Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezile\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak 1800\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z K\u00fcrt emirliklerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde yeni bir karma\u015fa d\u00f6nemi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Behdinan, Soran, Botan, Hekkar\u00ee ve Baban<\/b> gibi emirlik ve prensliklerin topraklar\u0131 K\u00fcrt aristokrasisinin en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck birimi olan a\u015firetler aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan iktidar bo\u015flu\u011fu vah\u015fete varan bir kanunsuzlu\u011fa, talan ve sonu gelmeyen a\u015firet kavgalar\u0131na sebep oldu.<\/p>\n
Bu bo\u015fluk 1850\u2019den itibaren ruhani liderler olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen<\/b> pirler, \u015feyhler ve seyitler taraf\u0131ndan doldurulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Malatya ve Ad\u0131yaman \u00e7evresinde Alevi Axu\u00e7an Oca\u011f\u0131, Dersim\u2019de sonradan ald\u0131klar\u0131 Seyit unvanlar\u0131yla bilinen Litrikli pirler ve Hewreman b\u00f6lgesinde Kaka\u00ee \u0130brahim\u00ee pirler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karken merkezi K\u00fcrdistan iki tarikat\u0131n egemenlik \u00e7eki\u015fmesine sahne oluyordu: Kadiriler ve Nak\u015filer.<\/p>\n
Abd\u00fclkadir-i Geylani\u2019nin 12. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda kurdu\u011fu Kadirilik<\/b> bir sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da yayg\u0131n hale gelmi\u015f ve \u015eehrezorlu<\/b> Berzenciler ile \u015eemzinanl\u0131 Geylanizade Nehriler<\/b> taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilmi\u015fti. Ne var ki kendisi de \u015eehrezorlu bir Kadiri \u015feyhi olan Caf a\u015firetinden Mewlana Xalid, 1810\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Hindistan\u2019a giderek Nak\u015fibendilik \u00f6\u011fretisini getirmi\u015f ve 1813\u2019ten itibaren bir iktidar kavgas\u0131n\u0131n fitilini ate\u015flemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Kadiri \u015feyhi Maruf Berzenci ile art\u0131k bir Nak\u015fi \u015feyhi olan Mewlana Xalid aras\u0131nda k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir m\u00fccadele ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Neticede milliyet\u00e7i K\u00fcrtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kalesi olan Baban Emirli\u011fi\u2019<\/b>nin ba\u015fkentindeki bu kavgaya, 1820\u2019de Mewlana Xalid\u2019in S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019den ka\u00e7mas\u0131 ve \u00f6nce \u015eam\u2019a, ard\u0131ndan Ba\u011fdat\u2019a yerle\u015fmesiyle ara verildi. Kadiriler zafer kazand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131 ama bu tarihten itibaren Xalid\u2019in tarikat\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede h\u0131zl\u0131 bir y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti. Durmadan K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerine halifeler g\u00f6nderen Mewlana Xalid, mesela Abd\u00fclkadir Geylani<\/b>\u2019nin soyundan gelen Nehrili ailesini tarikat\u0131na \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve Sey\u00eed Taha<\/b> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeyini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcrdistan emirlikleri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu iki tarikat siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fcn yegane temsilcileri olarak da n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece Nak\u015fi olan \u015eemzinan \u015feyhleri Hakkari, Erdelan, Behdinan, Bitlis ve Botan<\/b> emirliklerinin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netirken Kadiri Berzenciler ise Soran ve Baban emirli\u011finin neredeyse Ba\u011fdat\u2019a kadar varan topraklar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Nak\u015fi Barzaniler bu d\u00f6nemde tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131karak Amediye, Akre ve Hakkari \u00fc\u00e7geninde g\u00fc\u00e7lendiler.<\/p>\n
Duhok ve Etro\u015f m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131nda Br\u00eefkan\u00ee, Rewanduz\u2019da H\u00eeran ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019te Talaban\u00ee Kadirileri vard\u0131. \u00d6te yandan Sepn\u00ea ve Zebar\u00ee dolaylar\u0131nda Bamern\u00ea \u015feyhleri, Erbil\u2019de Sur\u00e7\u00ee \u015feyhleri, Mardin ve \u00e7evresinde Xeznew\u00ee \u015feyhleri, Van\u2019da Arwas\u00ee \u015feyhleri, Palu ve \u00e7evresinde \u015eeyh Said\u2019in de dedesi olan Sept\u00ee \u015feyhleri, Bitlis\u2019te ise K\u00fbfrew\u00ee \u015feyhleri \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar Nak\u015fibend\u00ee\u2019ydi. Sidekan\u2019da ise ikisinden de olmayan Lolan \u015feyhleri egemenlik kurmu\u015ftu ve mesela Barzanileri tekfir etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n
\u015eeyhlerin, pirlerin, seyitlerin K\u00fcrt ulusal liderleri<\/b> olarak arz\u0131 endam etti\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemin \u015f\u00fcphesiz en \u00f6nemli ismi Mewlana Xalid\u2019in halifesi olan Seyid Taha\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu ve daha sonra K\u00fcrt Teali Cemiyeti ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan Seyid Abd\u00fclkadir\u2019in babas\u0131 \u015eeyh Ubeydullah<\/b>\u2019t\u0131r.<\/p>\n
