{"id":23307,"date":"2024-02-03T07:00:47","date_gmt":"2024-02-03T04:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=23307"},"modified":"2024-02-02T19:15:47","modified_gmt":"2024-02-02T16:15:47","slug":"endulus-toplumuna-lale-devrini-yasatan-kurt-muzik-ve-sanat-adami-ziryab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=23307","title":{"rendered":"End\u00fcl\u00fcs toplumuna “Lale Devri”ni ya\u015fatan K\u00fcrt m\u00fczik ve sanat adam\u0131: Ziryab"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u015eair, bestek\u00e2r ve modac\u0131\u00a0Ziryab<\/a>\u00a0hakk\u0131ndaki ilk bilgiyi yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Prof. Dr. Bahriye \u00dc\u00e7ok’un \u00e7evirisiyle 1972’de T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015ftirilen\u00a0“Orta\u00e7a\u011f’da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131”<\/em>\u00a0isimli kitapta okumu\u015ftum.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran as\u0131ll\u0131 Ali Mazaheri’nin Frans\u0131zca yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn ad\u0131\u00a0“La vie quatidienne des Musulmans en Moyen Age”<\/em>\u00a0olup, ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 Ocak 1951’de Libraire Hachette (Paris) yay\u0131nevi taraf\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 cilt halinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\"Ali<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ali Mazaheri’nin kitab\u0131n\u0131n Frans\u0131zca kapa\u011f\u0131<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Anla\u015f\u0131lan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e terc\u00fcme, s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz ciltlerin \u00f6zeti olarak derlenip orta boy bir kitap haline getirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Ziryab’la ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tek paragraftan ibaretti:<\/p>\n

IX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda inceli\u011fi ve zarafetiyle \u00fcn salm\u0131\u015f olan K\u00fcrd m\u00fczisyen Zery\u00e2b, Kurtuba’ya (End\u00fcl\u00fcs-\u0130spanya-F.B.) Ba\u011fdat modas\u0131n\u0131 soktu. O, Kurtubal\u0131lara sadece boyanma, t\u00fcyleri yolma ince sanat\u0131 ile sa\u00e7lar\u0131 k\u0131sa ve top kesme (ka\u015flar\u0131, enseyi ve kulaklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakacak \u015fekilde) h\u00fcnerini \u00f6\u011fretmedi; ayr\u0131ca haziran ba\u015f\u0131ndan eyl\u00fcl sonuna kadar beyaz giyinme modas\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015f oldu.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130lkbahar\u0131n canl\u0131 renkli hafif ipekliler mevsimi oldu\u011funu; k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise muflonlu hilat ve k\u00fcrkl\u00fc paltolar giyilmesi gerekti\u011fini de anlatt\u0131. Onun tart\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez hakemli\u011fi alt\u0131nda, saray ve \u015fehir (halk\u0131) \u00e2detlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Bu moda, y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra bile bir\u00e7ok modaevlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcnce, Araplar\u0131n Petronius’u (Roma devrinde moda d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda biricik s\u00f6z sahibi say\u0131lan Titus veya Gaius Petronius) Zery\u00e2b’\u0131n ismi h\u00e2l\u00e2 dile getirilebiliyordu\u2026<\/p>\n

(bkz., ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en kitap, s. 86.)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

“K\u00fcrtlerde Diplomasi”\u00a0<\/em>konulu kitab\u0131m\u0131 yazabilmek amac\u0131yla gitti\u011fim\u00a0Erbil<\/a>‘de (2014), I\u011fd\u0131rl\u0131 hem\u015ferilerim Alag\u00f6z ailesine misafir olmu\u015ftum.<\/p>\n

Aile b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Hasan Alag\u00f6z, sohbet s\u0131ras\u0131nda,\u00a0“Ziryab isimli me\u015fhur bir K\u00fcrt besteci varm\u0131\u015f, biliyor muydun?”<\/em>\u00a0diye sorunca, yukar\u0131da aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131m bilgiyi kendisiyle payla\u015ft\u0131m.<\/p>\n

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\"Rock<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Rock m\u00fczi\u011finin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc say\u0131lan Ziryab<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde Ziryab’la ilgili bilgiler ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve K\u00fcrt \u00e7evrelerinde bu isimle bir de dergi yay\u0131mland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Ziryab markas\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7ok say\u0131da restoran, m\u00fczik aleti imalathanesi ve sat\u0131\u015f ma\u011fazas\u0131 bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

I\u011fd\u0131rl\u0131 siyaset\u00e7i merhum Mecit Hun o\u011flu M\u00fccahit \u00d6zden’in Ben Kevan mahlas\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0“End\u00fcl\u00fcs G\u00fcne\u015fi Ziryab”<\/em>\u00a0isimli kitab\u0131, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bat\u0131l\u0131 baz\u0131 akademik kurumlar, ona ait tezler haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130nternet ortam\u0131nda, mesela Vikipedi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ansiklopedisinde, Ziryab \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

