{"id":22728,"date":"2023-05-05T07:17:49","date_gmt":"2023-05-05T04:17:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22728"},"modified":"2023-04-19T18:23:17","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T15:23:17","slug":"sscbde-kurtlere-yonelik-alfabe-egitim-ve-kultur-calismalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22728","title":{"rendered":"SSCB\u2019de K\u00fcrtlere Y\u00f6nelik Alfabe, E\u011fitim Ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u00fcrtlere ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7eye ilgi Rusya\u2019da II. Katerina d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flar. 1787 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya Bilimler Akademisi \u00fcyesi Simon Pallas \u00f6nderli\u011finde haz\u0131rlanan b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 276 K\u00fcrt\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fck de bulunur.[1]<\/a>\u00a0Pallas ile ba\u015flayan K\u00fcrt \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0St.Petersburg\u2019da kurulan K\u00fcrdoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Bu\u00a0 enstit\u00fc K\u00fcrtlerle\u00a0 ilgili\u00a0 d\u00fcnyada a\u00e7\u0131lan ilk resmi kurumdur.[2]<\/a><\/h4>\n

1900\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llara gelene dek ba\u015fta Aleksandr Auguste Jaba, Veliaminov-Zernov, F. Charmoy,\u00a0 K. Mike\u015fin, Prym, Socin ve \u00a0 \u0130. N. Berezin gibi bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 K\u00fcrt dili, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve edebiyat\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulundu.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrtler bug\u00fcne kadar ilk\u00e7a\u011fda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f S\u00fcmer[3]<\/a>\u00a0alfabesiyle birlikte Pehlevi, Avesta, Arami, Yunan[4]<\/a>, Bin-u \u015ead ve Masi Surati[5]<\/a>, Arap, Yezidi, Ermeni, Kiril ve Latin alfabelerini kulland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrt\u00e7e alfabe olu\u015fturma fikri ve karar\u0131\u00a0 Sovyetlerden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flar. Ruslar alfabenin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 g\u00f6revini Hovsep Orbeli\u2019ye verirler. Orbeli bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fulan b\u00f6lgelerde incelemelerde bulunur. Fakat 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 nedeniyle bu alfabenin uygulanmas\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemez. Sava\u015ftan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Bol\u015fevik Ekim Devrimiyle de bu proje bir daha uygulanamaz.\u00a0 Orbeli\u2019nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alfabe, daha sonra 1919 \u2013 1920\u2019de Bitlis K\u00fcrtlerinden Halil Hayali ve Mehmet Emin taraf\u0131ndan Latin harfleriyle haz\u0131rlanan K\u00fcrt\u00e7e alfabe projesinin temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

1917 Ekim Devrimiyle Bol\u015feviklerin iktidara gelmesi Rusya\u2019da yeni bir d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flat\u0131r. Sosyalizm ve Sovyet sistemi ezilen halklar ve uluslar i\u00e7in umut olmaya ba\u015flar. Sosyalist sistemin ilk kadrolar\u0131 yeni sosyalist Anayurdun in\u015fas\u0131 amac\u0131yla canla ba\u015fla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flarlar. \u015eovenizmin \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri zehirledi\u011fi kitleler b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar\u00a0 karde\u015ftir ilkesi do\u011frultusunda bir arada Sosyalist idealler i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarf ederler. M\u00fccadelenin saflar\u0131nda emek veren K\u00fcrt kom\u00fcnistleri de yeni Anayurdun in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in var g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle omuz omuza yeni saflardaki yerlerini al\u0131rlar. K\u00fcrt kom\u00fcnistleri\u00a0Ferik Polatbekov ve Ereb\u00ea \u015eemo da Sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in emek veren kadrolar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hakob Hazaryan \u2013 (Lazo) Alfabesi: 1921<\/strong><\/p>\n

1920\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda Ermenistan\u2019da Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurulur. Az\u0131nl\u0131k Haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ilkesi gere\u011fi Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n yeni Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 23 Mart 1921\u2019de Anadilde e\u011fitim verecek okullar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler i\u00e7in 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir alfabe haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na karar verilir.[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u0130lk alfabe Ermeni alfabesinin karakterleriyle K\u00fcrt\u00e7e dilinde 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Lazo lakapl\u0131 Hakob Hazaryan (1869 \u2013 1926) taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. K\u00fcrt\u00e7eyi \u00e7ok iyi derecede bilen Lazo lakapl\u0131 Hazaryan Do\u011fubeyaz\u0131t Ermenilerindendir. K\u00fcrt dostu olarak bilinen Lazo, Ermenistan\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan yaz\u0131 ve makalelerini Beyazidi mahlas\u0131yla yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[8]<\/a>\u00a01926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hamo Beknazaryan\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 konu edinen Zer\u00ea adl\u0131 filmin senaryosunu Lazo yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

23 Nisan 1921\u2019de Ermenistan h\u00fck\u00fcmetince b\u00fct\u00fcn okullar\u0131n 1. ve 2. S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131nda ana dilde e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la alfabe haz\u0131rlama i\u015fi Lazo\u2019ya verilir. Lazo haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alfabe kitab\u0131na Yezidi K\u00fcrtler i\u00e7in kutsal bir kelime olan \u015eems (G\u00fcne\u015f) ismini verir. \u015eems kitab\u0131 ilk defa Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n\u00a0E\u00e7miadzin<\/em>\u00a0\u015fehrinde 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130lk K\u00fcrt okulu Ermenistan\u2019da 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda faaliyete girer. Okullarda e\u011fitim verebilecek yeti\u015fmi\u015f K\u00fcrt \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle ilk d\u00f6nem a\u00e7\u0131lan K\u00fcrt okullar\u0131nda Ermeni \u00f6\u011fretmenler K\u00fcrt\u00e7e dersler vermi\u015ftir. K\u00fcrt\u00e7eyi anadilleri gibi iyi konu\u015fan bu Ermeniler, dili soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan \u00f6nce K\u00fcrtlerle birlikte ya\u015fayarak \u00f6\u011frenen ki\u015filerdi. 