{"id":22635,"date":"2023-04-25T07:30:31","date_gmt":"2023-04-25T04:30:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22635"},"modified":"2023-04-24T16:02:08","modified_gmt":"2023-04-24T13:02:08","slug":"kurtler-3-osmanli-sonrasi-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22635","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcrtler -3 (Osmanl\u0131 Sonras\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye)"},"content":{"rendered":"

3. Osmanl\u0131 Sonras\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye.<\/b>\u00a0I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ma\u011fl\u00fbbiyetle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ve devletin da\u011f\u0131lma ihtimalinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda da gelecek kayg\u0131s\u0131 ya\u015fanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson taraf\u0131ndan 1918 ba\u015f\u0131nda il\u00e2n edilen ve bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde etkileri olan Wilson Prensipleri\u2019nin \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti tebaas\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk olmayan milliyetlere (nationalities) muhtar geli\u015fme imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 verilmesini\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6ren 12. maddesi, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l kurulan K\u00fcrdistan Te\u00e2l\u00ee Cemiyeti gibi siyas\u00ee olu\u015fumlar etraf\u0131nda bir araya gelen K\u00fcrt ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 ve \u00f6nde gelenleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6zerklikten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kadar \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 aray\u0131\u015flara sebep oldu. Mondros M\u00fctarekesi sonras\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler\u2019in Musul\u2019u, Frans\u0131zlar\u2019\u0131n Suriye\u2019yi i\u015fgal etmesi ve bu iki devletin uluslararas\u0131 baz\u0131 antla\u015fmalar yoluyla bu b\u00f6lgelerde kazan\u0131mlar elde etmesi sonucu Osmanl\u0131 K\u00fcrtleri daha \u00f6nce var olan co\u011fraf\u00ee ve idar\u00ee b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini fiilen kaybettiler ve siyas\u00ee bir karma\u015fa ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6nemin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerinin b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan farkl\u0131 etnik gruplar\u0131 kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda birbirleri aleyhine k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 bu karma\u015fay\u0131 daha da artt\u0131rd\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te farkl\u0131 etnik ve din\u00ee unsurlardan olu\u015fan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, ulus-devlet temeline dayal\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci ve m\u00fcteakip geli\u015fmeler Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn topluluklar gibi K\u00fcrtler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da kal\u0131c\u0131 etkileri olan \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin gelece\u011fine dair b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerce izlenen politikalar K\u00fcrtler\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun tepkisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n devam etti\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir K\u00fcrdistan i\u00e7in lobi yapan \u015eerif Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n giri\u015fimleri ba\u015fta Said Nursi olmak \u00fczere K\u00fcrt \u00e2limleri, ileri gelenleri, b\u00f6lge ahalisi ve onlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019ndeki (TBMM) temsilcileri taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00e7e\u015fitli K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019ne K\u00fcrtler\u2019i T\u00fcrkler\u2019den ay\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimleri kabul etmediklerini bildiren ve T\u00fcrkler\u2019le K\u00fcrtler\u2019in etle t\u0131rnak gibi birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaz bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden \u00e7ok say\u0131da telgraf g\u00f6nderdiler. K\u00fcrtler ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin kuzey k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan Devleti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendilerine de bu b\u00f6lgenin g\u00fcney kesimlerinde muhtariyet verilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade ettiler. \u0130tilaf devletlerinin politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrkler\u2019le birlikte ortak yurt kabul ettikleri Anadolu\u2019yu savunmak \u00fczere Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019ye aktif destek verdiler. Bu y\u0131llarda Mill\u00ee (1920) ve Ko\u00e7giri (1921) gibi K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri isyan ettiyse de bu isyanlar geni\u015f destek bulmad\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nde de K\u00fcrtler\u2019le T\u00fcrkler\u2019in yap\u0131\u015f\u0131k ikizler gibi karde\u015f olduklar\u0131 \u015feklinde konu\u015fmalar yap\u0131ld\u0131. M\u00ees\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131-\u0130sl\u00e2m unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n birli\u011fini ve ortak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele \u00f6nderleri de T\u00fcrkler\u2019in di\u011fer m\u00fcsl\u00fcman unsurlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra K\u00fcrtler\u2019le ayr\u0131lmaz bir b\u00fct\u00fcn oldu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131lar. \u00d6te yandan hem Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele \u00f6nderleri hem de yerel K\u00fcrt ileri gelenleri \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin k\u0131sm\u00ee deste\u011fini alm\u0131\u015f olan K\u00fcrt ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda bir K\u00fcrt devleti kurulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki te\u015febb\u00fcslerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ettiler. 