{"id":22919,"date":"2023-06-09T23:12:49","date_gmt":"2023-06-09T20:12:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22919"},"modified":"2023-06-09T23:12:49","modified_gmt":"2023-06-09T20:12:49","slug":"22919","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22919","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00dcRK\u00c7EN\u0130N YEREL B\u0130R VARYASYONU OLARAK K\u00dcRT\u00c7E T\u00dcRK\u00c7E \u0130K\u0130 D\u0130LL\u0130LER\u0130N T\u00dcRK\u00c7ES\u0130: BAZI TEMEL FONOLOJ\u0130K \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130N ANAL\u0130Z\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mehmet YONAT
\n<\/strong>Dr. Mardin Artuklu \u00dcniversitesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ya\u015fayan Diller Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, mehmetyonat49@gmail.com<\/a>, Orcid: 0000-0001-8576-7486<\/p>\n

Article Type\/Makale T\u00fcr\u00fc: <\/strong>Research Article\/Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Makalesi<\/p>\n

Received \/ Makale Geli\u015f Tarihi:<\/strong> 08.03.2023<\/p>\n

Accepted \/ Makale Kabul Tarihi:<\/strong> 24.03.2023<\/p>\n

Published \/ Makale Yay\u0131n Tarihi:<\/strong> 31.03.2023<\/p>\n

Doi: <\/strong>10.35859\/jms.2023.1262219<\/p>\n

De\u011ferlendirme ve \u0130ntihal\/Reviewing and Plagiarism<\/em>:<\/strong>
\nBu makale iki tarafl\u0131 k\u00f6r hakem sistemine gmre en az iki hakem taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Makale intihal.net<\/em> adl\u0131 intihal sitesinde taranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \/ This article has been reviewed by at least two anonym reviewers and scanned by intihal.net plagiarism website.<\/em><\/p>\n

Citation\/At\u0131f:<\/strong>
\nYonat, M. (2023). T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Yerel Bir Varyasyonu Olarak K\u00fcrt\u00e7e T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u0130ki Dillilerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: Baz\u0131 Temel Fonolojik \u00d6zelliklerin Analiz, The Journal of Mesopotamian Studies, <\/em>8 (3), ss. \u2026-\u2026, DOI: 10.35859\/jms.2023.1262219.<\/p>\n

\u00d6Z<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye’de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilli topluluk vard\u0131r. \u0130kinci dil edinimi s\u00fcrecinde K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015furlar\u0131 ikinci dil (D2) olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bilgilerindeki bo\u015fluklar\u0131 doldurmak i\u00e7in birinci dilin (D1) olan K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin dil bilgisel, leksikal ve pragmatik \u00f6zelliklerini kullan\u0131rlar. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u0130ki Dillilerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ad\u0131 ile adland\u0131rabilece\u011fimiz T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yerel (indigenious) varyasyonu K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin etkisiyle ve ayn\u0131 iki dilli toplumun ara dil s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle fosille\u015fmi\u015f yeni bir varyasyondur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilliler aras\u0131nda konu\u015fulan K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin (D1) T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye (D2) fonolojik m\u00fcdahalelerini ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7e T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dillilerin ara dil s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin benzer olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan ortak dilsel kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemektedir. Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde genel bir literat\u00fcr taramas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra K\u00fcrt\u00e7e T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dillilerin tasnifi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Temel bir yerel varyasyon tan\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra, makale ikinci dil edinimi (\u0130DE) teorilerini tart\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan aktar\u0131m, ara dil, fosille\u015fme gibi yerel varyasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n temel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan K\u00fcrt\u00e7e T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dillilerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin baz\u0131 temel fonolojik \u00f6zellikleri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son olarak, bahsi ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrk\u00e7e varyasyonunun T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yerel bir varyasyonu olarak kabul edilip edilmeyece\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Anahtar Kelimeler<\/strong>: K\u00fcrt\u00e7e, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Varyasyon, \u0130ki Dilli, Yerel Varyasyonlar.<\/p>\n