1929 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde Ermenistan ve di\u011fer Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerinde elliden fazla K\u00fcrt okulu a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eems kitab\u0131 ile Ermenistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrt \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 1929 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun Yezidi olmas\u0131n\u0131n ana sebebi 1.D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 katliamlard\u0131r. O d\u00f6nem\u00a0Ermenilerle birlikte gayr\u0131m\u00fcslim halklara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan toplu katliamlar,\u00a0 Yezidilik\u00a0inanc\u0131na sahip K\u00fcrtlerinde bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden Kafkas \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine sebep olmu\u015ftur. G\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019a yerle\u015fir. Ermeniler, Yezidi K\u00fcrtler, Asuri ve S\u00fcryaniler\u2019in ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde katledilmeleri, aralar\u0131nda sosyal ve duygusal anlamda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011flar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011flar Sovyetler d\u00f6neminde e\u011fitim ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere k\u00fclt\u00fcr, sanat, edebiyat, siyaset ve toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kendisini hissettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda Lazo ve Ahmed\u00ea Miraz\u00ee\u2019nin giri\u015fimleri ile G\u00fcrcistan Tiflis\u2019te K\u00fcrt\u00e7e e\u011fitim veren 103 nolu okul h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Bu okullarda bir\u00e7ok \u00f6\u011frenciye Lazo ve e\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitim verilir. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e\u00a0 dersler Lazo, Ermenice dersler ise e\u015fi Olga Hazaryan\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011fretilir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcnlerinin annesiz babas\u0131z, ailesiz b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131, sokaklarda ya da yetimhanelerde kalan K\u00fcrt \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 bu 103 nolu okulda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bu okuldan mezun olan Qanad\u00ea Kurdo, \u00c7erkez Bakayev, Heciy\u00ea Cind\u00ee, Cerdoy\u00ea Genco, Semend Siyabendov gibi simalar K\u00fcrt toplumuna y\u0131llarca hizmet etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da K\u00fcrt \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde okullar a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Okuma yazma bilmeyen yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da E\u011fitimsizli\u011fi Tasfiye Merkezleri a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Bu e\u011fitim s\u00fcreci \u00f6zellikle K\u00fcrt k\u00f6ylerinde olmak \u00fczere 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llara kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. 1935 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 bin K\u00fcrt okuma yazma \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Okuma yazma bilmeyen K\u00fcrt yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar Ermenistan\u2019da da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Museyib Ahundov Alfabesi\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Azerbaycan Sovyet Cumhuriyeti i\u00e7erisinde 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan K\u0131z\u0131l K\u00fcrdistan ile birlikte burada ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler, K\u00fcrt\u00e7e e\u011fitim verilen \u00e7ok az say\u0131daki okulda e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hejar\u00ea \u015eamil\u2019in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, K\u0131z\u0131l K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da K\u00fcrt\u00e7e e\u011fitim La\u00e7in\u2019in Minkend k\u00f6y\u00fc sakini olan \u00f6\u011fretmen Museyib Ahundov\u2019un haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Latince K\u00fcrt alfabe kitab\u0131 esas\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Maalesef K\u00fcrt kamuoyu Ahundov\u2019un haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Latince K\u00fcrt alfabesi hakk\u0131nda yeterli bilgiye sahip de\u011fil. Bu bilgileri yazar Hejar\u00ea \u015eamil\u2019in Diyaspora K\u00fcrtleri adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenmekteyiz. \u015eamil, \u00a0Ahundov\u2019un bu alfabeyi ka\u00e7 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, alfabenin ka\u00e7 harften olu\u015ftu\u011fu ya da hangi parti organlar\u0131n\u0131n kararlar\u0131yla haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bilgi vermemekte. Bu y\u00fczden \u015eamil\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00f6te objektif ve doyurucu bilgilere sahip de\u011filiz.<\/p>\n

Ahundov 1886 y\u0131l\u0131nda Zengezer il\u00e7esine ba\u011fl\u0131 Minkend k\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyaya gelir. Kuzey Azerbaycan\u2019da Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra 1920\u2019lerde \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6revlerde bulunur. 1930\u2019larda \u015eu\u015fa Pedagoji Koleji\u2019nde K\u00fcrt\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Minkend ve \u00e7evre k\u00f6ylerdeki gen\u00e7lerin e\u011fitimine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Museyib Ahundov\u2019un \u201cNisan Meyveleri\u201d adl\u0131 \u015fiir kitab\u0131, edebiyatla yak\u0131ndan ilgili devlet yay\u0131nevi AzerNashr taraf\u0131ndan 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fcrt\u00e7e yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitiren Museyib Ahundov\u2019a 2. derece SSCB\u2019nin en y\u00fcksek \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc olan K\u0131z\u0131l Bayrak \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Ni\u015fan\u0131 (Azerbaycan SSR) verilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131z\u0131l K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n 8 Nisan 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda feshedilmesiyle e\u011fitim faaliyetleri sekteye u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce n\u00fcfus c\u00fczdanlar\u0131nda K\u00fcrt ibaresi yaz\u0131l\u0131rken 1936 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Azerbaycan\u2019da kimliklerden K\u00fcrt ifadesi kald\u0131r\u0131larak yerine Azerbaycanl\u0131 yaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kimlik bilgilerinin bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde tahrif edilme prati\u011fi 1938\u2019de sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu uygulamalarla\u00a0 Azerbaycan\u2019da ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler dahil di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131k halklar\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yok say\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci sonraki y\u0131llarda h\u0131zlanarak devam eder.