O, kendisinin de K\u00fcrt a\u015firet birliklerine komutan oldu\u011fu Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da<\/b> sebep oldu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131m ve ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc de f\u0131rsat olarak bilmi\u015f ve milliyet\u00e7i K\u00fcrt d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile tasavvuf\u00e7u \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini bir araya getirerek, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ile Hristiyanlar\u0131 e\u015fit tuttu\u011fu, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 da kollayan bir K\u00fcrdistan devleti kurmak istemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Ubeydullah \u201cK\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131 art\u0131k K\u00fcrtler y\u00f6netmeli\u201d<\/b> diyordu ve bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle \u00f6nce 1879\u2019da Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya, ard\u0131ndan da daha zay\u0131f bir y\u00f6netime sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in 1880\u2019in sonlar\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019a ba\u015fkald\u0131rd\u0131. 1881\u2019in temmuz ay\u0131nda giri\u015fimi yenilgiyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131nca \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul\u2019a ard\u0131ndan da Mekke\u2019ye s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi ve orada \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Ubeydullah\u2019\u0131n ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Nak\u015fibend\u00ee ekol\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda tahtta II. Abd\u00fclhamit<\/b> vard\u0131. Nak\u015fibend\u00eeler Osmanl\u0131 ve \u0130ran sultas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi cephesinden konum al\u0131rken, g\u00fcneydeki Kadiri \u015feyhleri de Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya yana\u015ft\u0131lar ve \u0130ran\u2019la da sakin bir ili\u015fki geli\u015ftirdiler. Ba\u011fdatl\u0131 Nam\u0131k Pa\u015fa<\/b> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u0130stanbul ile S\u00fcleymaniye aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bir ili\u015fki kuruldu. \u015eeyh Maruf\u2019tan sonra Kadiri postni\u015fini olan Kak Ahmed Hafidzade bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda kerametleriyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve hatta sultana onu kur\u015funlardan koruyacak gullebend ad\u0131 verilen bir muska bile g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n
Nak\u015fi ve Kadiri K\u00fcrtler<\/b> aras\u0131ndaki bu ikilik daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 tarihinin d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131nda da kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki, 1889\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019da kurulur. \u00dc\u00e7 kurucudan ikisi; \u0130shak S\u00fckuti ile Abdullah Cevdet, K\u00fcrt\u2019t\u00fcr. Bu komite 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019i devirmek i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanacak bir plan yapar ve tahkikata u\u011frayan y\u00f6neticiler tutuklanarak s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilir. \u0130\u015fte o komite \u00fcyelerinden biri de \u015eeyh Ubeydullah\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu Nehrili Seyit Abd\u00fclkadir\u2019dir ve babas\u0131 gibi Mekke\u2019ye s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
1907\u2019de \u015eeyh Abdusselam Barzani<\/b>, o s\u0131ralarda S\u00fcleymaniyeli \u015eeyh Said Berzenci ile sorun ya\u015fayan \u015eeyh Nur Muhammed Brifkan\u00ee ve b\u00f6lgenin ileri gelenleriyle birlikte \u0130stanbul\u2019a K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin resmi dil ilan edilmesi, e\u011fitim ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019daki memurlara dair taleplerini i\u00e7eren 5 maddelik bir telgraf \u00e7ekti. Sultan bunu kendine bir isyan olarak alg\u0131lad\u0131 ve Barzanilerin \u00fczerine bir ordu g\u00f6nderdi. Neticede Abdusselam Barzani, Hakkari\u2019ye \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131 ve Nasturi Patri\u011fi Mar \u015eemun\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. O s\u0131ralarda hen\u00fcz 3 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Mustafa Barzani de annesiyle birlikte esir al\u0131n\u0131r Musul hapishanesine konulur.<\/p>\n
Temmuz 1908\u2019de J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler<\/b> ihtilal yapar. \u0130stanbul\u2019da iktidar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle birlikte Abdusselam Barzani topraklar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nerek T\u00fcrk askerlerini bozguna u\u011fratan bir dizi sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenler. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler, ihtilalc\u0131lardan biri olan Mirliva Esat Pa\u015fa arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Abdusselam Barzani ile anla\u015f\u0131r ve esirleri iade ederler.\u00a0 S\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f olan Nehrili Seyit Abd\u00fclkadir ise Mekke\u2019den<\/b> \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6ner ve burada K\u00fcrt Teav\u00fcn ve Terakki Cemiyeti’ni kurar.<\/p>\n