Tirk\u00eeya Duziman\u00eey\u00ean Kurd\u00ee-Tirk\u00ee wek\u00ee Varyasyoneke Ni\u015ftec\u00eeh ya Tirk\u00ee: Anal\u00eeza Hin Taybet\u00eey\u00ean Fonoloj\u00eek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Li Tirk\u00eeyey\u00ea girseyeke mezin ya duziman\u00eey\u00ean kurd\u00ee-tirk\u00ee hene. Di p\u00eavajoya bidestxistina ziman\u00ea duyem de ax\u00eaver\u00ean kurd\u00ee ji bo valah\u00eey\u00ean agah\u00eey\u00ean ziman\u00ea duyem (ZD) (tirk\u00ee) tij\u00ee bikin, taybet\u00eey\u00ean ziman\u00ee y\u00ean gramat\u00eek, leks\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb pragmat\u00eek y\u00ean ziman\u00ea yekem (ZY) (kurd\u00ee) bi kar t\u00eenin. Di v\u00ea xebat\u00ea de, tirk\u00eeya di nav duziman\u00eey\u00ean kurd\u00ee-tirk\u00ee de t\u00ea axaftin ji h\u00eala mudaxaley\u00ean fonolojik y\u00ean ji ziman\u00ea yekem (Kurd\u00ee) bo ziman\u00ea duyem (tirk\u00ee) t\u00ea nirxandin. D\u00eesa, ev xebat, bikaran\u00een\u00ean hevpar y\u00ean tirk\u00eeya duziman\u00ean kurd\u00ee-tirk\u00ee dinirx\u00eene ku sebeb\u00ea v\u00ea, p\u00eavajoya hevpar ya bidestxisinta tirk\u00ee ye. Di destp\u00eak\u00ea de l\u00eeteratur hatiye vekol\u00een. Pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea, tasn\u00eefa duziman\u00eey\u00ean kurd\u00ee-tirk\u00ee hatiye kirin \u00fb ter\u00eefa varyasyon\u00ean ni\u015ftecih hatiye day\u00een. Pa\u015f\u00ea, teor\u00eey\u00ean bi ziman\u00ea duyem ve eleqedar hatine nirxandin. Pi\u015ft\u00ee van, term\u00ean wek\u00ee transfer, ziman\u00ea navber, fos\u00eel\u00eezasyon hatine nirxanidin ku ev ji p\u00eavajoy\u00ean bingeh\u00een y\u00ean varyasyon\u00ean ni\u015ftec\u00eeh in. D\u00fbre, hin taybet\u00eey\u00ean fololoj\u00eek y\u00ean tirk\u00eeya duziman\u00eey\u00ean kurd\u00ee-tirk\u00ee hatine anal\u00eezkirin. Wek\u00ee daw\u00ee, bersiva v\u00ea pirs\u00ea hatiye n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin ka gelo varyasyona tirk\u00ee ya behsa w\u00ea derbas dibe dikare wek\u00ee varyasyoneke ni\u015ftec\u00eeh ya tirk\u00ee b\u00ea hesibandin yan na.<\/p>\n

Peyv\u00ean Sereke<\/strong>: Kurd\u00ee, Tirk\u00ee, Varyasyon, Duziman\u00ee, Varyasyon\u00ean Ni\u015ftecih.<\/p>\n

The Indigenous Variation of Kurdish Turkish Bilingual\u2019s Turkish: An Analyses of Some Basic Phonological Features<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n

There is a large Kurdish-Turkish bilingual community in Turkey. In the process of second language acquisition, Kurdish speakers use the grammatical, lexical and pragmatic features of the first language (L1) (Kurdish) to fill the gaps in their knowledge of Turkish, which is the second language (L2).This study examines the phonological features of the Kurdish Turkish Indigenous variety by analyzing interferences of Kurdish (L1) phonology on Turkish (L2) and by considering the same interlanguage process of Kurdish Turkish bilinguals. In the introduction, a general literature review is done. Then the classification of Kurdish-Turkish bilinguals has been made. After a definition of indigenization, the paper discusses the second language acquisition (SLA) theories. Then, basic processes of indigenization like transfer, interlanguage, and fossilization are discussed. After, some basic phonological features of Kurdish-Turkish Bilingual Turkish have been discussed. The conclusion evaluates the evidence to determine if the local Turkish accent should be considered an indigenous variety of Turkish.<\/p>\n

Key words<\/strong>: Kurdish, Turkish, Variation, Bilingual, Indigenous Varieties.<\/p>\n