“Ebu’l Hasen bin Nafi (d.789 Musul-\u00f6l.857 End\u00fcl\u00fcs), lakab\u0131 Ziryab. Do\u011fum tarihi ve yeri hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. End\u00fcl\u00fcs Kurtuba’da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Emeviler devrinde ya\u015fayan \u015fair, m\u00fczisyen, \u015fark\u0131c\u0131, botanik\u00e7i, astronomi ve co\u011frafya bilginidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130shak bin \u0130brahim el Mevsili veya el Musuli (Arap klasik m\u00fczi\u011finin temsilcisi, \u015fark\u0131c\u0131) veya Abbasi halifesinin (El Mehdi’nin) siyah\u00ee k\u00f6lesi oldu\u011fu rivayet edilir. \u0130ran veya Afrika k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fu konusunda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler vard\u0131r: Arap veya K\u00fcrt as\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair \u00e7e\u015fitli rivayetler de s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

Ziryab ilk olarak Ba\u011fdat, Irak gibi Abbasi egemenli\u011findeki yerlerde sanat\u00e7\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fczisyen ve besteci bir \u00f6\u011frenci olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131. Daha sonra Kurtuba’ya (\u0130spanya) gitti. Fl\u00e2menko’nun kurucular\u0131ndan say\u0131l\u0131r. O g\u00fcne kadar d\u00f6rt telli olan gitara, ‘bir \u00e7alg\u0131 ruhsuz olamaz’ deyip be\u015fincisini b\u00fct\u00fcn tellerin ortas\u0131na ba\u011flayan ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa’da ilk m\u00fczik okulunu \u0130spanya End\u00fcl\u00fcs devletinde, Kurtuba’da kurdu ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 o okulun 300 y\u0131l ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Muhtemelen Mezopotamya’dan Tembur (Tambur) yani saz\u0131 Avrupa’ya ilk getiren ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n

Ziryab yemek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc konusunda s\u00f6z sahibi bir insand\u0131. Ku\u015fkonmaz sebzesini ve yeme\u011fini \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131na tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yemekte s\u0131rayla \u00e7orba, ana yemek ve son olarak tatl\u0131n\u0131n takdim edilmesi geleneklerini o ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7ecekler i\u00e7in metal kaplar yerine daha kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olan kristal kap kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da o getirmi\u015ftir. Ondan \u00f6nce, Romal\u0131larda da oldu\u011fu gibi, yemekler \u00e7\u0131plak masa \u00fczerinde tabaklarla yenirdi.”<\/p>\n

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\"Ziryab<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ziryab musikar \u00fcstad\u0131 \u0130shak bin \u0130brahim ile<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ayn\u0131 ansiklopedinin Arap\u00e7a t\u00fcrevindeki bilgi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7edekine benzemesine ra\u011fmen daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve uzundur:<\/p>\n

“Koyu esmer tenli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kendisine, karatavuk (botanik ismi Turdus merula ) manas\u0131na gelen Ziryab lakab\u0131 tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Abbasi Halifesi Harun Re\u015fid devrinde g\u00fczel sesiyle \u00fcnlenen \u015fark\u0131c\u0131, musikar ve \u00e7alg\u0131c\u0131.<\/p>\n

Musul do\u011fumlu olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen e\u011fitimini ba\u015fkent Ba\u011fdat’ta oturan usta musikar \u0130brahim ve daha sonra o\u011flu \u0130shak’tan ald\u0131. Bir g\u00fcn Halife Harun Re\u015fid, bu ikincisini huzuruna \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131p \u015f\u00f6yle der:\u00a0‘Saray\u0131ma gel \u00e7al ki biraz ne\u015femizi bulal\u0131m. Yan\u0131nda da yeni bir \u015fark\u0131c\u0131 getir!’\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00dcstad, Ziryab’\u0131 dinlemesi i\u00e7in destur ister. Ziryab huzura girince Harun Re\u015fid, \u015fark\u0131ya e\u015flik etmesi i\u00e7in ustas\u0131 \u0130shak’\u0131n udu ile \u00e7almas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Fakat o, \u00fcstad\u0131n\u0131nkine dokunmaz:\u00a0‘Kendi elimle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m udu kullanmama izin veriniz, ba\u015fkas\u0131 udla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6nl\u00fcm elvermez’<\/em>\u00a0der.<\/p>\n

