunla\u00a0Amerikal\u0131 Chester<\/strong>\u2019e 170 bin kilometre karelik alanda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc maden ve petrol kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n, demiryolu ve limanlar\u0131n 99 y\u0131l i\u015fletme ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n verilmesini, \u2018anti-emperyalist<\/strong>\u2019 s\u00f6ylemi sorgulaman\u0131n iki \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak analiz etti.(11)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131 sermayeyle i\u015f birli\u011fi ve kapitalistle\u015fme, emperyalist zincirin halkas\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatmaz, g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. Zaten T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tek cephe harbi, Ege\u2019yi i\u015fgal eden Yunanistan\u2019la yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve\u00a0Mudanya M\u00fctarekesi<\/a>\u00a0de 11 Ekim 1922\u2019de imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (madde 1): \u201c\u0130\u015f bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi \u00fczerine T\u00fcrk ve Yunan silahl\u0131 kuvvetleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar duracakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

YASAYLA, ANAYASANIN \u0130LGASI<\/h6>\n

14- 20 Nisan 1925\u2019te TBMM karar\u0131yla, 6 ay tatil edilen Meclis\u2019in m\u00fclkiye te\u015fkilat\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapma yetkisi h\u00fck\u00fcmete verildi.(12)<\/strong><\/p>\n

15- Muhalefet, s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netimle ve istikl\u00e2l mahkemesi yarg\u0131s\u0131yla bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 4 Mart\u00a01925\u2019te Diyarbekir\u2019de [\u015eark] ve Ankara\u2019da<\/strong>\u00a0birer istikl\u00e2l mahkemesi kuruldu.(13)<\/strong><\/p>\n

1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019na (madde 26) g\u00f6re TBMM\u2019de olan idam\u0131 infaz yetkisi, Meclis karar\u0131yla(14)<\/strong>\u00a0istikl\u00e2l mahkemelerine verildi. Mahkemeler iki y\u0131l g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

16- 595 say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla komutanlar da s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim mahkemelerinin verece\u011fi idam\u0131 infaz yetkisine sahip oldu.(15)<\/strong><\/p>\n

10 y\u0131l sonra da TBMM\u2019nin idam\u0131 infaz yetkisi elinden al\u0131nd\u0131.\u00a0Dersim\u2019de<\/strong>\u00a025.12.1935 tarih ve 2884 say\u0131l\u0131 kanuna (madde 33) g\u00f6re, idam\u0131 infaz yetkisi vali-komutana (yani M\u00fcfetti\u015f Korgeneral Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan\u2019a) verildi.(16)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yasayla, anayasan\u0131n ilgas\u0131 hi\u00e7 sorun edilmedi. Bu durumu\u00a0Adliye Enc\u00fcmeni K\u00e2tibi Raif Karadeniz<\/strong>\u00a0(Trabzon), TBMM\u2019de \u015f\u00f6yle savundu: \u201cYaln\u0131z, memleketin y\u00fcksek menfaatini bir tarafa koyduk ve di\u011fer tarafa da kanuni mevzuat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 koyduk ve Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 beslenmesi laz\u0131m gelen peresti\u015f ve h\u00fcrmeti de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck ve bu neticeye vas\u0131l olduk.\u201d(17)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u00a0Mehmet Bayrak,\u00a0K\u00fcrtlere Vurulan Kelep\u00e7e, \u015eark Islahat Plan\u0131, \u00d6z-Ge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-2009.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

17- 1928 Ocak\u2019tan itibaren sokakta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019den gayr\u0131 bir dilin konu\u015fulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla \u2018Vatanda\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Konu\u015f!\u2019\u00a0<\/strong>kampanyas\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. D\u00e2r-\u00fcl-f\u00fcn\u00fbn Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Talebe Cemiyeti\u2019nin 13 Ocak 1928\u2019de yap\u0131lan kongresinde kampanyaya start verildi ve devam edildi.(18)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Devlet, gayri T\u00fcrk her bireyi sokakta T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmaya zorlad\u0131. Ve konu\u015fmayana da para cezas\u0131(19)<\/strong>\u00a0kesildi.<\/p>\n

18- Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn icraat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir maddesi\u00a0\u015eark Islahat Plan\u0131<\/strong>,(20)<\/strong>\u00a0K\u00fcrtlerin \u201ctemsili ve temdini\u201d(20)<\/strong>\u00a0yani \u201casimilasyonu ve medenile\u015ftirilmesi\u201d i\u00e7in ne yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temel program\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zaten d\u00f6rt y\u0131l \u00f6nceki 1921 Mart-May\u0131s\u00a0Ko\u00e7giri Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019nda<\/strong>\u00a0plan sinyali verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Plan,\u00a024 Eyl\u00fcl 1925\u2019ten bug\u00fcne<\/strong>\u00a0y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcktedir. Askeri-g\u00fcvenlik\u00e7i politikalarla, demografik yap\u0131n\u0131n hem s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerle hem de T\u00fcrklerin isk\u00e2n\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini hedefleyen plan, 28 maddedir. O y\u0131llarda \u2018T\u00fcrk\u2019 etnik k\u00f6kenden ziyade resmen \u2018vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ad\u0131\u2019 gibi sunulsa da K\u00fcrt kimli\u011finin \u2018yok\u2019 say\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan sorunlu s\u00fcre\u00e7 bug\u00fcne kadar geldi.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrtler, neler ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1960\u2019lardaki mitinglerde, \u201cDip\u00e7ik de\u011fil, el isteriz\u201d ve \u201cBat\u0131ya fabrika yol, Do\u011fuya komando karakol<\/strong>\u201d ve \u201cB\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc de\u011fil, e\u015fitlik istiyoruz\u201d ile \u201cYasa h\u00fcrriyeti, insanl\u0131k h\u00fcrriyeti, okuma h\u00fcrriyeti istiyoruz\u201d \u015feklinde sloganla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.(22)<\/strong><\/p>\n

19- Devletin merkezile\u015fmesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesinin te\u015fkilat\u0131\u00a0umumi m\u00fcfetti\u015fliklerin<\/strong>\u00a0birincisi 31 Aral\u0131k 1927\u2019de kuruldu;\u00a0El\u00e2ziz, Urfa, Bitlis, Hakk\u00e2ri, Diyarbekir, Siirt, Mardin ve Van\u00a0<\/strong>illerini kaps\u0131yordu. Buna \u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fcfetti\u015flik daha eklendi. Toplam d\u00f6rt umumi m\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc \u015eark\u2019tayd\u0131. M\u00fcfetti\u015fliklerin g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi 1952\u2019de bitti.(23)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Edirne, K\u0131rklareli, \u00c7anakkale ve Tekirda\u011f\u2019da kurulan \u0130kinci Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015flik\u2019in ilk icraat\u0131 1934 Haziran-Temmuz\u2019da(24)<\/strong>\u00a0Trakya\u2019y\u0131 Yahudilerden temizlemekti<\/strong>. \u00d6ncesinde tasfiye edilenler Rumlar ve Ermenilerdi. B\u00f6ylece Anadolu\u2019nun ard\u0131ndan Trakya\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme dosyas\u0131 da tamamland\u0131. S\u0131ra \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelmi\u015fti; harek\u00e2ta, Varl\u0131k Vergisi ve 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019le ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7 umumi m\u00fcfetti\u015flikle \u015eark\u2019ta,\u00a0kolonyal bir sistem<\/strong>\u00a0olu\u015fturuldu. Milyonlar\u0131n kaderi, bir umumi m\u00fcfetti\u015fe ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn<\/strong>, Seyid R\u0131za\u2019n\u0131n idam\u0131ndan iki g\u00fcn sonra (17 Kas\u0131m 1937-Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019da) Dersim i\u00e7in yazd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgi notunun 5\u2019inci maddesinde de \u2018koloni\u2019ye dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir: \u201cM\u00fcnferit da\u011f k\u00f6ylerini toplay\u0131p ovalara teksif edilmeli. (Dahili kolonization<\/strong>)\u201d(25)<\/strong><\/p>\n

