{"id":22637,"date":"2023-05-01T19:47:21","date_gmt":"2023-05-01T16:47:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22637"},"modified":"2023-04-30T19:32:11","modified_gmt":"2023-04-30T16:32:11","slug":"kurtler-ii-din-1-islamiyet-oncesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22637","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcrtler-II. D\u0130N (1. \u0130sl\u00e2miyet \u00d6ncesi)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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II. D\u0130N
\n1. \u0130sl\u00e2miyet \u00d6ncesi.<\/b>\u00a0Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 co\u011frafya tarih boyunca bir\u00e7ok dine ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f olan K\u00fcrtler \u00f6nceleri Anadolu ve Mezopotamya\u2019daki yerel inan\u0131\u015flar ile Antik \u00c2r\u00ee inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan etkilendiler, ancak \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019dan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Mec\u00fbs\u00eeli\u011fi (Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u00eelik) benimsediler. \u00c2r\u00ee inan\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tabiat olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015file\u015ftirme, onlara il\u00e2h\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7ler nisbet etme gibi yakla\u015f\u0131mlar mevcuttu; ate\u015f, su, toprak, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc, g\u00fcne\u015f, ay ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n belirli g\u00fc\u00e7ler\/tanr\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011fine inan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131 (Dhalla, s. 4-5). K\u00fcrt k\u00f6keninin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c2r\u00eeler bu tanr\u0131lar\u0131 sistematik bir \u015fekilde iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak monoteist bir din kurucusu olan Zerd\u00fc\u015ft ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130ran\u2019da yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde inan\u0131lan tanr\u0131lar\u0131 reddederek Ahura Mazda\u2019y\u0131 tek tanr\u0131 olarak kabul etti (Eliade, I, 377). Kral Vi\u015ftaspa\u2019n\u0131n Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6\u011fretilerini benimsemesinin ard\u0131ndan Ahamen\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u00eelik g\u00fc\u00e7lenip resm\u00ee din olarak kabul edilince hem Med halk\u0131 hem de onlara kom\u015fu kabileler yava\u015f yava\u015f bu dini benimsediler. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde K\u00fcrtler\u2019in de bu monoteist inanc\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (M. Em\u00een Zek\u00ee Beg, s. 270; \u015e\u0131wan Osman M\u0131stefa, s. 94-95).<\/p>\n

S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019in y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Mec\u00fbs\u00eeler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin \u0130sl\u00e2m egemenli\u011fine girmesiyle birlikte ba\u015flayan yeni d\u00f6nemde Mec\u00fbs\u00eelik gerileme s\u00fcrecine girdi. Asl\u0131nda Mec\u00fbs\u00eelik halk aras\u0131ndaki sempatisini en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler d\u00f6neminde kaybetmi\u015fti. S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee y\u00f6netiminde \u00e7ok etkili olan Mec\u00fbs\u00ee din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 halk\u0131n tepkisini \u00e7ekti (Kara, s. 147), bu durum bir\u00e7ok yeni inanc\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep oldu, \u00f6zellikle \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 (Bausani, I, 80; Taraporewala, s. 37-38). Bu d\u00f6nemlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Maniheizm ve Mezdekiyye gibi din\u00ee ak\u0131mlardan K\u00fcrtler etkilenmedi, hatta Yahudilik ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k da onlar aras\u0131nda toplu halde kabul g\u00f6rmedi. K\u00fcrtler \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019i kabul s\u00fcrecine kadar Mec\u00fbs\u00ee olarak kalmaya devam ettiler.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde kalan ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fan baz\u0131 yahudiler mevcuttur. Ancak bunlar ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ba\u015fka yerlerden buraya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden yahudilerin torunlar\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklar\u0131 gezen seyyahlar\u0131n nakletti\u011fine g\u00f6re, b\u00f6lgedeki yahudiler k\u00f6kenlerini Asur kral\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u0130srail ve Judea\u2019dan (Yahuda) s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen yahudilere (\u0130\u015faya, 27\/13; II. Krallar, 17\/6) dayand\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131 (Sabar, s. 17, 367-368). Evlerinde ve sinagoglarda \u00c2r\u00e2m\u00eece\u2019nin eski bir bi\u00e7imi olan S\u00fcry\u00e2n\u00eece (Asurca) konu\u015fan bu yahudiler \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131-pazarda ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklarda K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fuyordu (Izady, s. 287). B\u00f6lge yahudilerinin bir\u00e7o\u011fu \u0130srail Devleti kurulduktan sonra \u0130srail\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fi ve 5000 kadar K\u00fcrtle\u015fmi\u015f yahudinin K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir (a.g.e.<\/i>, s. 289). Yahudilik gibi H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k da K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmad\u0131. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte baz\u0131 kabilelerin h\u0131ristiyan oldu\u011fu ifade edilmekteyse de bunlar\u0131n zaman i\u00e7inde di\u011fer h\u0131ristiyan topluluklar\u0131n aras\u0131na kat\u0131larak tamamen kayboldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (M. Em\u00een Zek\u00ee Beg, s. 270-271). Ayn\u0131 durum, \u0130sl\u00e2m dini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra K\u00fcrtler\u2019le kom\u015fu olan S\u00fcry\u00e2n\u00ee, Ermeni ve h\u0131ristiyan topluluklar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu topluluklar i\u00e7inde \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131 tercih edenler en yak\u0131n kom\u015fular\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcman K\u00fcrtler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n aras\u0131na kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p zamanla K\u00fcrtle\u015fmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. H\u0131ristiyan kalanlar ise hem kendi dillerini hem de K\u00fcrtler\u2019in \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu yerlerde K\u00fcrt\u00e7e\u2019yi kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (kr\u015f. Kreyenbroek \u2013 Allison, s. 140-141).<\/p>\n