Extended Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

In Turkey, there are many linguistic variations of Turkish. While some of these variations have arisen in the natural process of development of Turkish, the others are variations spoken by speakers of other languages who have communicated with Turkish. The second group has been described in the literature as indigenous variations. The Turkish used by Kurdish Turkish bilinguals may be standard Turkish or a local variety of Turkish, and sometimes it may be an indigenous variation of Turkish, which we refer to as the indigenous Turkish of Kurdish Turkish bilinguals (KTBIT). In this article, KTBIT is evaluated in terms of the literature of native variants. Some phonological features of KTBIT are analysed. The methodology of the study can be presented in two steps: first, the selection of KTBIT speakers and second, the linguistic analysis of the phonological features of KTBIT. In the selection of speakers, first, the speakers are selected from the group that Polat and Schallert (2013) refers to consecutive bilinguals and Varol (2014) classifies them as balanced bilinguals. KTBIT features are most common in this Turkish-speaking group who later learned Turkish. Therefore, speakers are selected from these groups. KTB (Kurdish-Turkish bilinguals) who learned Kurdish after Turkish but KTBIT is spoken in the society where they live may also speak the KTBIT variety. In this context, our study, which uses a qualitative method, will give examples from the audio recordings and videos that fell on street interviews, TV channels or social media. In a second step, we will analyze some phonological features of the most stereotypical Kurdish transfers in KTBIT. This step will be an analysis from a linguistic perspective. These examples will be used to explain the topic as an example of indigenous variation in KTBIT. Otherwise, a comprehensive analysis that examines all features is beyond the scope of this study. Finally, it will be discussed whether the KTIT variation is a local Turkish variation with the latest available data.<\/p>\n

The widespread use of the sedentary language by the locals, not by the original speakers, causes the stereotypes of changes and the emergence of new forms and dialects. Localization is not just a contact-related language change. Rather, it is a phenomenon that has emerged as a result of many socio-historical processes. However, it is a phenomenon that emerged as a result of many socio-historical processes. The first process is the psycholinguistic process of the phenomenon occurring at the personal level. This process generally emerges as a result of second language acquisition and use. The second process is a sociolinguistic process that occurs at the group level. At the end of the second process, new linguistic forms become fixed and result in the emergence of new forms (Siegel, 2013: 518-519). Matras states that language change is a product of new uses (innovations) in language and this product emerges as a result of individuals’ discursive interactions (Matras, 2009: 310). Again, Matras adds that the new forms spread in the speech communities in appropriate conditions and spread to the whole community in general (Matras, 2009: 310). In other words, it is stated that language change cannot occur without social acceptance, and a social change cannot occur without individual different uses. It can be said that individual and social change complement each other.<\/p>\n