20- 1925\u2019ten itibaren \u015eark, asker\u00ee harek\u00e2t sahas\u0131yd\u0131:\u00a0Elaz\u0131\u011f, Hizan, Hakkari, A\u011fr\u0131, Mutki, Sasun ve Dersim\u2019de<\/strong>\u00a0on binler can\u0131ndan, yerinden-yurdundan edildi.(26)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130K\u0130L\u0130 HUKUK MU? \u0130K\u0130L\u0130 DEVLET M\u0130?<\/h6>\n

Yukar\u0131da aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131m maddelerin sonucu: 1925 sonras\u0131 i\u00e7in rejimi, \u2018ikili hukuk sistemi<\/strong>\u2019 olarak tan\u0131mlamak yetersiz kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6neme, ayn\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 Almanya\u2019da Nazi iktidar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan\u00a0Ernst Fraenkel\u2019in\u00a0\u0130kili Devlet<\/em>(27)<\/strong>\u00a0penceresinden bakman\u0131n, T\u00fcrk devlet yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 daha anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

Fraenkel, Almanya\u2019da 1933-1938 d\u00f6nemindeki Nazi hukukunu analiz etti ve devletin ikili yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131. Can\u0131n\u0131, Almanya\u2019dan ka\u00e7arak kurtard\u0131. Mevcut kanunlar uyar\u0131nca i\u015fleri y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u2018norm devlet<\/strong>\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, mevcut hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan \u2018tedbir\/\u00f6nlem devlet<\/strong>\u2019in varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Ernst Fraenkel,\u00a0\u0130kili Devlet, \u00e7eviren: Tan\u0131l Bora, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2020.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u2018Tedbir\/\u00f6nlem devlet\u2019i, T\u00fcrkiye siyasal hayat\u0131nda \u00e7ok\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u2018derin devlet<\/strong>\u2019 de\u011fildir; a\u00e7\u0131ktad\u0131r, alenidir.<\/p>\n

Erdo\u011fan rejimini analiz eden\u00a0Serdar Tekin\u2019in\u00a0sunumunda,\u00a0Alper \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu\u2019nun\u00a0yaz\u0131s\u0131nda ve\u00a0Osman Kavala\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0s\u00f6yle\u015fisinde ortaya kondu\u011fu gibi \u2018tedbir\/\u00f6nlem devlet<\/strong>\u2019 asl\u0131nda \u2018norm devlet<\/strong>\u2019e ayar vermektedir.<\/p>\n

Milyonlar olarak, \u2018tedbir\/\u00f6nlem devlet<\/strong>\u2019in Can Atalay\u2019\u0131n Hatay milletvekilli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla resmi devlet kurumlar\u0131yla neler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015fahidiyiz.<\/p>\n

TASF\u0130YE VE \u015eARK ISLAHAT PLANI HAREK\u00c2TI<\/h6>\n

Cumhuriyet ilan\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde, en iyimser tahminle 2,5 milyon H\u0131ristiyan tasfiye edilmi\u015f ve mal\u0131na-m\u00fclk\u00fcne el konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bir<\/strong>, Cumhuriyet\u2019le monar\u015finin tasfiyesine devrim derken, 2,5 milyon H\u0131ristiyan\u2019\u0131n tasfiyesini g\u00f6rmezden gelmek, ideolojik-siyasi k\u00f6rl\u00fck de\u011filse nedir?<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn y\u0131llar\u0131nda da bu m\u00fclk\u00fcn, T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam\u2019a transferi ve tapulanmas\u0131 sistemi olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki<\/strong>, Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019lu y\u0131llarda ve sonras\u0131nda (kad\u0131nlara se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 vesaire) yap\u0131lanlara ink\u0131lap veya reform derken, m\u00fclk\u00fcn ve ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesini, \u015eark Islahat Plan\u0131 Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmek de ideolojik-siyasi k\u00f6rl\u00fck de\u011filse nedir?<\/p>\n