Halife tekrar sorar:\u00a0‘\u0130kisi de ayn\u0131, ne fark eder? Ni\u00e7in ustan\u0131nkini kullanm\u0131yorsun?’\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Ziryab’\u0131n cevab\u0131 haz\u0131rd\u0131r:\u00a0‘Sultan\u0131m! \u00dcstad\u0131m \u0130shak’\u0131 dinlemeyi arzu ederseniz, o kendi udu ile; beni dinleme l\u00fctfunda bulunursan\u0131z, ben de kendi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131mla \u00e7al\u0131p s\u00f6ylerim! Zira benim udum boyut olarak \u00fcstad\u0131m\u0131nki kadar olup her ikisi de ah\u015faptand\u0131r. Ancak a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan benimki, onun udunun \u00fc\u00e7te biri kadard\u0131r. Ud telleri s\u0131cak suya de\u011fmeden \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Daha yumu\u015fak ve esnektir. Aslan yavrusunun terbiye edilmi\u015f ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan di\u011fer hayvanlar\u0131nkinden imal edilenden daha ho\u015f sesler ve t\u0131n\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rlar.’<\/em><\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 be\u011fenip \u015fa\u015f\u0131ran Harun Re\u015fid’in buyru\u011fu \u00fczerine Ziryab \u00e7almaya ve kadife sesiyle s\u00f6ylemeye ba\u015flar:\u00a0‘Ey u\u011furlu ku\u015f gibi u\u00e7uveren h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, sana yeti\u015febilenler yetenekli ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 olurlar.’\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

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\"Ku\u015f<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ku\u015f \u00f6t\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc Ziryab tasviri<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u015eark\u0131 bitti\u011finde Harun Re\u015fid, semalarda dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f gibi sevin\u00e7ten ve keyiften mest olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00dcstad\u0131na buyurmu\u015f;\u00a0‘Bu gen\u00e7 yetenekle gurur duy ve ona iyi bak!’ Gelgelelim \u00fcstad\u0131 \u0130shak gurur duymak yerine y\u00fcre\u011fini k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k ve kinle doldurmu\u015f. Saraydan \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz, \u00f6\u011frencisi Ziryab’\u0131 tehdit etmi\u015f: ‘\u0130kimiz Ba\u011fdat’a fazla geliriz; ya burada \u00e7ekip gidersin ya da can\u0131na kastederim!’\u00a0<\/em>demi\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u00c7aresiz kalan Ziryab, Ba\u011fdat’tan \u015eam’a gitmi\u015f, daha sonra Tunus’un Keyrevan \u015fehrindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar saray\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre kalm\u0131\u015f. Kurtuba h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131na mektup yazarak onun himayesinde sanat\u0131n\u0131 icra etmek istedi\u011fini bildirmi\u015f. End\u00fcl\u00fcs Devleti’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 Kurtuba (Cordoba) b\u00f6lgesi h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Emevi soylu Ebu’l As el Hakem bin Hi\u015fam, \u00fclkesine gelmesi i\u00e7in kendisini davet etmi\u015f. Davete uyan \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fark\u0131c\u0131 \u015fehre gelmi\u015f. Ama oraya vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmdar \u00e7oktan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n

Fas’a geri d\u00f6nmek \u00fczereyken h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7en Abdurrahman el Awsat, Ziryab’a \u00f6zel davetiye g\u00f6ndermi\u015f. Cazip tekliflerle onu Saray musikar\u0131 olmaya ikna etmi\u015f. Ger\u00e7ekten de Ziryab, g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde kendisini dinleyen yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 sesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fclemi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Bunun \u00fczerine saray\u0131n en muteber sanat\u00e7\u0131 \u015fahsiyeti haline gelen Ziryab, Saray’daki t\u00fcm e\u011flence, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetlerin ba\u015f sorumlusu oldu. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar, has odas\u0131yla Ziryab’\u0131n bulundu\u011fu oda aras\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir kap\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131rd\u0131 ki, gerekti\u011finde kendisine seslendi\u011finde yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunabilsin; b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici sesiyle na\u011fmeler s\u00f6ylesin, sihirli parmaklar\u0131yla ud’un tellerini inletebilsin. Ayr\u0131ca kendisine k\u00f6\u015fk ve ayl\u0131k tahsis edildi.<\/p>\n

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\"Ziryab'\u0131n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ziryab’\u0131n m\u00fczik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tasvir eden b\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Te\u015fvik g\u00f6rd\u00fck\u00e7e yeteneklerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan Ziryab; sadece Kurtuba Saray\u0131 ve \u015fehrinin de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda tekmil End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emevi Devleti’nin en \u015f\u00f6hretli adam\u0131 oluverdi; Kurtubal\u0131 Ziryab diye an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Medeniyetler Evi ad\u0131yla g\u00f6rkemli bir m\u00fczik ve \u015fark\u0131 okulu kurdu. Sekiz o\u011ful ve iki k\u0131z\u0131yla birlikte m\u00fczik ve \u015fan dersleri verdi.<\/p>\n