KTBIT, which is spoken by Kurdish Turkish bilinguals and can be evaluated within the classification of indigenous variations in the literature, has grammatical features different from standard and native Turkish variations. While some of these features were formed by the transfers from the first language (Kurdish) to the second language (Turkish), some of them occurred during the second language acquisition, due to various cognitive and social reasons in the intermediate language process. Since this bilingual society has learned Turkish collectively in the last fifty years, they have gone through the same intermediate language processes and at some point, without fully acquiring the language, they have fossilized in some features and formed a non-native local variation. In our opinion, the local variation in question is not an ethnolect. Because ethnolects can be described as linguistic features identifying the host society after migration. In this classification, very good Kurdish speakers who have migrated to metropolitan cities and who use some mother tongue (Kurdish) features to show their identity can be included. However, more detailed studies on this subject may be the next step. Despite the ethnolectal features, in the KTBIT variation, the second language is located where the first language is spoken, and education in this field is taught by the media and other ideological and non-ideological apparatuses of the state. Again, the new language was learned collectively in a short time. Another feature is that this local variation is used in daily life as a communication tool of the bilingual society. How the KTBIT variation will evolve in the future, whether it will disappear or whether it will continue as a variation will depend on the socio-political situation of this bilingual society.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de konu\u015fulan bir\u00e7ok varyasyonu[1]<\/strong><\/a> vard\u0131r. Bu varyasyonlar\u0131n kimisi T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin do\u011fal geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde meydana gelmi\u015fken kimisi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ile ileti\u015fime ge\u00e7mi\u015f di\u011fer dillerin konu\u015fucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan ve literat\u00fcrde yerel (indigenous) varyasyonlar olarak yer edinmi\u015f varyasyonlard\u0131r. Birinci t\u00fcrdeki varyasyonlara Ege, Orta Anadolu, Do\u011fu Anadolu ya da Azeri ve Akdeniz varyasyonlar\u0131 \u00f6rnek verilebilir. Bununla birlikte ikinci gruba giren varyasyonlar farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u0130kinci gruptaki varyasyonlar yerel (indigenious) varyasyonlar olarak nitelendirilen ve bir dilin farkl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgede yerle\u015fmesi s\u00fcrecinde yerli halk taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenilip kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan varyasyonlard\u0131r (Siegel, 2013: 517). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerinde K\u00fcrt\u00e7e anadil konu\u015fucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin varyasyonu bu t\u00fcr bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Her ne kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu B\u00f6lgelerinde \u015fehir merkezlerinde konu\u015fulan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Azeri varyasyonuna yak\u0131n yerli birer T\u00fcrk\u00e7e varyasyon olsalar da (Varol, 2014: 57, 63, 70)[2]<\/a> burada bahsi ge\u00e7en varyasyon \u00f6zellikle son elli y\u0131lda K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fucular\u0131n toplu bir \u015fekilde iki dilli olmalar\u0131 sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin fonolojik, morfo-sentaktik, leksikal ve semantik etkisi alt\u0131nda olu\u015fmu\u015f ve ileti\u015fim dili olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin anadil konu\u015fucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda de\u011fil de bahsi ge\u00e7en K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilli toplum taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan varyasyondur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada bahsi ge\u00e7en ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilli konu\u015fucular taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan varyasyon ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Bu varyasyon T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir yerel varyasyonu olarak K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilli T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi (KT\u0130T) olarak isimlendirilmesi uygun olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilliler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kimi zaman standart T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, kimi zaman yerel T\u00fcrk\u00e7e a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 iken kimi zaman da KT\u0130T diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yerel varyasyonu olabilmektedir. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dillilik \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak literat\u00fcrde T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin K\u00fcrt\u00e7e \u00fczerindeki etkisi ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu konu ile ilgili literat\u00fcre bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Haig\u2019\u0131n \u201cTurkish Influence on Kurmanji: Evidence from the Tunceli Dialect\u201d (T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Kurmanci \u00fczerindeki Etkisi: Tunceli A\u011fz\u0131ndan Deliller), \u201cEast Anatolia; language contact in a transition zone\u201d (Anadolu\u2019nun Do\u011fusu: Bir Ge\u00e7i\u015f B\u00f6lgesinde Dil Konta\u011f\u0131), \u00a0\u201cPost-Predicate Goals in Northern Kurdish and Neighbouring Languages\u201d (Kuzey K\u00fcrt\u00e7e ve Kom\u015fu Dillerde Y\u00fcklem Sonras\u0131 (devrik) Ama\u00e7lar); Yonat\u2019\u0131n \u201cAnal\u00eezeke Sosyol\u00eengu\u00eest\u00eek li ser Morfoloj\u00eeya Navd\u00ear\u00ee ya Devok\u00ean Kurmanc\u00ee -Ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea Rojhilat, Ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea Rojave \u00fb Bakur-\u201d (Kurmanci A\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130simsel Morfolojisi \u00dczerine Sosyoleng\u00fcistik bir \u0130nceleme -G\u00fcney Do\u011fu, G\u00fcney Bat\u0131 ve Kuzey A\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131-); \u00d6pengin\u2019in \u201cSociolinguistic situation of Kurdish in Turkey: Sociopolitical factors and language use patterns.\u201d (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin Sosyoleng\u00fcistik Durumu: Sosyo-politik Fakt\u00f6rler ve Dil Kullan\u0131m \u015eablonlar\u0131), \u201cRew\u015fa Kurd\u00ee ya Sosyolengu\u00eest\u00eek li Tirkiyey\u00ea\u201d (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin Sosyoleng\u00fcistik Durumu); Bulut\u2019un \u201cTurkish elements in spoken Kurmanji\u201d (Konu\u015fma Kurmancisinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Elementler); Orhan\u2019\u0131n \u201cK\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Dil Etkile\u015fimi: \u0130ki Dilli Konu\u015fuculara Ait Verilerdeki Dilbilimsel G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmler\u201d, Suba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cTes\u00eera Ziman\u00ea Tirk\u00ee Li Ser Devoka Serhed\u00ea: Wek\u00ee Nim\u00fbne Milazgirta M\u00fb\u015f\u00ea\u201d (T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin Serhat A\u011fz\u0131 \u00dczerindeki Etkisi: \u00d6rnek Olarak Mu\u015f Malazgirt) adl\u0131 eserleri kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte KT\u0130T\u2019in bir indigenious varyasyon olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131. Fakat K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fucular\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e edinimi ile ilgili literat\u00fcrde Polat ve Schallert\u2019\u0131n (2013) \u201cKurdish Adolescents Acquiring Turkish: Their Self-Determined Motivation and Identification With L1 and L2 Communities as Predictors of L2 Accent Attainment\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bu konuyla ilgili nadir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardand\u0131r. Yani T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin etkile\u015fimi sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan dilsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin sadece K\u00fcrt\u00e7ede meydana gelmi\u015f olan k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu olmu\u015f, aksine K\u00fcrt\u00e7e\u2019nin K\u00fcrt\u00e7e T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilliler taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u015fimdiye kadar bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konusu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrki diller bir\u00e7ok dil ile etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan T\u00fcrki-\u0130rani etkile\u015fimde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi y\u00fczy\u0131llarca s\u00fcren s\u0131k\u0131 bir kontak s\u00f6z konusu iken son zamanlarda Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya do\u011fru meydana gelen g\u00f6\u00e7ler sonucunda da T\u00fcrki diller di\u011fer diller ile konta\u011fa ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 etkile\u015fim durumlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrki diller bask\u0131n kodken baz\u0131 durumlarda etkilenen kod konumundad\u0131r (Rendzsch, 2009: 148). Rendzsch (2009) T\u00fcrki dillerin bask\u0131n kod olarak var oldu\u011fu yerlerde konu\u015fulan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi T\u00fcrki olmayan etkile\u015fim varyasyonlar olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in Rendzsch (2009) Trabzon\u2019daki Yunanca-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konta\u011f\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e; Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konta\u011f\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e; Sibirya\u2019da Yakut\u00e7a-Kuzey Tungusca konta\u011f\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin T\u00fcrki olmayan etkile\u015fim varyasyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Rendzsch, 2009: 148).<\/p>\n