\u015eark Islahat Plan\u0131 Harek\u00e2t\u0131<\/strong>\u2019yla, Palu\u2019dan Hizan\u2019a, Hakkari\u2019ye, Mutki\u2019ye, A\u011fr\u0131\u2019ya, Sasun\u2019a ve Dersim\u2019e \u015eark\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc harek\u00e2t sahas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ylesine keyfi y\u00f6netim vard\u0131 ki, Sasun, idareten yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 y\u0131l boyunca yasak b\u00f6lgeydi; binlerce insan evinden-bark\u0131ndan kovalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Dahiliye Vekili \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya<\/strong>(29)\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131klamasayd\u0131, bilmeyecektik.<\/p>\n

Sasun\u2019da\u00a0yasak b\u00f6lge, ancak 2510 say\u0131l\u0131 kanuna g\u00f6re 6 Ekim 1936 tarihli kararnameyle resmen ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk devletinin Cumhuriyet\u2019ini ve Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki reformunu dikkate al\u0131p, H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n can\u0131yla-mal\u0131yla tasfiyesini, \u00fc\u00e7 umumi m\u00fcfetti\u015flikle kolonyal sistem olu\u015fturulan \u015eark\u2019ta Islahat Plan\u0131 Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmek, asl\u0131nda\u00a0T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi g\u00f6letinde bo\u011fulmakt\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Madalyonun sadece bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne bakmak tuzakt\u0131r!<\/p>\n

Nevzat Onaran-Gazete Duvar<\/h4>\n
\n

NOTLAR:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1)<\/strong>\u00a04.3.1341 (1925) tarih ve 578 say\u0131l\u0131 Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn Kanunu,\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 6, Ba\u015fvek\u00e2let Matbaas\u0131, Ankara-1934, s. 144.<\/p>\n

(2)<\/strong>\u00a02.3.1927 tarih ve 979 no\u2019lu Takriri S\u00fck\u00fbn Kanununun \u0130kinci Maddesini Muaddil Kanun,\u00a0TBMM ZC,\u00a0<\/em>[devre] II\/[cilt] 30- [tarih] 2.3.1927, s. 6-9 ve Fihrist-s. 3;\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, III\/9-4.3.1929, s. 19-21.<\/p>\n

(3)<\/strong>\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, II\/15-4.3.1341 (1925), s. 131-149 ve Fihrist-s. 4 ve\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, III\/9-2.3.1929, s. 7 ve Fihrist-s. 1.<\/p>\n

(4)<\/strong>\u00a0Nutuk<\/em>, cilt: 2, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-1987, s. 1190-1195.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0<\/strong>\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn TBMM\u2019deki Konu\u015fmalar\u0131 (1920-1973)<\/em>, Birinci Cilt (1920-1938), TBMM K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Sanat Yay\u0131n Kurulu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-1992, s. 298-302;\u00a0Cumhuriyet<\/em>, 5.3.1929, s. 1.<\/p>\n

(6)<\/strong>\u00a0H\u0131fz\u0131 Topuz,\u00a0II. Mahmut\u2019tan Holdinglere T\u00fcrk Bas\u0131n Tarihi<\/em>, Remzi Kitabevi, 2. Bas\u0131m, \u0130stanbul-2003, s. 146-154; Erg\u00fcn Aybars,\u00a0\u0130stiklal Mahkemeleri<\/em>, AD Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul-1997, s. 282-284.<\/p>\n

(7)<\/strong>\u00a0Mete Tun\u00e7ay,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde Tek-Parti Y\u00f6netiminin Kurulmas\u0131 (1923-1931)<\/em>, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-1999, s. 247-277.<\/p>\n

(8)<\/strong>\u00a0Mete Tun\u00e7ay, age, s. 176-178.<\/p>\n

(9)<\/strong>\u00a09 Nisan 1928 tarih ve 1222 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun ile 5 \u015eubat 1937 tarihli ve 3115 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun,\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, III\/3-9 Nisan 1928, s. 115-119 ve Fihrist-s. 4 ve\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 5, 2. bas\u0131l\u0131\u015f, Ankara-1948, s. 158.<\/p>\n

(10)<\/strong>\u00a0A. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00d6k\u00e7\u00fcn,\u00a01920-1930 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Kurulan T\u00fcrk Anonim \u015eirketlerinde Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye<\/em>, A\u00dcSBF Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 No: 324, Ankara-1971, s. 153-163, \u00c7izelge No: 7 ve 8.<\/p>\n