Irak ve K\u00fcrdistan’daki ud ve tambur benzeri de\u011fi\u015fik \u00e7alg\u0131 aletlerini getirtti. M\u00fczik d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen yeni makam ve ritim t\u00fcrleri ekledi. O zamana kadar a\u011fa\u00e7tan yap\u0131lma m\u0131zrap, Ziryab sayesinde kartal tele\u011finden yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Ud aletini daha hafif olacak bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015ftirdi; tellerinin imalat\u0131nda ipek ve aslan yavrusunun kurutulmu\u015f ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011fdat’taki ustas\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vezin, g\u00fcfte, basit halde makam ve z\u00e2ide (de\u011fi\u015fik makamlar\u0131n birle\u015ftirilerek farkl\u0131 bir makam haline gelmesi) \u00f6\u011fretimini End\u00fcl\u00fcs’te geli\u015ftirdi. M\u00fczikte ritim, melodi, makam, usul ve ses uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncelle\u015ftirip End\u00fcl\u00fcs’te tatbik etti. Solfej kurallar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenledi.<\/p>\n

M\u00fczik kaide ve kurallar\u0131n\u0131 bir disiplin haline getirerek buna g\u00f6re m\u00fczik e\u011fitimi verdi. \u0130lk konservatuar onun sayesinde a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz gitar\u0131 ve Fl\u00e2menko’yu o bulmu\u015ftu. Keza Latin d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fhur m\u00fczik t\u00fcrlerinden olan samba, milonga ile tango onun sayesinde \u015f\u00f6hrete eri\u015fip yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Na\u011fmelerle uyuyup kalkan, her g\u00fczel sesten etkilenip ilham alan ve gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz demeden m\u00fczikle yat\u0131p kalkan Ziryab’\u0131n ezberinde 10 binden fazla g\u00fcfte ve melodi oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor. M\u00fczi\u011fi ve \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla o devrin fanatik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131 egemen k\u0131ld\u0131. End\u00fcl\u00fcs’e, hayat tarz\u0131 olarak Lale Devri’ni ya\u015fatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ziryab’\u0131n benimsedi\u011fi-benimsetti\u011fi hayat tarz\u0131, Arap d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda laik kesimlerle Selefiler\/Cihat\u00e7\u0131lar aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r’daki Selefiler, End\u00fcl\u00fcs Devleti’nin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ziryab’\u0131n yap\u0131p ettiklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck tesiri oldu\u011funu iddia ederken; d\u00fcnyevi, sek\u00fcler, liberal ve demokrat \u00e7evreler ise bu t\u00fcr iddialar\u0131 sa\u00e7ma bulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\"Ziryab'\u0131n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ziryab’\u0131n End\u00fcl\u00fcs devletinin y\u0131k\u0131lma nedeni biri sayan kitap kapa\u011f\u0131<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Middle East Online (MEO) sitesinde yay\u0131nlanan 12 Haziran 2019 tarihli makalesinde Re\u015fid El Heyyun,\u00a0‘Cihat\u00e7\u0131lar bir yandan bunu s\u00f6ylerken, di\u011fer yandan Ziryab’\u0131n icat etti\u011fi ud vas\u0131tas\u0131yla cihat mar\u015flar\u0131 ve ilahiler s\u00f6ylediklerini unutmu\u015f olmal\u0131lar!’<\/em>\u00a0diye yan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fczel sesi, Ziryab’\u0131n biricik marifeti de\u011fildi. O, ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir modac\u0131yd\u0131. Ba\u011fdat’ta \u00e7ok tutulan en has kuma\u015flarla ipekli giysilerin halifeler ile e\u015fraf tak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6\u015fklerindeki en nadide kokular\u0131n End\u00fcl\u00fcs’e getirilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. \u015e\u0131k giyimli oldu\u011fundan \u00fcst tabakan\u0131n ve aristokrat kesimlerin de zarif olmalar\u0131n\u0131, \u015f\u0131k giyinmelerine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti. Makyaj ve benzeri s\u00fcsleme y\u00f6ntemlerine katk\u0131da bulunmakla kalmad\u0131, ter ve benzeri kokular\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in parf\u00fcm misali \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin do\u011fal bitkilerle elde edilmesine \u00f6nayak oldu.<\/p>\n

Sa\u00e7 tasar\u0131m\u0131na yenilik getirdi; berberlerin sa\u00e7lar\u0131 arkadan ve yanlardan k\u0131saltmalar\u0131na, tepe k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki sa\u00e7lar\u0131 ortadan ikiye b\u00f6lerek yanlara taramalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Onun gayesi yan ve \u00f6ndeki per\u00e7emlerin k\u0131salt\u0131l\u0131p aln\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ziryab’\u0131n Binbir Gece Masallar\u0131’n\u0131n Avrupal\u0131lara tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda da rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Y\u00fcksek nitelikli genel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn derinli\u011fine ek olarak, o ayn\u0131 zamanda bilgili bir co\u011frafyac\u0131yd\u0131; \u00fclkelerin iklimi, denizleri, do\u011fal \u00f6zellikleri ve halklar\u0131n\u0131n gelenekleri hakk\u0131nda derya deniz kabilinden bir bilge say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. O g\u00fcn\u00fcn imk\u00e2nlar\u0131yla azami d\u00fczeyde edindi\u011fi uzay bilgisi sayesinde astronomiyle ilgilendi; y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 incelemeye koyuldu. Hezarfen misali, ilk u\u00e7an insan tasar\u0131m\u0131 ona aittir.<\/p>\n