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrt\u00e7e kitaplar\u0131n 1938 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar aral\u0131kl\u0131 da olsa bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz, 1936 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra ise K\u00fcrt\u00e7e kitap bast\u0131rmak deveye hendek atlatmaktan daha zor bir hale getirilmi\u015ftir. 1923-1938 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Azerbaycan\u2019da 27 K\u00fcrt\u00e7e kitap bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze K\u00fcrtler ve di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131k halklar sistematik olarak Azerbaycan devleti taraf\u0131ndan bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde asimilasyona u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1921\u2019deki n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re Azerbaycan S.S.C.\u2019nin k\u00f6ylerinde ya\u015fayan 32.780 ki\u015fi K\u00fcrtt\u00fcr. 1926\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 41 bin ki\u015fi (Azerbaycan n\u00fcfusunun % 1,8\u2019i) K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fu halde, 1937 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 verilerinde Azerbaycan S.S.C.\u2019ndeki K\u00fcrtlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal bir art\u0131\u015f yerine, 10,8 bin ki\u015fiye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonraki y\u0131llarda ise K\u00fcrtler neredeyse buharla\u015farak yok olmu\u015flard\u0131r. 1939\u2019da K\u00fcrtlerin say\u0131s\u0131 toplam olarak sadece 6 bin (% 0,2), 1959\u2019da 1.500 ki\u015fi, 1970\u2019te 5.500 (% 0,1) idi. 1979\u2019daki n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra Azerbaycan\u2019da \u201cart\u0131k K\u00fcrtlerin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fin ilgin\u00e7 ve \u00e7ok da sorgulanmayan y\u00f6n\u00fc, 1940\u2019lardan Sovyetler\u2019in y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na kadar SSCB y\u00f6netimi, Lenin\u2019in ortaya koydu\u011fu ezilen uluslar ve az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak bu asimilasyon politikalar\u0131na g\u00f6z yummu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 asimilasyon politikalar\u0131 Azerbaycan kadar \u015fiddetli olmasa da \u00d6zbekistan ve T\u00fcrkmenistan taraf\u0131ndan da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u015eemo \u2013 Marogulov Alfabesi: 1928<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sovyetler d\u00f6neminde K\u00fcrtlere en b\u00fcy\u00fck destek Ermenistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan verilir. Kafkasya K\u00fcrtlerinin Birinci Konferans\u0131, 1925\u2019te Hecixelil k\u00f6y\u00fcnde (Ermenistan, Leninakan kazas\u0131, \u015fimdi Aragats nahiyesinin Saxkahovit k\u00f6y\u00fc); ikinci konferans\u0131 1926\u2019da Talin nahiyesinde ge\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Birinci konferansa 76, ikinci konferansa 96 ki\u015fi kat\u0131l\u0131r. Buraya G\u00fcrcistan ve Azerbaycan K\u00fcrtlerinden delegeler de gelir.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 Leninakan\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen kongrede K\u00fcrtlerin yo\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermenistan, Azerbaycan, G\u00fcrcistan, T\u00fcrkmenistan, Kazakistan gibi\u00a0 Sovyet \u00fclkelerinde kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere Latin harfleri temelinde bir alfabe haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 kongre y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan Ermenistan Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden talep edilir. \u00c7ok lokal olan ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin t\u00fcm seslerini kar\u015f\u0131lamayan 39 harften olu\u015fan Lazo\u2019nun alfabesi yerine haz\u0131rlanacak alfabe g\u00f6revi \u0130sahak Marogulov\u00a0ve Ereb\u00ea \u015eemo\u2019ya verilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130sahak Marogulov\u2019un ailesi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ran\u2019dan Ermenistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Erivan\u2019\u0131n D\u0131vin\u00a0 k\u00f6y\u00fcne yerle\u015fir. Asuri k\u00f6kenli olan\u00a0 Marogulov 1868 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya gelir.\u00a0 Be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda annesini kaybeden \u0130sahak\u2019\u0131 babas\u0131 Fahred b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr. \u00d6\u011fretmen okulunu bitirdikten sonra 1888 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nah\u00e7\u0131van\u2019\u0131n\u00a0 \u015eaxtaxte k\u00f6y\u00fcnde, daha sonra 1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda Qemerli k\u00f6y\u00fcnde \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapar. \u0130sahak Marogulov daha \u00e7ocukken her y\u0131l ailesi ile birlikte kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Elegez yaylalar\u0131nda K\u00fcrtlerle birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in K\u00fcrt\u00e7eyi anadili gibi \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Sovyet K\u00fcrtleri aras\u0131nda sayg\u0131n bir yere sahip olan Marogulov 6 Eyl\u00fcl 1933\u2019te ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015ftir.[14]<\/a>\u00a0[15]<\/a>\u00a0[16]<\/a>\u00a0[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Erebe \u015eemo ise 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Kars Oblast\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Susuz k\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyaya gelir. 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda demiryolu i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Erzurum\u2019da Bol\u015feviklerle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Askerlere kom\u00fcnist propaganda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle tutuklan\u0131r ve Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f cezaevine g\u00f6nderilir. 