15 Eyl\u00fcl 1919\u2019da T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt\u2019\u00fcn birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaz \u00f6z karde\u015f olarak ya\u015fayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve ortak d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 demirden bir kale halinde kalacaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirten Mustafa Kemal, 1 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada da T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019ni te\u015fkil eden kimselerin sadece T\u00fcrk, \u00c7erkez, K\u00fcrt ya da Laz de\u011fil hepsinden m\u00fcrekkep \u0130sl\u00e2m unsurlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu (T.B.M.M. Zab\u0131t Ceridesi<\/span>, s. 165; ayr\u0131ca bk. \u015eim\u015fir, s. 574 ), dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her birinin farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenlerden olu\u015fan ayn\u0131 milletin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etti\u011fini dile getirdi. Ayr\u0131ca Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019nin anayasas\u0131 olarak kabul edilen 1921 tarihli Te\u015fk\u00eel\u00e2t-\u0131 Es\u00e2siye Kanunu\u2019nun 11. maddesinin vil\u00e2yetlere muhtariyet tan\u0131mas\u0131 da bu y\u00f6nde beklenti i\u00e7inde olan K\u00fcrtler\u2019in \u00e7o\u011funun taleplerine uygun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Netice olarak bu d\u00f6nemde vatan, mukaddesat ve hil\u00e2fet gibi m\u00fc\u015fterek de\u011ferlerin kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n hedeflenmesi, K\u00fcrt varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ink\u00e2r edilmemesi ve vil\u00e2yetlere muhtariyet \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi K\u00fcrtler\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun K\u00fcrt ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na de\u011fil de Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele\u2019ye ve yeni olu\u015fan siyas\u00ee yap\u0131lanmaya kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in il\u00e2n\u0131ndan hemen sonra hil\u00e2fetin ilgas\u0131 (1924) ve di\u011fer devrimlerle birlikte yeni y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7iminde laik bir yakla\u015f\u0131m esas al\u0131n\u0131rken ayn\u0131 zamanda ulus-devlet modeli benimsendi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te millet, vatanda\u015fl\u0131k, etnik men\u015fe ve az\u0131nl\u0131k gibi kavramlar yeniden ele al\u0131nd\u0131. T\u00fcrk kavram\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00fcst kimlik olarak tarif eden 1924 anayasas\u0131na, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de din ve \u0131rk ay\u0131rt edilmeksizin vatanda\u015fl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan herkese T\u00fcrk denir\u201d ibaresi konuldu (md. 84). Bu ibarenin etnik bir kimlikten ziyade vatanda\u015fl\u0131k tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde temsil\u00ee \u00fcst kimli\u011fi tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilse de bu tan\u0131mlaman\u0131n m\u00fcteakip d\u00f6nemdeki kimlik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda etkili oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan sadece gayri m\u00fcslim vatanda\u015flar\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, K\u00fcrtler de dahil olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrk olmayan m\u00fcsl\u00fcman unsurlar\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak kabul edilmeyece\u011fi ve bunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk milletinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu tezinin savunuldu\u011fu Lozan\u2019da, \u0130smet Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/span>\u2019y\u0131 da kaynak g\u00f6stererek K\u00fcrtler\u2019in Turan\u00ee kavimlerden oldu\u011funu iddia etmesi (\u015eim\u015fir, s. 498), K\u00fcrt kimli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik yeni resm\u00ee yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve m\u00fcteakip politikalar\u0131n seyrini g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Resm\u00ee s\u00f6ylemlerdeki ve uygulamalardaki bu yeni yakla\u015f\u0131mla birlikte baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere g\u00f6re Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde K\u00fcrt meselesi olarak an\u0131lan sorunu besleyen \u00f6nemli dinamiklerden birisi devreye girdi. Zira K\u00fcrt meselesi arka plan\u0131nda iktisad\u00ee, sosyolojik, siyas\u00ee ve psikolojik bir\u00e7ok sebep olmakla birlikte, temelde Cumhuriyet\u2019in homojen bir ulus meydana getirme \u00e7abas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilmektedir (Yayman, s. 27-28). Bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131m ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u201cK\u00fcrt meselesi\u201d, \u201cK\u00fcrt\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck meselesi\u201d, \u201cDo\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu meselesi\u201d, \u201cgeri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k meselesi\u201d vb. farkl\u0131 adland\u0131rmalarla ele al\u0131nan bu mesele Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi siyas\u00ee tarihinin \u00f6nemli g\u00fcndem ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ve s\u0131cak tart\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131 aras\u0131nda yerini ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan bu geli\u015fmeler K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 tepkilere yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Benimsenen ulus-devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na, din\u00ee alanla ilgili olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 devrim ve de\u011fi\u015fimlere ve Musul\u2019un Irak\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 K\u00fcrt liderlerinin faaliyetleri bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede zikredilebilir. 1923\u2019te Cibranl\u0131 Halit, Bitlisli Y\u00fbsuf Ziy\u00e2 Bey gibi isimler taraf\u0131ndan dar bir kadro etraf\u0131nda K\u00fcrdistan \u0130stikl\u00e2l Komitesi ad\u0131yla bir \u00f6rg\u00fct kuruldu. K\u0131saca \u00c2z\u00e2d\u00ee olarak tan\u0131nan ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hedefleyen bu \u00f6rg\u00fcte farkl\u0131 siyas\u00ee ve sosyal g\u00fcd\u00fclerle hareket eden bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt ileri geleni kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlar aras\u0131nda din\u00ee hassasiyetleri olan baz\u0131 K\u00fcrt liderler, 1923\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nden tasfiye edilen ikinci gruba mensup K\u00fcrt mebuslar\u0131, a\u015firet reisleri, Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda ve b\u00fcrokrasi i\u00e7inde \u00f6nde gelen K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenli baz\u0131 kimseler bulunuyordu. \u00c2z\u00e2d\u00ee sonraki y\u0131llar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ayaklanma planlamaktayken, kendili\u011finden geli\u015fen olaylar neticesinde 13 \u015eubat 1925\u2019te \u015eeyh Said isyan\u0131 patlak verdi. \u015eeyh Said\u2019in Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin baz\u0131 politika ve uygulamalar\u0131na muhalif oldu\u011fu bilinmekle birlikte \u00c2z\u00e2d\u00ee \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcyle ili\u015fkisi, kendisinin ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bu isyan\u0131n sebepleri ve nas\u0131l geli\u015fti\u011fi konusunda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (bk.\u00a0\u015eEYH SA\u0130D<\/a>). \u015eeyh Said isyan\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan di\u011fer sebeplerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yeni kurulan devletin merkez\u00eele\u015ftirme uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n da etkisiyle farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yirmiye yak\u0131n K\u00fcrt ayaklanmas\u0131 meydana geldi. A\u011fr\u0131 da\u011f\u0131 isyan\u0131 (1926-1930) ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bu ayaklanmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00c2z\u00e2d\u00ee ve daha sonra kurulan Hoyb\u00fbn \u00f6rg\u00fctleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. 1937-1938\u2019de Dersim K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin Seyyid R\u0131z\u00e2 liderli\u011finde ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyan\u0131n sert bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrkiyesi\u2019ndeki kitlesel K\u00fcrt isyanlar\u0131 sona erdi.<\/p>\n