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\"Ziryab,<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ziryab, Saray kad\u0131nlara m\u00fczik dersi veriyor<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

End\u00fcl\u00fcs toplumunu k\u00fclt\u00fcr, \u00e2det ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir \u00fcst a\u015famaya ta\u015f\u0131yan ki\u015finin ad\u0131d\u0131r Ziryab. Mesela o sofra adab\u0131n\u0131 iyi biliyordu; ziyafet masalar\u0131na \u00f6rt\u00fc serdirtmi\u015f; yemek s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 birka\u00e7 mendil\/pe\u00e7ete bulundurularak (a\u011f\u0131z ve ellerin silinmesi, lekeden korunmak i\u00e7in boyundan g\u00f6\u011fse do\u011fru sark\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Erkek ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 renklerde kokulu pe\u00e7etelerin kullanmas\u0131 fikri de onundur. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tabaklar ve cam barda\u011f\u0131 (kadehi) kullanmak onun eseridir. S\u0131rayla hangi yemeklerin yenilece\u011fini, hangi mevsimde ne t\u00fcr yiyeceklerin t\u00fcketilmesi gerekti\u011fini \u00e7evresine ve topluma kabul ettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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\"Sarayda<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Sarayda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n m\u00fczik e\u011fitimi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

G\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6\u011f\u00fcn yemek yeme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve \u0130spanya \u00fczerinden Avrupa’ya benimseten de odur. Kaday\u0131f benzeri Antep f\u0131st\u0131kl\u0131, \u015ferbetli ve pirin\u00e7li bir tatl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcne End\u00fcl\u00fcs toplumunu al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ki, o zamana kadar bilinmeyen bir tatl\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Helyon isimli bir bakla cinsi de End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve \u0130spanyol restoranlar\u0131n\u0131n mutfa\u011f\u0131na onun sayesinde girdi. Kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 alan (Ziryabiye) bir tatl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Zilabiye olarak an\u0131l\u0131yor. G\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 saraylar ve \u015fa\u015fal\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fklerde toplu ziyafetlerin organizasyonu da onun eseridir.<\/p>\n

Ziryab sofrada \u015fu t\u00fcr ibarelerden nefret edermi\u015f: \u0130\u00e7meyi seviyorum demekten, yeme\u011fi yalay\u0131p yutmaktan, a\u011fz\u0131n bir taraf\u0131n\u0131 pirin\u00e7 ve di\u011ferini etle doldurmaktan\u2026<\/p>\n

Organizasyon m\u00fcnasebetiyle bulu\u015fup ho\u015f\u00e7a vakit ge\u00e7irmenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak satran\u00e7 oyunu da Ziryab’\u0131n te\u015fvikiyle \u00f6nce End\u00fcl\u00fcs, daha sonra Avrupa’da pop\u00fcler olmu\u015ftur. O zamanki ad\u0131 \u015eahmat (Shahmat) imi\u015f.<\/p>\n

Onun sayesinde Kurtuba, Abbasi ba\u015fkenti Ba\u011fdat men\u015feli l\u00fcks mallar\u0131n, de\u011ferli m\u00fccevherat\u0131n en fazla reva\u00e7ta oldu\u011fu bir pazar haline gelmi\u015f. Abbasi saray\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen giyim-ku\u015fam, yeme-i\u00e7me, e\u011flence ve te\u015frifat bi\u00e7imleri, Emevi saray\u0131nda da aynen taklit edilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

M\u00fczikli e\u011flenceler saray ve e\u011flence meclisleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f; ayn\u0131 zamanda halk aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve s\u00fcnnet t\u00f6renleri, Nevr\u00fbz ve Mihrican gibi \u015fenlikler de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimdeki ba\u015frol, musiki \u00fcstad\u0131 \u0130shak El Mevsili’nin (El Musuli) talebesi musiki\u015finas Ziryab’a aittir. Do\u011fu ve Arap m\u00fczi\u011fine \u00e7ok boyutlu ve \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ziryab; kadife sesi, \u00fcst\u00fcn meziyet ve hasletleri olan, abad\u0131-mua\u015feret kaidelerine (g\u00f6rg\u00fc kurallar\u0131na) uyan, etiket (marka) ve protokol prensiplerine a\u015fina, m\u00fczik dehas\u0131na sahip ve bir\u00e7ok konuda gayet yetenekli bir sanatk\u00e2r olup, Do\u011fu ve \u0130slam uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve Bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 birbiriyle bulu\u015fturup \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir sentez olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Avrupa’n\u0131n Orta\u00e7a\u011f karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Do\u011fu’nun k\u00f6pr\u00fcba\u015f\u0131 say\u0131lan End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve Kurtuba’da zihinleri ayd\u0131nlat\u0131rken, g\u00f6n\u00fclleri de fethetmi\u015ftir. Avrupa’ya yay\u0131lan bu ayd\u0131nl\u0131k, muhtemelen R\u00f6nesans hareketinin m\u00fcjdecisi i\u015flevini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.”<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z yazar Heny Terrres, Ziryab’\u0131n\u00a0“End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve Avrupa toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 derinlemesine ve kal\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde etkilemesine”\u00a0<\/em>duydu\u011fu hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile getirirken, Arap tarih\u00e7i El Ma\u011fri,\u00a0“Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki toplum taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6ylesine sevilip be\u011fenilmesi konusunda Ziryab biricik bir \u015fahsiyet olarak kald\u0131. Ne ondan \u00f6ncekiler, ne de sonrakiler bu noktada kendisiyle boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015femediler\u2026”<\/em>\u00a0diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\"Ziryab'\u0131n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ziryab’\u0131n Ba\u011fdat’taki tasviri<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