1917-1920 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131l Muhaf\u0131z olarak Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da sava\u015f\u0131r ve Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin \u00f6rg\u00fctleyicilerinden biri olur. Ermenice, Osmanl\u0131ca, Rus\u00e7a, G\u00fcrc\u00fcce, Almanca ve Azericeyi anadili gibi konu\u015fup yazmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir. 1918 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n May\u0131s ay\u0131nda Rusya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019ne \u00fcye olur. 1931-1932 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda okudu\u011fu Leningrad Tarih Felsefe Dilbilim ve Edebiyat Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde K\u00fcrdoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde do\u00e7ent olur. Ereb\u00ea \u015eemo 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda Latin alfabesiyle yaz\u0131lan ilk K\u00fcrt\u00e7e roman olan \u015eivan\u00ea Kurmanca \u2013 K\u00fcrt \u00c7oban\u2019\u0131 yazar. A\u015fot Hovhannisyan\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ermenistan\u2019daki K\u00fcrtlerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki mektuba istinaden Hovhannisyan\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci oldu\u011funa karar verilerek Ocak 1937 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Leningrad\u2019da tutuklan\u0131r ve Sibirya\u2019ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilir. 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rejis\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc C. Jamharyan\u2019\u0131n \u00fcstlendi\u011fi Ermenistan K\u00fcrtleri adl\u0131 bir filmin senaryosunu yazar. Ard\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok eser ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma b\u0131rakarak 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat eden Erebe \u015eemo, Erivan\u2019daki Panteon mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda topra\u011fa verilmi\u015ftir.[18]<\/a>\u00a0[19]<\/a>\u00a0[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

Marogulov \u2013 \u015eemo ikilisinin iki y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan sonra 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131klar\u0131 ilk Latin alfabesiyle haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f \u2018\u2019Kendi Kendine Kurmanci \u00d6\u011frenme\u2019\u2019 kitab\u0131 K\u00fcrt ve Ermeni bilim adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan \u00f6zel alfabe komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclerek yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. 1929 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Ermenistan\u2019da K\u00fcrt\u00e7e e\u011fitim veren b\u00fct\u00fcn okullarda bu Latin Alfabesi kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermenistan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan, Azerbaycan, T\u00fcrkmenistan ve di\u011fer Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerinde de bu alfabe ile e\u011fitim verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sovyet devlet bas\u0131mevi 1929-1932 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fta pedagoji okulunun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere, matematik, fizik, do\u011fa bilimleri ve co\u011frafya olmak \u00fczere yirmi bir K\u00fcrt\u00e7e ders kitab\u0131 basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da Riya Teze \u2013 Yeni Yol gazetesi bu alfabeyle yay\u0131n faaliyetlerine ba\u015flar. Gazete Ermenistan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin K\u00fcrt\u00e7e yay\u0131n organ\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130lk say\u0131s\u0131 d\u00f6rt sayfal\u0131k olarak bas\u0131lan gazete, iki haftada bir 600 kopya ile yay\u0131mlan\u0131yordu. Kevork Paris, Hra\u00e7ya Ko\u00e7ar ve Har\u00fbty\u00fbn Mkirt\u00e7yan, d\u00f6nemin Sovyet y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan gazetenin ilk y\u00f6neticileri olarak tayin edilir. Paris, Ko\u00e7ar ve M\u0131g\u0131rd\u0131\u00e7yan K\u00fcrt\u00e7eyi anadilleri kadar iyi bilen ki\u015filerdi. Bunlar\u0131n 4 Y\u0131ll\u0131k edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden sonra, gazetenin y\u00f6netimi K\u00fcrtlere devredilir. 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk K\u00fcrt edit\u00f6r olan Cerdoy\u00ea Genco bu g\u00f6reve atan\u0131r. Gazete, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki B\u00fcy\u00fck Temizlik d\u00f6neminden hemen \u00f6nce 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda kapat\u0131l\u0131r. Uzun bir suskunluk d\u00f6neminin ard\u0131ndan Stalin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden iki y\u0131l sonra 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda, M\u00eeroy\u00ea Esed (Miro Asadovi\u00e7 Mstoyan) edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tekrar yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan Yazarlar Birli\u011fi b\u00fcnyesinde K\u00fcrt Yazarlar Birli\u011fi olu\u015fturularak K\u00fcrt ve Ermeni yazarlar aras\u0131nda dostluk ve dayan\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sovyetler\u2019de K\u00fcrdolojiyle ilgili ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda Leningrad Devlet \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ranoloji K\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fc b\u00fcnyesinde bir K\u00fcrt Semineri olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Bu seminerden sonra 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Erivan\u2019da Birinci K\u00fcrdoloji Kongresi d\u00fczenlenir. K\u00fcrt olmayan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra, bu kongreye Ereb\u00ea \u015eemo, Em\u00een\u00ea Evdal, Heciy\u00ea Cind\u00ee, Ahmed\u00ea M\u0131raz\u00ee, \u00c7eto Bakaev, Qanat\u00ea Kurdo gibi K\u00fcrt olan yazar ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131larda kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1931\u2019de, K\u00fcrt dili ve edebiyat\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmenleri yeti\u015ftirilmek \u00fczere Erivan\u2019da Trans Kafkasya E\u011fitim Akademisi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019daki K\u00fcrt Pedagoji Teknik Okulu 6 y\u0131lda 100 civar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmen yeti\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1931\/32 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da 27 K\u00fcrt okulu a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r, 1937 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu say\u0131 48\u2019e ula\u015f\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019da 1929 ve 1932 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda toplam 21 okul kitab\u0131 bas\u0131l\u0131r.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