Irak K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin siyas\u00ee hareketlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynayan Barzan\u00ee ailesi mensuplar\u0131ndan Molla Mustafa Barz\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019nin 1958\u2019de Rusya\u2019dan Irak\u2019a d\u00f6nmesi ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019teki baz\u0131 olaylarda 100 kadar T\u00fcrkmen\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine Irak\u2019ta ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmeler sonras\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenli baz\u0131 \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencileri (49\u2019lar olay\u0131) ve a\u015firet liderlerinin tutuklanmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanan hareketlenmeler ya\u015fand\u0131. Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurulu\u015fundan itibaren daha ziyade din\u00ee ve geleneksel arg\u00fcmanlara dayanan K\u00fcrt hareketleri 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda sol ve sosyalist ak\u0131mlar\u0131n etkisinde kalan ve\u00a0<\/b>etno-sek\u00fcler diye nitelendirilebilecek bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm 1978\u2019de PKK olarak bilinen K\u00fcrdistan \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla h\u0131zlanacak ve mevcut sol-etnik-sek\u00fcler s\u00f6yleme ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin eklenmesiyle ileride ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 bir karaktere b\u00fcr\u00fcnecektir (bk. Yayman, s. 28).<\/p>\n

27 May\u0131s 1960 darbesini izleyen d\u00f6nemde do\u011funun geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getiren Do\u011fuculuk ak\u0131m\u0131 etraf\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen baz\u0131 sosyalist K\u00fcrt gruplar\u0131 ile Molla Mustafa Barz\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019ye yak\u0131n olan K\u00fcrtler legal ve illegal siyasal olu\u015fumlar i\u00e7ine girdiler. Bu olu\u015fumlar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 1965-1967 y\u0131llar\u0131nda do\u011funun sorunlar\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmek amac\u0131yla do\u011fu\u00a0<\/b>mitingleri d\u00fczenlendi. 1969-1971 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok ilde Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin ilk yasal K\u00fcrt derne\u011fi olarak kabul edilen Devrimci Do\u011fu K\u00fclt\u00fcr Ocaklar\u0131 kuruldu. 12 Mart 1971 darbesiyle kapat\u0131lan Devrimci Do\u011fu K\u00fclt\u00fcr Ocaklar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yerine 1975-1977\u2019de Devrimci Do\u011fu K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dernekleri te\u015fkil edildi. Bunlar da 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 asker\u00ee darbesiyle kapat\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nden gelen di\u011fer bir grup 1974\u2019te Kemal Burkay liderli\u011finde illegal T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrdistan\u0131 Sosyalist Partisi\u2019ni (TKSP; Partiya Sosyal\u00eest a Kurdistana Tirk\u00eey\u00ea [PSKT]) kurdu.<\/p>\n

1970\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda Dev-Gen\u00e7 \u00e7evresindeki \u00f6\u011frenciler aras\u0131nda Abdullah \u00d6calan etraf\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir grup te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ba\u015flarda \u201cApocular\u201d olarak an\u0131lan grup 1978\u2019de K\u00fcrdistan \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi (Partiya Karker\u00ean Kurdistan [PKK]) ad\u0131yla illegal bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak kurulu\u015funu il\u00e2n etti. Marksist-Leninist ideolojiye dayanan ve ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hedeflere y\u00f6nelen, K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenliler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 etnik unsurlar\u0131 da b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran ve Ermeni ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ASALA gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslararas\u0131 ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle irtibat\u0131 olan PKK, asker sivil ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin bask\u0131, tedhi\u015f ve \u015fiddet kullanmay\u0131 y\u00f6ntem olarak benimsedi. Bu y\u00f6ntemi stratejik bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullanan \u00f6rg\u00fct K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda kendisine muhalif olan unsurlar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi sil\u00e2hl\u0131 ter\u00f6r eylemleriyle k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde etkinlik kazanan \u00f6rg\u00fct 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 darbesinden \u00f6nce liderlerini ve baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli elemanlar\u0131n\u0131 yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve darbeyi en az zararla atlatan grup oldu. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de faaliyet g\u00f6steren b\u00fct\u00fcn siyas\u00ee partilerin ve sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 darbe d\u00f6neminde tasfiye edilen K\u00fcrt \u00f6rg\u00fctleri 1980\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131nda tekrar toparlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da uluslararas\u0131 bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan PKK d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakiler dar kadro \u00f6rg\u00fctleri olarak kald\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki anadillerin, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla K\u00fcrt\u00e7e\u2019nin de yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, hatta K\u00fcrt\u00e7e diye bir dilin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve K\u00fcrtler\u2019in asl\u0131nda T\u00fcrk oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00f6ylemin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u015fta Diyarbak\u0131r Cezaevi olmak \u00fczere cezaevlerinde menf\u00ee \u015fartlar\u0131n ve uygulamalar\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, sil\u00e2hl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve ter\u00f6r yanl\u0131s\u0131 olan PKK cezaevlerindeki bir\u00e7ok siyas\u00ee mahk\u00fbmu etkisi alt\u0131na ald\u0131. L\u00fcbnan\u2019da