K\u00fcrt oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyenlere bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, onun K\u00fcrt\u00e7e ad\u0131\u00a0Z\u00ear\u00e2v (Alt\u0131n Suyu)<\/em>\u00a0olup, Ba\u011fdat’a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra Ziryab \u015feklinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

St\u00eark TV \u015eane\u015f\u00een isimli programda konu\u015fan sanat\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa Abbas, bir m\u00fcnasebetle Ziryab’dan \u015f\u00f6yle bahsetmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

“Kurtuba’ya turist olarak gitti\u011fimde, \u015fehirde \u00e7al\u0131p s\u00f6yleyen bir m\u00fczik grubunun sesi kula\u011f\u0131ma \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131. \u0130spanyol olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu grubun K\u00fcrt dilinin Hewreman leh\u00e7esinde \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylediklerini anlay\u0131nca \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131m; yanlar\u0131na giderek kendileriyle sohbet ettim.<\/p>\n

Bana ak\u0131ll\u0131 cep telefonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p Hewreman Da\u011f\u0131 (\u0130ran) ile y\u00f6resindeki manzaralar\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda\u00a0‘Ferenci Kurd\u00ee’<\/em>\u00a0diye bilinen y\u00fcnden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir K\u00fcrt yele\u011finin foto\u011fraf\u0131 da vard\u0131 ki, da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerdeki K\u00fcrtler giyerler.<\/p>\n

Dedim ki;\u00a0‘K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fuyor ve \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz. Cep telefonlar\u0131n\u0131zda \u0130ran K\u00fcrdistan b\u00f6lgesindeki Hewreman b\u00f6lgesinin manzaralar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorsunuz. Ancak siz \u0130spanyolsunuz, bu ne i\u015ftir?’<\/em><\/p>\n

Yan\u0131tlar\u0131 \u015fu oldu:\u00a0‘K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fumuza dair bir bilgimiz yoktur. B\u00fct\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz dilin K\u00fcrt\u00e7e (Hewreman\u00ee leh\u00e7esi) oldu\u011fudur. Elimizdeki b\u00fct\u00fcn foto\u011fraflar, ata dedelerimizden miras kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buradan anl\u0131yoruz ki, Orta\u00e7a\u011f’daki baz\u0131 K\u00fcrt topluluklar\u0131 \u0130spanya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015fler; bunlardan biri de Ziryab olup kendisi de Hewremanca konu\u015furmu\u015f. O tarihten bu yana varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bu topluluklar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, h\u00e2l\u00e2 kendi aralar\u0131nda K\u00fcrt diliyle konu\u015fabiliyor.”<\/em><\/p>\n

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\"Ziryab'\u0131n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ziryab’\u0131n dul e\u015fini temsil eden bir oyun \/ G\u00f6rsel: Kuveyt El Ceride gazetesi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Cezayirli bilgin Ahmed bin Muhammed El Maqarri (1582-1632),\u00a0“Tuhfet-\u00fcl T\u0131b”\u00a0<\/em>isimli eserinde Ziryab’\u0131n asl\u0131 konusuna de\u011finmez.<\/p>\n

O’nun kitab\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilerin ana kayna\u011f\u0131 Orta\u00e7a\u011f bilgini \u0130bn Hayyan’\u0131n\u00a0“Kitab-\u00fc Ahbar-il Ziryab”\u00a0<\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 eseridir.<\/p>\n

Dr. Hasan \u0130brahim Hasan ise,\u00a0“Tarih-\u00fcl \u0130slam: El Asr-\u00fcl Abbasi” (\u0130slam Tarihi: Abbasi Devri)<\/em>\u00a0isimli eserinde, El Maqarri’nin yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar etmekle birlikte Ziryab’\u0131n \u0130ran k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu belirtir.<\/p>\n

Esasen, Orta\u00e7a\u011f Arap tarih\u00e7ilerinin belli bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Irak merkezinin do\u011fusu ve kuzeyinde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 genel anlamda Acem (Arap olmayan halklar) ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Fars k\u00f6kenli sayarlar. Bunlardan biri de co\u011frafyac\u0131 \u0130bn R\u00fcste’dir.<\/p>\n