KT\u0130T meydana gelmeden \u00f6nce de Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusu bir dil etkile\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusuna kuzey-g\u00fcney y\u00f6n\u00fcnde da\u011f\u0131lan K\u00fcrtler bahsi ge\u00e7en KT\u0130T yerel varyasyonu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce de T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yerli varyasyonlar\u0131yla etkile\u015fim i\u00e7erisine girmi\u015ftir. Bu etkile\u015fimin kuzeyde farkl\u0131 g\u00fcneyde farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu noktas\u0131nda literat\u00fcrde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar vard\u0131r. Nitekim Haig\u2019\u0131n (2015) konu ile ilgili son tahlilleri \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00f6zetlenebilir: Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusu birka\u00e7 temel dil ailesine ait dillerin ileti\u015fimde oldu\u011fu bir alan olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcneyde Semitik diller, do\u011fuda \u0130rani diller, kuzeyde Kafkas ve Avrupa dilleri ve merkez ve bat\u0131da da T\u00fcrki dillerin var oldu\u011fu bir alan olarak Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusu bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 dilin \u00fcst \u00fcste konumland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir aland\u0131r. Bu alanda meydana gelen dil etkile\u015fimi kaynakl\u0131 ortak yap\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinden kaynakl\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusunun bir dilsel alan olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 literat\u00fcrde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir (Haig, 2001; 2015; Matras, 2009; 2010). Bu b\u00f6lgede konu\u015fulan on iki dilin etkile\u015fim kaynakl\u0131 fonolojik, morfo-sentaktik ve sentaktik \u00f6zelliklerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran Haig (2001; 2015), bu b\u00f6lgenin ne bir dil yay\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131 (spread zone) ne de bir kal\u0131nt\u0131 dil alan\u0131 (residual zone) oldu\u011funu, aksine bu b\u00f6lgenin bir ge\u00e7i\u015f alan\u0131 (transition zone) olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusunun hepsini kapsayacak ortak dilsel \u00f6zellikleri bulman\u0131n \u00e7ok zor olmas\u0131, Haig\u2019\u0131n bu kan\u0131ya varmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgeyi dilsel alanlar olarak daha alt s\u0131n\u0131flara ay\u0131ran Haig, bu dilsel alanlar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde tasnif etmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