ve Suriye\u2019de haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayan \u00f6rg\u00fct 15 A\u011fustos 1984\u2019te Eruh ve \u015eemdinli\u2019de g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7lerine y\u00f6nelik ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Bug\u00fcne kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 40.000\u2019den fazla can kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7an ve ekonomiye uzun vadeli ciddi zararlar veren PKK, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fclkeleri, Kanada, Avustralya, Japonya, \u0130ran gibi bir\u00e7ok devletin ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri listesinde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1980\u2019den sonra K\u00fcrt siyaset sahnesine \u0130sl\u00e2mc\u0131 olarak nitelenen \u00f6rg\u00fctler de dahil oldu. 1960-1970\u2019lerde Molla Mustafa Barz\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019yi destekleyen medrese \u00e7evrelerinde \u0130ran \u0130sl\u00e2m Devrimi (1979) yeni bir hareketlenmeye yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Devrimin ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde kurulan temaslar mezhep uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda koptu. 1980\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok ilde kitabevleri \u00e7evresinde olu\u015fan baz\u0131 gruplar zamanla \u00f6rg\u00fctsel bir nitelik kazand\u0131. Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019daki \u0130lim ve Menzil kitabevleri etraf\u0131nda k\u00fcmelenen gruplar \u0130ran\u2019la teorik veya fiil\u00ee ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 korurken Vahdet Kitabevi \u00e7evresi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karde\u015fler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini benimsedi. Din\u00ee hayat\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen di\u011fer baz\u0131 simalar\u0131 da \u00f6rg\u00fctsel olarak de\u011filse de bir siyas\u00ee \u00e7izgi olarak Molla Mustafa Barz\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019nin \u015fahs\u0131nda temsilini bulan muhafazak\u00e2r sa\u011f K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi \u00e7izgisinde kalmaya devam ederken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 Necmettin Erbakan liderli\u011findeki Mill\u00ee G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f gelene\u011finde yer ald\u0131. Bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan pek \u00e7ok dindar \u00e7evre ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7isi veya \u0130sl\u00e2mc\u0131 olarak faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ayr\u0131ca Ris\u00e2le-i Nur hareketi i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Med-Zehr\u00e2 ve Zehr\u00e2 gruplar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda K\u00fcrt kimli\u011fini \u00f6ne alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara y\u00f6neldi. \u0130lim Kitabevi \u00e7evresinde H\u00fcseyin Velio\u011flu liderli\u011finde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen grup daha sonra kamuoyunda K\u00fcrt Hizbullah\u0131 diye tan\u0131nd\u0131 ve PKK\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130sl\u00e2mc\u0131 gruplar dahil b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle sil\u00e2hl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara girdi (\u015eent\u00fcrk, s. 589-612).<\/p>\n

1988 yaz\u0131nda Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin katliamlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an 80-100.000 K\u00fcrt T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan 1991 bahar\u0131nda Irak K\u00fcrtleri ve \u015ei\u00eeleri\u2019nin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyanlar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla 800.000 K\u00fcrt \u0130ran\u2019a, 400-500.000 K\u00fcrt de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geldi. Bu ortamda 1991 se\u00e7imlerinden sonra kurulan koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, 12 Eyl\u00fcl darbe rejiminin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke genelinde oldu\u011fu gibi K\u00fcrtler \u00fczerinde de olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bask\u0131lar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131 aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki anadilleri yasaklayan 1983 tarihli yasa 25 Ocak 1991\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l sekizinci cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Turgut \u00d6zal federasyon dahil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn konu\u015fulabilece\u011fini dile getirirken, d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fbakan\u0131 S\u00fcleyman Demirel de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u00fcrt realitesinin tan\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekti. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren K\u00fcrtler\u2019le ilgili sorunlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak asker\u00ee ve ekonomik tedbirlerle \u00e7\u00f6zmeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6ren resm\u00ee s\u00f6ylemin de\u011fi\u015fmeye, bunun yerine sorunu demokrasi ve insan haklar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131p diyalog y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yeni bir s\u00f6ylemin geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler\u2019in sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 siyasal zeminde \u00e7\u00f6zme iddias\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk yasal siyas\u00ee parti olarak Halk\u0131n Emek Partisi (HEP) 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda kuruldu. Bu gelenekten gelen siyas\u00ee partilere \u00f6zellikle ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ile ili\u015fkileri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla verilen kapatma cezalar\u0131, parti temsilcilerine y\u00f6nelik eylemler ve hapis cezalar\u0131 gibi geli\u015fmelere ra\u011fmen bu \u00e7izgideki partiler yasal siyaset sahnesinde her zaman yer ald\u0131. Geni\u015f bir siyasal yelpazeden K\u00fcrt milliyet\u00e7ilerinin temsil edildi\u011fi bu gelenek, bask\u0131 ve kapatmalar\u0131n da etkisiyle kurumsalla\u015famad\u0131 ve sil\u00e2h g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc elinde bulunduran PKK\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde kald\u0131. 1998\u2019in son aylar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 sonucu Suriye\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan PKK lideri Abdullah \u00d6calan 15 \u015eubat 1999\u2019da Kenya\u2019da yakalanarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye teslim edildi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l yaz sonunda cezaevindeki \u00d6calan\u2019\u0131n t\u00e2limat\u0131 ile \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7ekilen PKK, tasfiye edilmek istendi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerek Haziran 2004\u2019te tekrar sil\u00e2hl\u0131 ter\u00f6r eylemlerine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