“El \u0130’lam-\u00fcl Nefsiye”<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 eserinde\u00a0“Hilvan halk\u0131 Araplardan ve Farslarla K\u00fcrtlerin birle\u015fimi olan Acemlerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r”\u00a0<\/em>ibaresini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

“Kovara Af\u015f\u00een”\u00a0<\/em>isimli sitenin Arap\u00e7a b\u00fcltenine g\u00f6re; Suriye \u015eam as\u0131ll\u0131 bir aileden do\u011fma Hayreddin Mahmud (bin Ali bin Faris) El Z\u0131rkili (Z\u0131rik\u0131li),\u00a0“El \u0130’lam”<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Frans\u0131z do\u011fubilimci tarih\u00e7i \u00c9variste L\u00e9vi-Proven\u00e7al’in yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 esas alarak Ziryab’\u0131n El Cezira (Cizre-Silopi-Duhok ve ona biti\u015fik Suriye’deki K\u00fcrt yerle\u015fim yerleri) b\u00f6lgesinden geldi\u011fine de\u011finerek, Ziryab’\u0131n koyu esmer teniyle Z\u00ear\u00e2b (Fars\u00e7a Alt\u0131 Suyu) manas\u0131na gelen ismi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkiye dikkat \u00e7eker.<\/p>\n

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\"El<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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El Z\u0131rikli kitab\u0131n\u0131n kapa\u011f\u0131<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ona g\u00f6re Ziryab lakab\u0131, koyu siyah olmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil, g\u00fczel sesli \u00f6t\u00fcc\u00fc bir ku\u015fa benzeyen sesinin\u00a0“alt\u0131n sesli insan”\u00a0<\/em>\u015feklinde tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Z\u00ear\u00e2b telaffuzunun K\u00fcrt\u00e7eye \u00e7ok daha yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu vurgulamay\u0131 da ihmal etmez.<\/p>\n

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\"End\u00fcl\u00fcs'\u00fcn<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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End\u00fcl\u00fcs’\u00fcn \u00f6t\u00fcc\u00fc ku\u015fu Ziryab tasviri \/ G\u00f6rsel: Suudi El Riyad gazetesi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Alman kad\u0131n do\u011fubilimci Dr. Sigrid Hunke (1913-1999),\u00a0“Bat\u0131’y\u0131 Ayd\u0131nlatan Do\u011fu G\u00fcne\u015fi”\u00a0<\/em>(Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2009) ismiyle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yay\u0131nlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, Ziryab’\u0131n “gen\u00e7 bir K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fu” yolunda kesin bir ifade kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u00e7. Dr. Adnan Ad\u0131g\u00fczel ile tezin haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 2016’da doktora \u00f6\u011frencisi olan Esra Sincar’\u0131n ortak imzas\u0131yla yay\u0131nlanan\u00a0“Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Musiki\u015finas Ziryab’\u0131n End\u00fcl\u00fcs K\u00fclt\u00fcr Hayat\u0131na ve Avrupa’ya Etkileri”<\/em>\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131da (Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu \u00dcniversitesi \u0130slam Tetkikleri Merkezi Dergisi, cilt 2, say\u0131 1, Bahar 2016) ise Ziryab’\u0131n Fars k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren kimi do\u011fubilimcilerin bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc reddedilerek, onun do\u011fum yeri ve etnik k\u00f6keninin kesinlik kazanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

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\"Ziryab-Suudi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ziryab \/ G\u00f6rsel: Suudi el Riyad gazetesi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

“\u0130lim ve Medeniyet”\u00a0<\/em>sitesinde yay\u0131mlanan 2018 tarihli makalesinde, Ozan Dilek, \u00f6zetle \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunuyor:<\/p>\n

Ziryab’\u0131n Arap, Fars ya da Afrika k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funa dair rivayetler vard\u0131r ancak en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc rivayet Musullu bir K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fudur. Hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e makalelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Arap ya da Fars oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylense de \u0130ngilizce ve \u0130spanyolca kaynaklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fu yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Benzer bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Baran Zeydanl\u0131o\u011flu’nun Bitlisn\u00e2me sitesinde yay\u0131mlanan\u00a0“End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve \u0130spanyol K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne Y\u00f6n Veren K\u00fcrd: Ziryab”\u00a0<\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda buluyoruz.<\/p>\n

Buna g\u00f6re;\u00a0“sadece Ziryab de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ona \u015fan ve musiki dersleri veren iki hocas\u0131 baba-o\u011ful \u0130brahim ile \u0130shak da Musul K\u00fcrtlerindendir.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Yazar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli kayna\u011f\u0131; \u0130spanyol seyahatname yazar\u0131, koreograf ve bir\u00e7ok kitapta imzas\u0131 bulunan Ana Ruiz’in\u00a0“Vibrant Andalusia: The Spice of Life in Southren Spain”\u00a0<\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndaki tespitidir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta \u015f\u00f6yle bir \u00e7\u0131karsamada bulunabilirim: Ziryab’\u0131n Fars, K\u00fcrt, Pakistanl\u0131 ve sonradan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir Afrikal\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyenler \u00e7ok olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130smin etimolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi (K\u00fcrt\u00e7e Z\u00earav, Fars\u00e7a Z\u00ear\u00e2b ve bozulmu\u015f haliyle Arap\u00e7a Ziryab) onun Ar\u00ee kavimlerden birine mensup oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