Alfabenin de\u011fi\u015fmesinin ard\u0131ndan 1931-1940 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da yeti\u015fmi\u015f y\u00fczlerce K\u00fcrt \u00f6\u011fretmen ve 48 tane K\u00fcrt okulu e\u011fitim vermekteydi. Bu okullarda e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren binlerce \u00f6\u011frenci vard\u0131. 1930\u2019dan 1940 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar K\u00fcrt toplumu i\u00e7erisinde e\u011fitim faaliyetleri hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk K\u00fcrt Devlet Tiyatrosu Sovyet Ermenistan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131, K\u00fcrtlerin yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Elegez\u2019de kurulur. Tiyatronun ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Qundexsaz\u00ea k\u00f6y\u00fcnden Celat\u00ea Koto, rejis\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne Solak Nikogosyan, edebi dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00fcnl\u00fc Ermeni akt\u00f6r M\u0131k\u0131rti\u00e7 Canan getirilir. Tiyatro 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda kapat\u0131l\u0131r.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019da 1932\u2019de \u015eura K\u00fcrdistan\u0131 (Sovyet K\u00fcrdistan\u0131) isminde Azerice ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7e gazete La\u00e7in\u2019de yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. Gazetenin K\u00fcrt\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Kamall\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fc sakini \u00f6\u011fretmen \u0130brahim\u00ea Allaverdi y\u00f6netir. Bu gazete 1962 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1932\u2019de Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f\u2019da \u015eu\u015fa Pedagoji Y\u00fcksek Okulu\u2019nda K\u00fcrt\u00e7e bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Okulun ilk m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, ilk Halk Yazar\u0131 unvan\u0131n\u0131 alan, SSCB emek kahraman\u0131, Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck romanc\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131lan K\u00fcrt S\u00fcleyman Rehimov\u2019dur. Rehimov e\u015fi Kalem Han\u0131mla birlikte yeni kadrolar\u0131n yeti\u015fmesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck emekler vermi\u015ftir.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da 1925\u2019lerden itibaren okuma yazma bilmeyenler i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan iki okuldan 1935 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 5 bine yak\u0131n ki\u015fi K\u00fcrt\u00e7e \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ahmed\u00ea Miraz\u00ee\u2019nin \u00e7abalar\u0131yla tiyatro \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. M\u0131razi, Tiflis\u2019te kurdu\u011fu tiyatro grubunda hem oyunculuk hem rejis\u00f6rl\u00fck yaparak tiyatro oyunlar\u0131 yazar. M\u0131razi, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cZeman\u00ea \u00c7\u00fby\u00ee\u201d (Ge\u00e7mi\u015f Zaman) oyununun ilk g\u00f6sterimlerini tiyatro grubuyla birlikte Tiflis\u2019te yapar.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan Tiflis\u2019te 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kafkas Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde K\u00fcrdoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve pedagoji faaliyetleri bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019da 1930 ve 1938 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sadece alt\u0131 tane kitap yay\u0131nlan\u0131r ve bu kitaplar sadece ders kitaplar\u0131yd\u0131.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n

Heciy\u00ea Cind\u00ee\u2019nin Kril Alfabesi: 1944<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stalin \u00f6nderli\u011fi, milyonlarca insan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm,\u00a0 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve yoksullu\u011fa itecek B\u00fcy\u00fck Temizlik \u00f6ncesi baz\u0131 kararlar al\u0131r. Bu kararlardan biri de b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerinde ad\u0131m ad\u0131m Kiril alfabesine ge\u00e7ilmesidir. Bu ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda Ermenistan Sovyet H\u00fck\u00fcmeti 1941 y\u0131l\u0131nda 909 say\u0131l\u0131 kararla kullan\u0131lan Latin alfabesini iptal edip, Kiril alfabesini kullanma zorunlulu\u011fu getirir.<\/p>\n

Kiril alfabesini K\u00fcrt\u00e7eye uyarlama g\u00f6revi Heciy\u00ea Cind\u00ee\u2019ye verilir. Bu g\u00f6revde G. Xapantsyan, H. A\u00e7aryan, W. Nadir\u00ee, E. Evdal ve N. Maxm\u00fbdov gibi isimlerde Cind\u00ee\u2019ye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurlar. Cind\u00ee \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlar ve Sovyet Ermenistan H\u00fck\u00fcmetine sunar. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan alfabenin matbaada bas\u0131l\u0131p t\u00fcm okullara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Heciy\u00ea Cind\u00ee 1908 tarihinde Yezidi bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak o d\u00f6nem Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topra\u011f\u0131 olan Kars Oblast\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Yemen\u00e7ay\u0131r k\u00f6y\u00fcnde d\u00fcnyaya gelir. T\u00fcm ailesini hastal\u0131k ve katliamlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kaybeder. 1919\u2019da Aleksandropol\u2019daki Amerikan yetimhanesine yerle\u015ftirilir, ard\u0131ndan 1926\u2019da Leninakan\u2019a g\u00f6nderilir. 1929-30 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Qundexsaz ve Elegez\u2019in k\u00f6ylerinde \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapar. 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyet K\u00fcrt gazetesi Riya Teze\u2019nin k\u00fclt\u00fcr servisinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. E\u015fi Zeyneva \u0130bo ile birlikte Erivan Radyosu K\u00fcrt\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde spikerlik yapar. 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda Erivan Filoloji Fak\u00fcltesine ba\u015flar. 18 Mart 1937 tarihinde B\u00fcy\u00fck Temizlik kapsam\u0131nda casusluk ve kar\u015f\u0131-devrimcilik su\u00e7lamalar\u0131yla hapse at\u0131l\u0131r. Baz\u0131 Ermeni ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n giri\u015fimleriyle bir y\u0131l sonra serbest b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. 1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fcrt Folkloru \u00fczerine doktora yapar. 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan Bilimler Akademisinin Do\u011fu Bilimleri b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. 8 y\u0131l K\u00fcrdoloji b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapar. Folklor ve edebiyat \u00fczerine 15 kitap yay\u0131nlar. Okullardaki e\u011fitim faaliyetleri i\u00e7in 33 ders kitab\u0131 haz\u0131rlar. Heciy\u00ea Cind\u00ee 1 May\u0131s 1990 tarihinde Ermenistan\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirir.\u00a0[26]<\/a>\u00a0[27]<\/a>\u00a0[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