2002 sonunda iktidara gelen Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan liderli\u011findeki Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisi h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri K\u00fcrtler\u2019le ili\u015fkili sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar att\u0131. 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu (TRT) K\u00fcrt\u00e7e yay\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. 12 A\u011fustos 2005\u2019te Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada etnik ve b\u00f6lgesel ay\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 hedeflediklerini ifade eden Ba\u015fbakan Erdo\u011fan, K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenli vatanda\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan herkesin ortak sorunu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn anayasal d\u00fczen ve demokratikle\u015fme ile sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etti. Bu ad\u0131mlar\u0131 2009\u2019da TRT-6\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fcrt\u00e7e yay\u0131na ba\u015flamas\u0131, 2010\u2019da Mardin Artuklu \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin K\u00fcrt\u00e7e y\u00fcksek lisans program\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131, 2012\u2019de K\u00fcrt\u00e7e\u2019nin ilk\u00f6\u011fretim be\u015finci s\u0131n\u0131flarda se\u00e7meli ders olarak okutulmas\u0131 gibi uygulamalar izledi. Bu arada \u00d6calan\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt solunu bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplama ve daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir siyas\u00ee parti olu\u015fturma projesinin sonucu olarak 15 Ekim 2012\u2019de Halklar\u0131n Demokratik Partisi (HDP) kuruldu. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda gerek Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Abdullah G\u00fcl ve Ba\u015fbakan Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n kamuoyuna gerekse cezaevindeki \u00d6calan\u2019\u0131n kendi \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131yla yeni bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e k\u00f6y ve \u015fehir adlar\u0131n\u0131n iadesi, T\u00fcrk alfabesinde bulunmayan x, w, q, \u00ea gibi harflerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na izin verilmesi, ilk\u00f6\u011fretim okullar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenci and\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tamam\u0131n\u0131 gezip vatanda\u015flar\u0131n s\u00fcrece dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini g\u00f6zlemlemek amac\u0131yla 2013 y\u0131l\u0131 Nisan ay\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan \u00c2kil \u0130nsanlar Heyeti\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, K\u00fcrdistan ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk yasal siyas\u00ee partilerin (T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrdistan Demokrat Partisi ve K\u00fcrdistan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Partisi) kurulmas\u0131 da bu yeni s\u00fcrecin \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar\u0131yd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu politikalara ve olumlu geli\u015fmelere ra\u011fmen PKK ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc 2009\u2019dan itibaren ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sil\u00e2hl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ve ter\u00f6r eylemlerini artt\u0131rd\u0131 ve siyas\u00ee \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fc bir defa daha t\u0131kand\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fusundaki yirmi kadar vil\u00e2yette daha yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler 1950\u2019lerde h\u0131zlanan i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde \u00fclkenin bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerine de yerle\u015ftiler. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler\u2019in toplam n\u00fcfusuyla ilgili kesin istatistikler bulunmamakla birlikte vatanda\u015flar\u0131n ana dillerine dair verilerin kamuoyuna en son il\u00e2n edildi\u011fi 1965 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re 31.391.421 olan toplam n\u00fcfus i\u00e7inde 2.817.313 ki\u015finin birinci veya ikinci dilinin K\u00fcrt\u00e7e (Kurman\u00e7\u00e7a veya Zazaca) oldu\u011fu kaydedilmi\u015ftir (D\u00fcndar, s. 101, 106, 113-115). Bu say\u0131mdaki oranlar dikkate al\u0131narak bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusuyla ilgili birtak\u0131m tahminler yap\u0131l\u0131yorsa da gerek 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar s\u00fcren ifade h\u00fcrriyeti \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engeller gerekse say\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar, ayr\u0131ca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 evlilikler sebebiyle bir\u00e7ok aile i\u00e7in etnik bir tan\u0131mlama yapman\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu verilerin ve bu t\u00fcr verilere dayan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan n\u00fcfus tahminlerinin \u00e7ok sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin genellikle do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler\u2019in Kurman\u00e7 (Kurmanc) ve Zaza olmak \u00fczere iki ana gruba ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilse de Zazalar\u2019\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kendilerini ayr\u0131 bir etnik grup olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin ekseriyetini Kurman\u00e7 K\u00fcrtleri olu\u015fturur. Kendilerini K\u0131rd, D\u0131m\u0131li ve K\u0131rmanc olarak da adland\u0131ran Zazalar genellikle g\u00fcneyde \u015eanl\u0131urfa\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinden G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane\u2019nin g\u00fcneyine kadar olan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehirlere g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlerle beraber Zazalar\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 20-25\u2019ine tekab\u00fcl ettikleri san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (bk.\u00a0ZAZALAR<\/a>). Orta Anadolu K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin \u00e7o\u011fu, son 500 y\u0131ldan beri de\u011fi\u015fik zamanlarda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin a\u015firetleri isk\u00e2n politikas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u015eeyhb\u0131z\u0131n, Canbeg, Re\u015fvan gibi K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinden olu\u015fmakta ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla Kayseri, Aksaray, K\u0131r\u015fehir, Konya ve Ankara\u2019da ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Irak.