(11)<\/strong>\u00a0Chester imtiyaz\u0131 1923 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta feshedildi, Yahya S. Tezel,\u00a0Birinci B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisinde Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye Sorunu<\/em>, SBFD, c: xxv, say\u0131: 1, Mart 1970 ve Yahya S. Tezel,\u00a0Birinci B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi Anti-Emperyalist miydi? Chester Ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, SBFD, c: xxv, say\u0131: 4, Aral\u0131k 1970, (eri\u015fim: 29.1.2024); Bilmez B\u00fclent Can,\u00a0Demiryolundan Petrole Chester Projesi (1908-1923)<\/em>, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2000.<\/p>\n

(12)<\/strong>\u00a0TBMM\u2019nin 20 Nisan 1925\u2019te kabul etti\u011fi 5 karar; Meclis tatil edildi, bir k\u0131s\u0131m yasama g\u00f6revini de \u00fcstlenen h\u00fck\u00fcmet, b\u00f6ylece y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin ve yasaman\u0131n birli\u011finin kurumu haline getirildi, mahkemelere idam\u0131 infaz yetkisi verildi ve s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim 7 ay uzat\u0131ld\u0131 (TBMM\u2019nin 20 Nisan 1341 (1925) tarih ve 132-136 say\u0131l\u0131 be\u015f karar,\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, II\/18-20.4.1341, s. 237-249 ve Fihrist-s. 6).<\/p>\n

(13)<\/strong>\u00a0TBMM\u2019nin 4.3.1341 tarih ve 117 say\u0131l\u0131 Harek\u00e2t\u0131 Askeriye M\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131nda ve Ankara\u2019da Birer \u0130stikl\u00e2l Mahkemesi Te\u015fkili Hakk\u0131nda Karar\u0131,\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 6, Ba\u015fvek\u00e2let Matbaas\u0131, Ankara-1934, s. 146.<\/p>\n

(14)<\/strong>\u00a0TBMM\u2019nin 20 Nisan 1341 [1925] tarih ve 136 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131,\u00a0D\u00dcSTUR<\/em>, 3. Tertip, cilt: 6, Ba\u015fvek\u00e2let Matbaas\u0131, Ankara-1934, s. 569.<\/p>\n

(15)<\/strong>\u00a031.3.1341 (1925) tarih ve 595 say\u0131l\u0131 Harp ve \u0130syan Sahalar\u0131ndaki \u0130darei \u00d6rfiye M\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131nda M\u00fcte\u015fekkil Umum Divan Harplerden Verilecek \u0130dam Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Sureti \u0130cras\u0131na Dair Kanun,\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, II\/16-31.3.1341, s. 297-317 ve Fihrist-s. 4.<\/p>\n

(16)<\/strong>\u00a0Resm\u00ee Gazete<\/em>, 2.1.1936, say\u0131: 3195, s. 5892-5893.<\/p>\n

(17)<\/strong>\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, V\/7-25.12.1935, s. 179.<\/p>\n

(18)<\/strong>\u00a0Avram Galanti,\u00a0Vatanda\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Konu\u015f<\/em>, \u00e7evrimyaz\u0131: \u00d6mer T\u00fcrko\u011flu, Keb\u00eeke\u00e7 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-2000, s. 1-3 ve R\u0131fat N. Bali, Sunu\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131, s. v-viii; F\u00fcsun \u00dcstel, \u201cMakbul Vatanda\u015f\u201d\u0131n Pe\u015finde, II Me\u015frutiyet\u2019ten Bug\u00fcne Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k E\u011fitimi,\u00a0<\/em>5. bask\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2011, s. 166-167.<\/p>\n

(19)<\/strong>\u00a0Son Telgraf<\/em>, 28.7.1938, s. 6 ve 3.8.1938, s. 3 ve 4.8.1938, s. 2 ve 18.8.1938, s. 3.<\/p>\n

(20)<\/strong>\u00a0Mehmet Bayrak,\u00a0K\u00fcrtlere Vurulan Kelep\u00e7e, \u015eark Islahat Plan\u0131<\/em>, \u00d6z-Ge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara-2009.<\/p>\n