Heciy\u00ea Cind\u00ee\u2019nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alfabe K\u00fcrt\u00e7e e\u011fitim verilen b\u00fct\u00fcn Cumhuriyetlerde\u00a0 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Gazeteler, kitaplar ve ders materyalleri de art\u0131k bu alfabeyle haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Sovyetlerin 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte kimi Cumhuriyetlerde Kiril alfabesiyle birlikte Latin alfabesi de kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Stalinist rejimin Leninist d\u00f6nemden farkl\u0131 olarak ezilen uluslar ve az\u0131nl\u0131klara y\u00f6nelik ciddi bir politika de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine gitti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan yeni anayasa ile milli e\u011fitim politikas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerinde Rus\u00e7a e\u011fitim yapma zorunlulu\u011fu getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00fczden etnik gruplar ve az\u0131nl\u0131k dillere ait kurumlar i\u015flevsiz hale getirilmi\u015ftir. Halk olmaktan kaynaklanan en do\u011fal haklar\u0131 ya engellenmi\u015f ya da yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her yasak uygulama Kar\u015f\u0131 Devrim Faaliyetleri ya da Devrim D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 gibi yuvarlak laflarla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019de 1921-1947 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f K\u00fcrt\u00e7e kitaplar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu ger\u00e7ek daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Kimi eksikliklerine ra\u011fmen Taels\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrt\u00e7e kitaplara ili\u015fkin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki raporu incelendi\u011finde 1939-1945 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda korkun\u00e7 bir e\u011fitsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019de 1921-1947 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f K\u00fcrt\u00e7e kitaplar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131:[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Bas\u0131m Y\u0131l\u0131<\/td>\nKitap Say\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\nBas\u0131m Y\u0131l\u0131<\/td>\nKitap Say\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a01921<\/td>\n\u00a01<\/td>\n\u00a01934<\/td>\n\u00a030<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1922-1928<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n1935<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1929<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n1936<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1930<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n1937<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1931<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n1938<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1932<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n1939-1945<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1933<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n1946<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n

Dikkat edilirse 1939 ve 1945 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 Stalin d\u00f6nemi bask\u0131lar\u0131 kitap bas\u0131m\u0131 ve e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nada yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1939 ve 1945 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 kitap bas\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. K\u00fcrtlere y\u00f6nelik e\u011fitsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, edebi, sanatsal ve toplumsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n Stalin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra canland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kademeli olarak artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatmakta yarar var. K\u00fcrt edebiyat\u0131 en verimli y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 1955 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan sonra ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eiir, roman, \u00f6yk\u00fc ve di\u011fer tarzlarda eser veren hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r d\u00fczeyde bir yazar kesimi yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Alfabe ve e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Sovyet K\u00fcrtleri aras\u0131nda edebiyat\u0131n geli\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131larda bulunur. \u0130lk d\u00f6nem yeti\u015fen yazarlar aras\u0131nda Ereb\u00ea \u015eemo, Heciy\u00ea Cind\u00ee, Em\u00een\u00ea Evdal, Ahmed\u00ea M\u00eeraz\u00ee, Casim\u00ea Cel\u00eel, Cerdoye Genco, Weziri Nadir\u00ee, Etar\u00ea \u015eero gibi simalar yaz\u0131nsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla K\u00fcrt toplumu i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ba\u015flayan ve \u00a0Sovyetlerin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na denk gelen ikinci d\u00f6nemde ise Eliy\u00ea Ebdilrehman, Nado Maxm\u00fbdov, M\u00eeroy\u00ea Esed, Xel\u00eel Muradov, \u015eikoy\u00ea Hesen, F\u00ear\u00eek\u00ea Usiv, M\u00eekay\u00eal\u00ea Re\u015f\u00eet, Seh\u00eed\u00ea \u00eebo, Simoy\u00ea \u015eemo, Karl\u00ean\u00ea \u00c7a\u00e7an\u00ee, Eg\u00eet\u00ea \u015eems\u00ee, R\u00eezaliy\u00ea Re\u015f\u00eet, Ordixan\u00ea Cel\u00eel, Bariy\u00ea Bala, Wez\u00eer\u00ea E\u015fo, Emer\u00eek\u00ea Serdar, Eg\u00eet\u00ea Xudo, Ahmed\u00ea Hepo, S\u00eema Semend, Ahmed\u00ea Gog\u00ea,Tosin\u00ea Re\u015f\u00eet, El\u00eexan\u00ea Mem\u00ea, Cerdoye Esed, Babay\u00ea Kele\u015f, \u00c7erkez\u00ea Re\u015f gibi isimler eserleriyle K\u00fcrt edebiyat\u0131na hayat vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Riya Teze gazetesinin yay\u0131n\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131 Devrime hizmet edebilir gerek\u00e7esiyle 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda durdurulmu\u015ftur. Gazete Stalin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00eeroy\u00ea Esed edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde tekrar faaliyete girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019da Erivan Radyosu K\u00fcrt\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda haftada \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn ve onbe\u015f dakika olmak \u00fczere test yay\u0131n\u0131na ba\u015flar. \u0130lk iki y\u0131l radyonun sorumlulu\u011funu Casim\u00ea Cel\u00eel yapar. Moskova\u2019da toplanan heyetin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar ile 1957 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 1981 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapacak olan Xel\u00eel\u00ea \u00c7a\u00e7an g\u00f6reve getirilir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ile radyonun finansman\u0131 kesilir ve s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yay\u0131n yapmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayan radyo vericileri kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1955 ve 1991 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda radyoda bir\u00e7ok tiyatro oyunu radyofonik olarak seslendirilir. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e destan, efsane ve \u00f6yk\u00fclere yer verilir. Sovyetlerde ya\u015fayan dengbejler ve m\u00fczisyenler bir araya getirilerek sesleri kaydedilir ve dinleyicilere y\u00f6nelik m\u00fczik programlar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenir. Karapete Xa\u00e7o, Aram Tigran, Kubara Xudo, \u015eeroye B\u0131ro, Sus\u0131ka S\u0131mo gibi bir\u00e7ok sanat\u00e7\u0131 halk taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131n\u0131r ve sevilerek dinlenir. Radyo sayesinde K\u00fcrt k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve sanat\u0131 en \u00fccra b\u00f6lgelere ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda Leningrad\u2019da Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Bilimler Akademisi Do\u011fubilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Leningrad Dal\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde K\u00fcrdoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Do\u011fubilimci \u0130.A.Orbeli\u2019nin \u00e7aba ve \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kurulan b\u00f6l\u00fcme yine Orbeli\u2019nin kendisi ba\u015fkan olarak atan\u0131r. Orbeli\u2019nin 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6lmesinden sonra yerine ba\u015fkan olarak Qanat\u00ea Kurdo atan\u0131r. De\u011ferli bir K\u00fcrdolog ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olan Qanat\u00ea Kurdo 1985 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ba\u015fkan olarak g\u00f6rev yapar.<\/p>\n

1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan Radyosu K\u00fcrt\u00e7e B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Radyo Kerem\u00ea Anqos\u00ee\u2019nin y\u00f6netiminde 2004 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar hizmet verir. 1978\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan Devlet Radyosu\u2019nda K\u00fcrt\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kuran Anqosi, Tiflis h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan \u015feref madalyas\u0131 ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir. Radyo kapand\u0131ktan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, 2007 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n son aylar\u0131nda bu defa da Radyo Ronkay\u00ee ad\u0131yla yeniden a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Radyonun spikerli\u011fini Bella Sturki yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1937 ve 1955 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda K\u00fcrtler e\u011fitim ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere k\u00fclt\u00fcr, sanat, edebiyat ve toplumsal ya\u015famda Stalin d\u00f6neminin bask\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle kendilerini ifade edememi\u015flerdir. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e e\u011fitim en asgari seviyeye indirilmi\u015f, tiyatro faaliyetleri engellenmi\u015f, gazete \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, radyo kurulmas\u0131na izin verilmemi\u015f, kitap \u00e7\u0131karmak \u00e7ok zor hale getirilmi\u015f, Lenin\u2019in inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesi ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yasak ve bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi Kar\u015f\u0131 Devrim Faaliyetleri bahanesiyle devreye sokulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Marksist Leninist \u00e7izgiden sapm\u0131\u015f a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otoriter, proleter demokrasinin rafa kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Stalinist rejim, kimi \u00e7evreler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zele\u015ftiri yap\u0131lmadan g\u00f6z\u00fc kapal\u0131 do\u011fru kabul edilmi\u015f, me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve teorize edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ben her zaman en b\u00fcy\u00fck erdemin yanl\u0131\u015f ve hatalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6rerek \u00f6zele\u015ftiri yapmaktan ge\u00e7ti\u011fine inananlardan\u0131m. \u00d6zele\u015ftiri yapmaktan korkmay\u0131n. \u00d6zele\u015ftiri sizi do\u011fruya ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p geli\u015ftirebilecek tek y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n

Bak\u0131n ne t\u00fcr bir rejime inan\u0131rsan\u0131z inan\u0131n demokrasiyle birlikte, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve fikir h\u00fcrriyetini koruman\u0131z ve bunun ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131z gerekmektedir. Yoksa totaliterle\u015ferek yok olmaya mahkum olursunuz. Toplumu bo\u011farak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr olamazs\u0131n\u0131z. Eninde sonunda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyerek yok olmaya mahkum olursunuz.<\/p>\n

En b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Lenin d\u00f6neminde elde eden K\u00fcrtler, Stalin\u2019in otoriter uygulamalar\u0131yla bir\u00e7ok kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 yitirdiler. Stalin\u2019den sonra iktidara gelen Kru\u015f\u00e7ev ve Brejnev d\u00f6nemlerinde tekrar toparlanan K\u00fcrtler, Sovyetler Birli\u011finin Gorba\u00e7ov eliyle 25 Aral\u0131k 1991\u2019de resmen da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla Sovyet Cumhuriyetlerinde var olan kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden teker teker kaybettiler. Y\u00fckselen nasyonalist hareketler halklar aras\u0131nda ciddi sorunlar ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn eksik ve yanl\u0131\u015f uygulamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Sovyet Sosyalizmi K\u00fcrtler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan\u0131mlar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn egemen ulus burjuva milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sosyalizm hala ezilen uluslar ve halklar i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck umut ve inan\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 olmaya devam etmektedir. Tarih bizlere g\u00fcnah\u0131 sevab\u0131yla Sovyet Sosyalist deneyiminden \u00f6\u011frenecek \u00e7ok \u015fey b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Occo Mahabad-occomahabad.wordpress.