hayreddin K\u0131z\u0131l-islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/kurtler<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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B\u0130BL\u0130YOGRAFYA<\/span>A. Z\u00e9na\u00efde Rogozin,\u00a0Media, Babylon, Persia from the Fall of Nineveh to the Persian War<\/span>, London 1889, s. 39-40.M. N. Dhalla,\u00a0Zoroastrian Theology from the Earliest Times to the Present Day<\/span>, New York 1914, s. 4-5.<\/p>\n

A. Bausani, \u201c\u0130sl\u00e2m \u00d6ncesi \u0130ran D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi\u201d (trc. K\u00fcr\u015fat Demirci),\u00a0\u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Tarihi<\/span>\u00a0(ed. M. M. \u015eerif), \u0130stanbul 1990, I, 80.<\/p>\n

I. J. S. Taraporewala,\u00a0Zerd\u00fc\u015ft Dini: Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u2019\u00fcn Gathalar\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7 Unutulmu\u015f Din: Mitraizm, Maniheizm, Mazdakizm<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Nice Damar), \u0130stanbul 2002, s. 37-38.<\/p>\n

Philip Kreyenbroek \u2013 Christine Allison,\u00a0K\u00fcrt Kimli\u011fi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/span>\u00a0(trc. \u00dcmit Aydo\u011fmu\u015f), \u0130stanbul 2003, s. 140-141.<\/p>\n

Yona Sabar,\u00a0Bir Antoloji: K\u00fcrdistan\u00ee Yahudilerin Halk Edebiyat\u0131<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Selahattin \u00c7elik), \u0130stanbul 2005, s. 17, 367-368.<\/p>\n

E. Brauer \u2013 R. Patai,\u00a0K\u00fcrdistanl\u0131 Yahudiler<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Fahriye Adsay), \u0130stanbul 2005, s. 31-82.<\/p>\n

M. Eliade,\u00a0Dinsel \u0130nan\u00e7lar ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler Tarihi<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Ali Berktay), \u0130stanbul 2007, I, 377.<\/p>\n

\u015einasi G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, \u201cMecusilik\u201d,\u00a0Ya\u015fayan D\u00fcnya Dinleri<\/span>\u00a0(ed. \u015einasi G\u00fcnd\u00fcz), Ankara 2007, s. 279-284.<\/p>\n

Cahid Kara,\u00a0\u0130sl\u00e2m Co\u011frafyas\u0131nda Mec\u00fbs\u00eeler<\/span>\u00a0(doktora tezi, 2007), A\u00dc Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, s. 147.<\/p>\n

M. Em\u00een Zek\u00ee Beg,\u00a0K\u00fcrtler ve K\u00fcrdistan Tarihi<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Vahdettin \u0130nce v.d\u011fr.), \u0130stanbul 2010, s. 94-95, 270-271.<\/p>\n

M. van Bruinessen,\u00a0A\u011fa, \u015eeyh, Devlet<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Banu Yalkut), \u0130stanbul 2011, s. 43-87.<\/p>\n

M. R. Izady,\u00a0Bir El Kitab\u0131: K\u00fcrtler<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Cemal Atila), \u0130stanbul 2011, s. 287, 289.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u0131wan Osman M\u0131stefa,\u00a0Kurdistan \u00fb Prosesa \u00ce\u015flamkirina Kurdan<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Ziya Avc\u0131 [Soranca\u2019dan Kurmancca\u2019ya]), \u0130stanbul 2011, s. 94-95.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

II. D\u0130N 1. \u0130sl\u00e2miyet \u00d6ncesi.\u00a0Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 co\u011frafya tarih boyunca bir\u00e7ok dine ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f olan K\u00fcrtler \u00f6nceleri Anadolu ve Mezopotamya\u2019daki yerel inan\u0131\u015flar ile Antik \u00c2r\u00ee inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan etkilendiler, ancak \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019dan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Mec\u00fbs\u00eeli\u011fi (Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u00eelik) benimsediler. \u00c2r\u00ee inan\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tabiat olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015file\u015ftirme, onlara il\u00e2h\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7ler nisbet etme gibi yakla\u015f\u0131mlar mevcuttu; ate\u015f, su, toprak, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc, g\u00fcne\u015f, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":22633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[1616],"class_list":["post-22637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-tarih","tag-manset"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22637","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22637"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22637\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22637"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}