Kadiriler ve Nak\u015f\u00eeler aras\u0131ndaki ikilik bu meselede de kendini g\u00f6sterir. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu haberine ilk reaksiyon S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019den gelir. Kak Ahmed Hafidzade<\/b>\u2019nin o s\u0131rada Kadiri postni\u015fini olan torunu \u015eeyh Said Berzenci, S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019de J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 Abd\u00fclhamit yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir ayaklanma ba\u015flat\u0131r. \u015eeyh Said Berzenci, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkleri u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 ay\u0131n sonunda tutuklanarak Musul\u2019a s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bir y\u0131l sonra da K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayan bir ayaklanmada evinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde Araplar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bu arada J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin iktidara geli\u015finden iki ay sonra 5 Ekim 1908\u2019de Bulgaristan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilan eder. Bu durumun \u00fclkedeki di\u011fer etnik gruplar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmesi ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131 ihtilalc\u0131lar sertle\u015fmeye ba\u015flar ve onlar\u0131 destekleyen t\u00fcm gruplara y\u00f6nelik ter\u00f6r estirmeye ba\u015flarlar. K\u00fcrtler de nasibini al\u0131r. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 destekleyen \u015eerif Pa\u015fa, Emin Ali Bedirxan<\/b> ve b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu S\u00fcreyya, \u0130stanbul\u2019dan ka\u00e7mak zorunda kal\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131lan K\u00fcrt dernekleri, okul ve gazeteleri kapat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
13 Nisan 1909\u2019da sultan yanl\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 devrimciler \u0130stanbul\u2019da ayaklan\u0131r. Bu olay Rumi Takvim sebebiyle 31 Mart Vakas\u0131 olarak bilinir ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet istifa eder. \u0130syanc\u0131lar \u0130stanbul\u2019u bir hafta boyunca ele ge\u00e7irirler fakat Selanik\u2019ten gelen Mahmut \u015eevket Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki Harekat Ordusu<\/b> isyan\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131r ve neticede Meclis-i Mebusan 27 Nisan 1909\u2019da Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019i tahttan indirir ve yerine Sultan Mehmed Re\u015fad\u2019\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Haberin K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a ula\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Milan<\/b> konfederasyonu<\/b> lideri ve Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131 mirlivas\u0131 Mill\u00ee \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa, Sultan ad\u0131na \u015eam\u2019\u0131 ku\u015fat\u0131r ve \u015fehri al\u0131r. \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa, 23 g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015fgalden sonra \u00e7evre vilayetlerdeki \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 askerlerce s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve Viran\u015fehir\u2019e geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kal\u0131r. \u015eammar Arap a\u015fireti ve Ne\u015fet Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan takibe al\u0131nan ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda yaralanm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa neticede Kevkeb Tepeleri yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda 18 Temmuz 1909 dizanteriden \u00f6l\u00fcr. \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n fedailerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 cenazeyi g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu yerden alarak Suriye\u2019nin Haseke vilayetinde Faya Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6merler. \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn hileli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, bir y\u0131l sonra mezar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131p muayene ederek \u00f6lenin \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa<\/b> oldu\u011funa karar k\u0131lar ve mezar\u0131 kapat\u0131rlar ancak ceset ortadan kaybedilir.<\/p>\n
Bu s\u0131rada olanca h\u0131z\u0131yla Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131: \u0130brahim Halil Baran<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezile\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak 1800\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z K\u00fcrt emirliklerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde yeni bir karma\u015fa d\u00f6nemi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Behdinan, Soran, Botan, Hekkar\u00ee ve Baban gibi emirlik ve prensliklerin topraklar\u0131 K\u00fcrt aristokrasisinin en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck birimi olan a\u015firetler aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan iktidar bo\u015flu\u011fu vah\u015fete varan bir kanunsuzlu\u011fa, talan ve sonu gelmeyen …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":55,"featured_media":22986,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1084],"tags":[3601,6226,1616,254,6227,5757],"class_list":["post-22985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-arastirma","tag-berzenci","tag-kadiri","tag-manset","tag-mir","tag-naksibendi","tag-seyh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22985","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/55"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22985"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22985\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22986"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22985"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22985"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22985"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}