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0Bazil Nikitin,\u00a0K\u00fcrtler: Sosyolojik ve Tarihi \u0130nceleme<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Yolu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 1976, s.202.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0Halfin,\u00a019. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda K\u00fcrdistan \u00dczerine M\u00fccadeleler<\/em>, Ankara: Komal Yay\u0131nevi, 1976, s.14-15.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0S\u0131dd\u00eeq Borekey\u00ee Sef\u00eezade, M\u00eaj\u00fby W\u00eajey Kurd\u00ee, Tebr\u00eez, s. I, 17-18.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0Cemal Re\u015f\u00eed Ahmed, Zuh\u00fbru\u2019l-Kurd fi\u2019t-tar\u00eeh, \u0130kinci bask\u0131, Erbil, 2005, s. 122-124.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>\u00a0Feq\u00ee Huseyn Sa\u011fni\u00e7, D\u00eeroka W\u00eajeya Kurd\u00ee, Enst\u00eetuya Kurd\u00ee, \u0130stanbul, 2002, s. 27-28.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0Celile Celil,\u00a0K\u00fcrt Ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131<\/em>, s.121.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>\u00a0Esker\u00ea Boyik, Nura Elegez\u00ea, \u00c7end D\u00eedem ji Edebyata Kurd\u00ean Ermen\u00eestan\u00ea, We\u015fan\u00ean Deng\u00ea \u00caz\u00eediyan, s. 12.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>\u00a0Dr. Tosin\u00ea Re\u015f\u00eed: Ji d\u00eeroka Alfeba (ABC) Kurd\u00ee.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u00a0Peter Rollberg. Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. s. 95-97.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>\u00a0Nado Mahmudov, K\u00fcrd halk\u0131, Erivan, 1959, s.224.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>\u00a0Hejar\u00ea \u015eam\u00eel, Diyaspora K\u00fcrtleri Notlar\u0131, s.42.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>\u00a0David Babayan, K\u0131z\u0131l K\u00fcrdistan, Olu\u015fum ve\u00a0 la\u011fvedili\u015finin jeopolitik y\u00f6nleri.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>\u00a0Hejar\u00ea \u015eam\u00eel, Diyaspora K\u00fcrtleri Notlar\u0131, s.47. \/ Ayr\u0131ca bknz: Nado Mahmudov, K\u00fcrd halk\u0131, Erivan, 1959, s, 226. \/ Bknz: Marksiz\u0131m-Leninizm Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (MLE) Ermeni \u015fubesi ar\u015fivi, \u015fube 1, \u00f6zel dosya (\u00d6D) 4, dosya 291. belge 38.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>\u00a0Dr. Esker\u00ea Boy\u00eek, N\u00fbra Elegez\u00ea \u00c7end d\u00eedemji edebiyeta Kurd\u00ean Ermenistan\u00ea, s.27.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>\u00a0Cerdoy\u00ea Genco \u00fb hevpeyv\u00eena w\u00ee bi \u00cesahak Marogulov, Rya Teze, 1933.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>\u00a0Hevpeyv\u00eena Xorh\u0131rdayin Hayatsan bi \u00cesahak Marogulov.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a>\u00a0Ji Casim\u00ea Cel\u00eel re Name, 1929.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>\u00a0Dr. Esker\u00ea Boy\u00eek, N\u00fbra Elegez\u00ea \u00c7end d\u00eedemji edebiyeta Kurd\u00ean Ermenistan\u00ea, s.14.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>\u00a0Thomas Bois, O.P. \u2013 Les Kurdes, s.38 \/ Coup D\u00b4\u0153\u0131l Sur La Liiterature Kurde s.31.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>\u00a0Ermenistan SSC Bilimler Akademisi \u015earkiyat Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u00dclkeler ve Halklar \u2013 Yak\u0131n ve Orta Do\u011fu, K\u00fcrtler, 1975, Sayfa 21.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>\u00a0Tosin\u00ea Re\u015f\u00eed, Kurd\u00ean Yek\u00eetiya Sovyet\u00ea, Ber\u00ea \u00fb Niha, Kovara B\u00eerneb\u00fbn, Hejmar 42, s.22.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>\u00a0Dr. Esker\u00ea Boy\u00eek, N\u00fbra Elegez\u00ea \u00c7end d\u00eedem ji edebiyeta Kurd\u00ean Ermenistan\u00ea, s.106.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>\u00a0Hejar\u00ea \u015eam\u00eel, Diyaspora K\u00fcrtleri Notlar\u0131, s.25.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a>\u00a0\u0130smet Konak, K\u00fcrtler ve Bol\u015fevikler: K\u00fcrtlerin Sovyet Sistemine Entegrasyonu, Almanya: Imperessum Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2014, s.74-75.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a>\u00a0Tosin\u00ea Re\u015f\u00eed\/ W\u00eajeya kurd\u00ee li Yek\u00eet\u00eeya Sovyet\u00ea.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a>\u00a0Wez\u00eere E\u015fo, Hec\u00eey\u00ea Cind\u00ee 100 sal\u00ee ye.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a>\u00a0Esker\u00ea Boyik, Nura Elegez\u00ea, \u00c7end D\u00eedem ji Edebyata Kurd\u00ean Ermen\u00eestan\u00ea, We\u015fan\u00ean Deng\u00ea \u00caz\u00eediyan, s.45-55 aras\u0131.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a>\u00a0Hewar\u00ee, Roja N\u00fb Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Stockholm, s. 422, 1999.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a>\u00a0Taels, Eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde K\u00fcrtler, s.76-77<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u00fcrtlere ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7eye ilgi Rusya\u2019da II. Katerina d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flar. 1787 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya Bilimler Akademisi \u00fcyesi Simon Pallas \u00f6nderli\u011finde haz\u0131rlanan b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 276 K\u00fcrt\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fck de bulunur.[1]\u00a0Pallas ile ba\u015flayan K\u00fcrt \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0St.Petersburg\u2019da kurulan K\u00fcrdoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Bu\u00a0 enstit\u00fc K\u00fcrtlerle\u00a0 ilgili\u00a0 d\u00fcnyada a\u00e7\u0131lan ilk resmi kurumdur.[2] 1900\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llara gelene dek ba\u015fta Aleksandr …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":22729,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5371],"tags":[1616],"class_list":["post-22728","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-alinti-yazilar","tag-manset"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22728","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22728"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22728\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22729"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22728"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22728"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22728"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}