(21)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu gerek\u00e7esi,\u00a0TBMM ZC<\/em>, IV\/23-7.6.1934, s. 67-77, zapt\u0131n sonundaki 189 no\u2019lu mazbata s. 1-2; Yunus Nadi, yazd\u0131: \u201cMaksad tenkil de\u011fil temdindir\u201d (Cumhuriyet,\u00a0<\/em>18.6.1937, s. 1).<\/p>\n

(22)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130smail Be\u015fikci,\u00a0Do\u011fu Mitingleri\u2019nin Analizi (1967)<\/em>, Yurt Kitap-Yay\u0131n, Ankara-1992, s. 24-25.<\/p>\n

(23)<\/strong>\u00a0Cemil Ko\u00e7ak,\u00a0Um\u00fbmi M\u00fcfetti\u015flikler (1927-1952)<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2003.<\/p>\n

(24)<\/strong>\u00a0R\u0131fat N. Bali,\u00a01934 Trakya Olaylar\u0131<\/em>, 11. bask\u0131, Libra Kitap, \u0130stanbul-2014;\u00a0Trakya Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015fi \u0130brahim Tali\u2019nin Trakya Raporu<\/em>, 16.6.1934 tarih ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131, BCA-F: 490.01\/K: 643, D: 130, S: 1.<\/p>\n

(25)<\/strong>\u00a0Dahiliye Vekili \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015fvek\u00e2let\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 27.11.1937 tarih ve 1\/178 say\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131, BCA-F: 30.10\/K: 110, D: 738, S: 8, s. 7-8.<\/p>\n

(26)<\/strong>\u00a0Re\u015fat Hall\u0131,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetinde Ayaklanmalar (1924-1938)<\/em>, Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Resmi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Seri No: 8, Genelkurmay Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara-1972.<\/p>\n

(27)<\/strong>\u00a0Ernst Fraenkel,\u00a0\u0130kili Devlet<\/em>, \u00e7eviren: Tan\u0131l Bora, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul-2020.<\/p>\n

(28)<\/strong>\u00a0Dahiliye Vekili \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya\u2019n\u0131n [say\u0131 yok] 27.10.1937 tarihli \u201cSasun harek\u00e2t\u0131 ve \u0131slah program\u0131\u201d raporu, BCA-F: 030.10\/K: 116, D: 805, S: 16, s. 1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Nevzat Onaran Kimdir?<\/h2>\n

\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ktisat Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nden mezun oldu. Bir s\u00fcre muhasebecilik yapt\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan ekonomi muhabiri olarak \u00d6zg\u00fcr G\u00fcndem, Evrensel d\u00e2hil bir\u00e7ok gazete ve dergide \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem okumalar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ekonomi politi\u011finin analizinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. 1915-1940 d\u00f6nemini inceleyen d\u00f6rt kitab\u0131 yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<\/div>\n
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YAZARIN D\u0130\u011eER YAZILARI<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019lu y\u0131llarda ve sonras\u0131nda (kad\u0131nlara se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 vesaire) yap\u0131lanlara ink\u0131lap veya reform derken, m\u00fclk\u00fcn ve ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesini, \u015eark Islahat Plan\u0131 Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmek de ideolojik-siyasi k\u00f6rl\u00fck de\u011filse nedir? Madalyonun sadece bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne bakmak tuzakt\u0131r! 29 Ekim 1923\u2019te ilan edilen Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurumsal in\u015fas\u0131, Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019lu y\u0131llarda yap\u0131ld\u0131. Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn,\u00a0Cumhuriyet\u2019in ekonomi politi\u011finin\u00a0temel …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":23328,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[6495,950,6496,1616,6494,6493,5565,615],"class_list":["post-23327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-forum","tag-cumhuriyet","tag-dersim","tag-kocgiri-harekati","tag-manset","tag-sark-islahat-plani","tag-takrir-i-sukun","tag-turkculuk","tag-turkiye"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23327","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=23327"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23327\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23329,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23327\/revisions\/23329"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/23328"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=23327"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=23327"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=23327"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}