Mezopotamya b\u00f6lgesi: Bu alanda K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin b\u00f6lgede konu\u015fulan yerel Arap\u00e7a ve Kuzey Bat\u0131 Yeni Aramice gibi Semitik diller \u00fczerinde etkile\u015fim kaynakl\u0131 etkisinin oldu\u011fu; yine Semitik dillerin \u00f6zellikle fonolojik olarak K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir;<\/p>\n

Hazar\/Kafkas b\u00f6lgesi: Bu g\u00f6lgede T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin etkile\u015fim kaynakl\u0131 di\u011fer diller \u00fczerinde \u00f6zellikle Lazca, Ermenice ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7e \u00fczerinde etkisi yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu iki b\u00f6lge aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgeler ise bu iki b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6zelliklerini farkl\u0131 derecelerde g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Bahsedilen s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda konu ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z KT\u0130T\u2019nin etkile\u015fim kaynakl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerinin bir noktaya kadar farkl\u0131 olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir niteliktedir. Nitekim T\u00fcrk\u00e7e K\u00fcrt\u00e7e iki dillilerin konu\u015ftu\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bu b\u00f6lgede konu\u015fulan yerel T\u00fcrk\u00e7elerden de bir noktaya kadar etkilenebilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir niteliktedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015furlar toplu iki dillili\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015ften \u00f6nce \u00f6zellikle \u015fehir merkezlerinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin yerli varyasyonlar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Fakat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda toplu iki dillili\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015ften \u00f6nceki K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015furlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin do\u011fu varyasyonlar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00fczerinde durulmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u0130ki Dillilerin S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilli konu\u015furlar\u0131n sadece co\u011frafik olarak de\u011fil her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya tabi tutulmas\u0131 hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Nitekim \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir alanda konu\u015fulan K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin farkl\u0131 varyasyonlar\u0131 olmakla birlikte, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e-K\u00fcrt\u00e7e iki dillilerin iki dillilik seviyelerinde de farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olabilmektedir. Farkl\u0131 seviyelerdeki K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dillileri Polat ve Schallert (2013: 750) \u00fc\u00e7 seviyede s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; (1) \u00e7ok az K\u00fcrt\u00e7e bilen ya da hi\u00e7 bilmeyen ve kendilerini etnik a\u00e7\u0131dan K\u00fcrt olarak tan\u0131mlayan grup; (2) \u00e7o\u011funlukla kad\u0131n ve ya\u015fl\u0131lardan olu\u015fan, \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015famakla birlikte T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitim sistemine dahil olmayan K\u00fcrt\u00e7e tek dilliler; (3) K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilliler. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc gruptaki iki dilliler Polat ve Schallert (2013: 750) taraf\u0131ndan bir ayr\u0131ma daha tabi tutulmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu ayr\u0131ma g\u00f6re bu iki dilliler iki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: (1) okul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce her iki dile maruz kalan anadil iki dillileri (native bilinguals) ve (2) okul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na kadar K\u00fcrt\u00e7e tek dilli olup okul \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi farkl\u0131 derecelerde \u00f6\u011frenen ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k iki dilliler (consecutive bilinguals). Polat ve Schallert her ne kadar kesin istatistiklerle olmasa da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u00e7o\u011fu K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fucusunun iki dilli oldu\u011fu ve bu iki dillilerin de ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k iki dillilerden olu\u015ftu\u011funu tahmin etmenin \u00e7ok kolay oldu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

    K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dilli konu\u015fucular\u0131n bir di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131 Varol<\/p>\n

    (2014) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Van b\u00f6lgesinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin K\u00fcrt\u00e7e \u00fczerindeki etkisini konu alan doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Varol (2014: 123) K\u00fcrt\u00e7e-T\u00fcrk\u00e7e iki dillileri d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131f alt\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n