\n
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\"Ziryab'\u0131n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Ziryab’\u0131n Heykeli ve sesinin simgesi ku\u015f<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda do\u011fdu\u011fu b\u00f6lgenin El Cezira (T\u00fcrkiye-Irak-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi K\u00fcrt yo\u011fun topraklar) olmas\u0131 ve kan ba\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fu yolundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek, Ziryab’\u0131 K\u00fcrt sayabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Ancak K\u00fcrdistan, Irak, Suriye, Tunus, End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve Kurtuba’daki sosyok\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131na bakarak \u015fu tarif daha kapsay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Sadece etnik\/biyolojik bir kimlik Ziryab’\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaya yetmez. O toplumsal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00fczlemde K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0130ranl\u0131 (Fars), Arap, Berberi, End\u00fcl\u00fcsl\u00fc ve hatta Avrupal\u0131 bir \u015fahsiyettir. O, insanl\u0131\u011fa mal olmu\u015f bir \u015fahsiyettir, vesselam.<\/em><\/p>\n

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\"Ziryab.jpg\"<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ziryab’\u0131n End\u00fcl\u00fcs ve Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Arap\u00e7a ibareler\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Kaynak\u00e7a:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629- \u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628<\/em><\/p>\n

Ivan van Sertima, 1985), African Presence in Early Europe, Transaction Publishers, 1985, ISBN 0887386644.
\nShojaedin Shafa (\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0641\u0627), Iran and Spain (\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u067e\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627)
\nThe encyclopaedia of Isl\u0101m, 1938.
\nCello – Los Kurdos \u2013 Transoxiana; CULTURA | Flamenco y m\u00fasica kurda: un tronco com\u00fan
\n\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.\/ 15 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2016. \/ \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/em><\/p>\n

John Gill. Andalucia: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press, 2008.
\n\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0643 \u0622\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0644\u061f\/ \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a- \u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a-Hafryat Media sitesi-25 Mart 2019
\n\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627-El Cezira TV sitesi \u201321 Temmuz 2020
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644.. \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u062a-mawhopon.net sitesi-12 Kas\u0131m 2020
\n\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0627: \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0623\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0652 \u0628\u0647\u0650 \u0630\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u064b-www.syr-res-com.
\n\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633 .. \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0630\u0649- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642Al Ma\u015friq sitesi, 22 Aral\u0131k 2017<\/em><\/p>\n

Portfolio by shaikha.s.alfarsi on emaze.mht-:\/ \u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628
\n\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629: \u0634\u064a\u062e\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a-2017
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646-Xeber 24 sitesi-4 Mart 2020
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0632\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 Z\u00earav-Xeber24 sitesi, 9 Temmuz 2018
\nNational Geopraphic Kurd\u00ee, 24 Nisan 2016.
\n\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f: \u0632\u0650\u0631\u0652\u064a\u0627\u0628.. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639-Kovara Af\u015f\u00een sitesi, Arap\u00e7a b\u00fclteni-<\/em><\/p>\n

Faik Bulut-The Independentturkish<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u015eair, bestek\u00e2r ve modac\u0131\u00a0Ziryab\u00a0hakk\u0131ndaki ilk bilgiyi yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Prof. Dr. Bahriye \u00dc\u00e7ok’un \u00e7evirisiyle 1972’de T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015ftirilen\u00a0“Orta\u00e7a\u011f’da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131”\u00a0isimli kitapta okumu\u015ftum. \u0130ran as\u0131ll\u0131 Ali Mazaheri’nin Frans\u0131zca yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn ad\u0131\u00a0“La vie quatidienne des Musulmans en Moyen Age”\u00a0olup, ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 Ocak 1951’de Libraire Hachette (Paris) yay\u0131nevi taraf\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 cilt halinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ali Mazaheri’nin kitab\u0131n\u0131n Frans\u0131zca kapa\u011f\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":23308,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[5452,6470,6469,6472,2960,6471,6468,137,6467,1616,6466,4457],"class_list":["post-23307","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-forum","tag-abdul-hasan-ali-ibn-nafi","tag-arap-muzigi","tag-endilus","tag-endilus-islam-devleti","tag-fars","tag-fars-muzigi","tag-kitab-u-ahbar-il-ziryab","tag-kurt","tag-kurt-muzigi","tag-manset","tag-zeryab","tag-ziryab"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=23307"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23307\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23310,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23307\/revisions\/23310"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/23308"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=23307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=23307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=23307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}