<\/b>\u00a030 Ekim 1918\u2019de imzalanan Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019nin hemen ard\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Musul ve \u015eehrizor eyaletlerini i\u015fgal eden \u0130ngiltere, K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi daha \u00f6nce i\u015fgal etti\u011fi Ba\u011fdat ve Basra vil\u00e2yetleriyle birle\u015ftirerek 1921\u2019de Irak Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kurdu. Bu d\u00f6nemde K\u00fcrt ileri gelenlerinden \u015eeyh Mahmud Berzenc\u00ee 1918, 1922 ve 1930\u2019da \u00fc\u00e7 defa \u0130ngiltere ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etti, fakat \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u015eeyh Ahmed Barz\u00e2n\u00ee 1933\u2019te, karde\u015fi Molla Mustafa Barz\u00e2n\u00ee ve Sincar Yez\u00eed\u00ee K\u00fcrtleri 1935\u2019te isyan ettiler. Sincar Yez\u00eed\u00eeleri\u2019nin isyan\u0131 ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken Barz\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019in isyan\u0131 kesintilerle 1945\u2019e kadar devam etti. Mustafa Barz\u00e2n\u00ee Irak\u2019ta ma\u011fl\u00fbp olunca \u0130ran\u2019a ge\u00e7ti ve 1946\u2019da Meh\u00e2b\u00e2d \u015fehrinde kurulan K\u00fcrdistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde genelkurmay ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu. \u0130ran\u2019da \u0130ran K\u00fcrdistan Demokrat Partisi\u2019nin (\u0130KDP; Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistana \u00ceran\u00ea [PDK\u00ce]) kurulmas\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l sonra A\u011fustos 1946\u2019da Irak K\u00fcrtleri Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta Barz\u00e2n\u00ee liderli\u011finde K\u00fcrdistan Demokrat Partisi\u2019ni (KDP; Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistan\u00ea [PDK]) kurdular. K\u00fcrdistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Barz\u00e2n\u00ee, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birli\u011fi\u2019ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131 ve 1958\u2019de Irak Kral\u0131 II. Faysal\u2019\u0131n devrilmesine kadar orada kald\u0131. Asker\u00ee darbeyle kral\u0131 deviren yeni Irak lideri Abd\u00fclker\u00eem K\u0101s\u0131m, K\u00fcrtler\u2019in haklar\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na alan yeni bir anayasa il\u00e2n etti, fakat KDP\u2019nin 1961\u2019de yasaklanmas\u0131yla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar yeniden ba\u015flad\u0131. 1968\u2019de y\u00f6netime el koyan Baas Partisi lideri Hasan el-Bekr, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta K\u00fcrtler\u2019e y\u00f6nelik asker\u00ee tedbirleri s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc ve Irak ordusu ile K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar devam etti. 11 Mart 1970\u2019te bir otonomi antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanarak K\u00fcrtler\u2019e baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde \u00f6zerklik verildiyse de K\u00fcrtler\u2019le Irak y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131k ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar son bulmad\u0131. 1975\u2019te Irak\u2019\u0131n \u0130ran ile anla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u0130ran ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Irak K\u00fcrtleri\u2019ne verdikleri deste\u011fi \u00e7ektiler ve Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrtler bir defa daha yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131. Irak\u2019tan T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran\u2019a do\u011fru ilk yo\u011fun m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde meydana geldi. Irak K\u00fcrt hareketinin lideri Molla Mustafa Barz\u00e2n\u00ee 1979\u2019da Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde kanserden \u00f6ld\u00fc. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte de birka\u00e7 defa b\u00f6l\u00fcnen KDP, parti i\u00e7indeki sol kesimi arkas\u0131na alan Cel\u00e2l Taleb\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019nin 1975\u2019te Suriye\u2019de K\u00fcrdistan Yurtseverler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni (KYB; Yek\u00eetiya N\u00ee\u015ftiman\u00ee ya Kurdistan\u00ea [YNK]) kurmas\u0131yla kesin olarak ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. 1980\u2019de ba\u015flayan \u0130ran-Irak sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ran Irak K\u00fcrtleri\u2019ne, Irak da \u0130ran K\u00fcrtleri\u2019ne destek verdi. Mart 1988\u2019de Irak K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin eline ge\u00e7en Halep\u00e7e \u015fehrine Irak taraf\u0131ndan kimyasal sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenlendi ve 5000 civar\u0131nda K\u00fcrt hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n yaz aylar\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen Enfal operasyonlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ise 100.000 civar\u0131nda Irakl\u0131 K\u00fcrt Irak ordusu taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve bu operasyonlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 80-100.000 kadar m\u00fclteci T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye, 100.000 kadar\u0131 da \u0130ran\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Irak\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcveyt\u2019i i\u015fgali \u00fczerine 1991\u2019de Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri liderli\u011findeki koalisyon g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin Irak\u2019a girmesi Irak K\u00fcrtleri ve \u015ei\u00eeleri\u2019ni yeni isyanlar ba\u015flatma konusunda cesaretlendirdiyse de uluslararas\u0131 destek g\u00f6remedi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu isyanlar da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 800.000 K\u00fcrt \u0130ran\u2019a, 400-500.000 K\u00fcrt T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler 5 Nisan 1991\u2019de K\u00fcrtler\u2019in geri d\u00f6nmesi i\u00e7in \u00fclkenin kuzeyinde g\u00fcvenli bir b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Bu karar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan Huzur ve \u00c7eki\u00e7 operasyonlar\u0131 ile Irak K\u00fcrtleri uluslararas\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu uluslararas\u0131 deste\u011fe tepki olarak Saddam H\u00fcseyin y\u00f6netimi K\u00fcrtler\u2019i cezaland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden b\u00fct\u00fcn devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti. Bunun \u00fczerine Mesut Barz\u00e2n\u00ee liderli\u011findeki KDP ve Celal Talab\u00e2n\u00ee liderli\u011findeki KYB 4 Ekim 1992\u2019de Erbil merkezli Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi\u2019ni il\u00e2n etti. Ancak bir s\u00fcre sonra KDP ile KYB aras\u0131nda gelirlerin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc konusunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc (1994-1998) ve neticede b\u00f6lgede iki h\u00fck\u00fcmetli ve iki meclisli bir yap\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1998\u2019de imzalanan Washington Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile taraflar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara son verdiyse de ikili yap\u0131 devam etti. \u0130li\u015fkilerin normalle\u015fmesiyle 2002\u2019de yerel meclis ve 2006\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcmetler birle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Saddam H\u00fcseyin\u2019in Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan devrilmesiyle Irak K\u00fcrdistan b\u00f6lgesi yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir konuma kavu\u015farak ekonomik ve siyasal alanlarda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler kaydetti. Saddam sonras\u0131 kurulan merkez\u00ee Ba\u011fdat h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ile Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131nda Kerk\u00fck ve H\u00e2nek\u012bn gibi baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin niha\u00ee stat\u00fcs\u00fc, K\u00fcrdistan b\u00f6lgesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, petrol i\u015fletme haklar\u0131 ve gelirlerinin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, pe\u015fmerge g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin merkez\u00ee orduya kat\u0131lmas\u0131, d\u0131\u015f politikada izlenecek strateji gibi bir\u00e7ok konuda \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Irak politikas\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler oldu. Mart 2010\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Erbil Ba\u015fkonsoloslu\u011fu faaliyete ge\u00e7ti. \u00d6zellikle Kuzey Irak topraklar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan petrol\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinden ihracat\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye firmalar\u0131n\u0131n petrol arama-\u00e7\u0131karma izni almalar\u0131 gibi konular T\u00fcrkiye ile Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Irak\u2019ta ya\u015fayan yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 milyon civar\u0131ndaki K\u00fcrt \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun % 20\u2019ye yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nin n\u00fcfusu ise T\u00fcrkmenler ve Asur\u00ee topluluklarla beraber 5 milyondan fazlad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan Sincar, Musul, Kerk\u00fck, H\u00e2nek\u012bn, Mendel\u00ee ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta da K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfus bulunmaktad\u0131r. Irak K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin co\u011fraf\u00ee da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ana hatlar\u0131yla \u015f\u00f6yledir: Irak\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde Kurman\u00e7lar, onlar\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Soranlar, Irak-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde Goranlar (Hevremanlar) mevcuttur. \u015ei\u00ee Feyl\u00ee K\u00fcrtleri Ba\u011fdat, H\u00e2nek\u012bn, Mendel\u00ee ve Basra gibi \u015fehirlere da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f vaziyettedir. Kurman\u00e7\u00e7a (Kurmanc\u00ee) konu\u015fmakta olan Yez\u00eed\u00ee K\u00fcrtler \u015eeyhan, Musul ve Sincar\u2019da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bunlara \u00e7o\u011funlukla Musul ile Erbil aras\u0131ndaki Ninova b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kendilerini K\u00fcrt olarak kabul eden ve konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 dil Goranca ve Zazaca\u2019ya yak\u0131n olan \u015eebekler\u2019i de eklemek gerekir. Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nin resm\u00ee dili Soranca (Soran\u00ee) olup bu b\u00f6lgede K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler Erbil, S\u00fcleymaniye ve Duhok\u2019tur.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran.<\/b>\u00a0I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u015eikak a\u015fireti reisi \u0130sm\u00e2il A\u011fa (Simko\/Simk\u00fb) Ka\u00e7arlar\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netimindeki \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etti ve 1920-1930 aras\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019da K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc elinde tuttu. Ka\u00e7arlar\u2019\u0131 devirip Pehlev\u00ee h\u00e2nedan\u0131n\u0131 kuran (1925) R\u0131z\u00e2 \u015eah Pehlev\u00ee, m\u00fczakere amac\u0131yla \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130sm\u00e2il A\u011fa\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrterek (1930) uzun y\u0131llar devam eden isyan\u0131 sona erdirdi. Bu d\u00f6nemde a\u015firetlere y\u00f6nelik devlet politikalar\u0131 sebebiyle Heme Re\u015fid\u2019in B\u00e2ne\u2019de (1924-1930), Mahmud Han\u2019\u0131n Mer\u00eev\u00e2n\u2019da (1926) ve Molla Hal\u00eel\u2019in Meh\u00e2b\u00e2d\u2019da (1928) \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck ettikleri gibi mahall\u00ee K\u00fcrt isyanlar\u0131 da ya\u015fand\u0131. A\u011fr\u0131 da\u011f\u0131 isyan\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan Cel\u00e2l\u00ee a\u015firetlerinin isyan\u0131 \u0130ran ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u015f birli\u011fi ile bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1930\u2019lardan itibaren \u0130ran K\u00fcrtleri aras\u0131nda siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctler kurulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1932\u2019de K\u00fcrdistan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcler Partisi (Komeley Azadixwazi Kurdistan), 1942\u2019de K\u00fcrdistan Dirili\u015f Partisi (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan [KJK, J\u00ea-Kaf]) ve nihayet 15 A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te bug\u00fcne kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ve \u0130ran K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin en etkili \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan \u0130ran K\u00fcrdistan Demokrat Partisi (\u0130KDP; Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistana \u00ceran\u00ea [PDK\u00ce]) kuruldu. K\u00fcrdistan Dirili\u015f Partisi kendini feshederek bu partiye kat\u0131ld\u0131. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birli\u011fi ve \u0130ngiltere \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015flerdi (1941). Bu i\u015fgal s\u0131ras\u0131nda K\u00fcrt ve \u00c2zer\u00ee b\u00f6lgelerini kontrol alt\u0131na alan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi kendine yak\u0131n mini devletler kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etti. \u00c2zer\u00eeler\u2019in Kas\u0131m-Aral\u0131k 1945\u2019te Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni il\u00e2n etmesinin ard\u0131ndan Kad\u0131 Muhammed liderli\u011findeki \u0130ran K\u00fcrtleri de 22 Ocak 1946\u2019da Meh\u00e2b\u00e2d\u2019da K\u00fcrdistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni il\u00e2n ettiler. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7ekilmesiyle birlikte ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda her iki cumhuriyet de y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Bu k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc K\u00fcrdistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin XX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki K\u00fcrt siyas\u00ee olu\u015fumlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli etkileri oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bug\u00fcn Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan mill\u00ee mar\u015f olarak kabul edilen \u201cEy Rakip\u201d (Req\u00eeb) mar\u015f\u0131 Meh\u00e2b\u00e2d Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin mar\u015f\u0131 idi. Cumhuriyet\u2019in \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra zaman zaman gerilla faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u0130KDP uzun s\u00fcre etkili olamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1969\u2019da \u0130ran K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan, devrimci kom\u00fcnist partisi Komala (Komele\/Komeley) kuruldu. \u0130KDP ve Komala gibi K\u00fcrt \u00f6rg\u00fctleri \u0130ran \u0130sl\u00e2m Devrimi\u2019ne (1979) giden s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u015fah kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 koalisyonda yer ald\u0131lar. Ancak devrimden sonra kurulan yeni rejimle ili\u015fkileri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bozulan K\u00fcrt \u00f6rg\u00fctleri 1979-1983 y\u0131llar\u0131nda sil\u00e2hl\u0131 m\u00fccadele ile \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n belli b\u00f6lgelerini denetim alt\u0131nda tuttular. \u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda her iki taraf da di\u011fer \u00fclkedeki muhalif gruplar\u0131 destekledi\u011fi i\u00e7in Irak\u2019ta ve \u0130ran\u2019da K\u00fcrdistan Demokrat Partisi ad\u0131yla kurulmu\u015f olan partiler (KDP ve \u0130KDP) de kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi. Bu d\u00f6nemde etkili olan bir di\u011fer rejim kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct de \u015eeyh \u0130zzeddin el-H\u00fcseyn\u00ee ve onun K\u00fcrt-S\u00fcnn\u00ee militan grubu Xebat idi (Ball\u0131, s. 508-548). Abdurrahman K\u0101s\u0131ml\u0131 (Qas\u0131mlo) ve S\u00e2d\u0131k \u015eerefkend\u00ee gibi liderlerini pe\u015f pe\u015fe kaybeden ve \u0130ran ordusunun yo\u011fun operasyonlar\u0131 sonucu etkinli\u011fi azalan \u0130KDP ile Komala 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda sil\u00e2hl\u0131 eylemlerini en aza indirip siyas\u00ee faaliyetlere y\u00f6neldiler. \u0130ki yerli \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye k\u00f6kenli ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc PKK \u0130ran\u2019da da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 2003\u2019te Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin Irak\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgalinden sonra kurulan K\u00fcrdistan \u00d6zg\u00fcr Ya\u015fam Partisi (Partiya Jiyana Azad a Kurdistan\u00ea [PJAK]) PKK\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019daki uzant\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yerli K\u00fcrt gruplar\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatma \u00fcmidiyle PJAK\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na g\u00f6z yuman \u0130ran h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, kurdu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131larla ciddi bir tehdit haline gelmeye ba\u015flayan bu yeni \u00f6rg\u00fcte kar\u015f\u0131 zamanla cephe ald\u0131. M\u00e2ruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r asker\u00ee operasyonlara Suriye\u2019de PKK i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni f\u0131rsatlar da eklenince PJAK Eyl\u00fcl 2011\u2019de \u0130ran\u2019daki sil\u00e2hl\u0131 faaliyetlerini durdurdu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f ve yeni \u015fartlar\u0131n sonucu olarak PKK dikkatini ve silahl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Suriye\u2019ye kayd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olsa da \u00f6rg\u00fct \u0130ran\u2019daki faaliyetlerine k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra yeniden ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ran\u2019da \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun % 8-10\u2019unun K\u00fcrtler\u2019den olu\u015ftu\u011funa dair baz\u0131 tahminler bulunmakla birlikte \u0130ran K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin toplam n\u00fcfusuyla ilgili kesin veriler mevcut de\u011fildir. Otuz bir eyaletten olu\u015fan \u0130ran\u2019da 2016 istatistiklerine g\u00f6re \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k % 2\u2019si K\u00fcrdistan eyaletinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fclkenin bat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan ve toplam n\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k % 25\u2019inin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kirman\u015fah, \u00cel\u00e2m (Elam), Luristan, Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ve Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ile \u00fclkenin kuzeydo\u011fusunda yer alan ve toplam n\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k % 2\u2019sinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kuzey Horasan ve Horas\u00e2n-\u0131 Razav\u00ee eyaletlerinde de K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfus bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ana hatlar\u0131yla farkl\u0131 K\u00fcrt gruplardan Kurman\u00e7lar Bat\u0131 Azerbaycan ve Horasan\u2019da; Soranlar K\u00fcrdistan, Do\u011fu Azerbaycan ve Kirman\u015fah\u2019ta; Lurlar ve Lekler Luristan\u2019da; Kelh\u00fbrlar Kirman\u015fah ve \u00cel\u00e2m\u2019da; Goranlar (Hevremanlar) K\u00fcrdistan ve Kirman\u015fah\u2019ta; Feyl\u00eeler ise Luristan, Kirman\u015fah ve \u00cel\u00e2m\u2019da ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Kelarde\u015ft\u2019teki Kurman\u00e7lar ve Kazvin\u2019deki Lek K\u00fcrtleri gibi \u00fclke i\u00e7inde \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlere da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck K\u00fcrt gruplar\u0131 da mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

Suriye.<\/b>\u00a0Suriye K\u00fcrtleri T\u00fcrkiye, Irak ve \u0130ran\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi belli bir b\u00f6lgede yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olarak de\u011fil, 1921\u2019de Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla \u00e7izilen T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 boyunca Suriye\u2019nin kuzeyinde\u00a0<\/b>ve Cez\u00eere b\u00f6lgelerinde birbirinden kopuk alanlarda ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye ile Suriye aras\u0131nda kalan Ba\u011fdat demiryolu hatt\u0131na ve s\u0131n\u0131ra atfen Suriye K\u00fcrtleri \u201chatt\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki K\u00fcrtler\u201d (Kurd\u00ean binxet\u00ea), T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleri de \u201chatt\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki K\u00fcrtler\u201d (Kurd\u00ean serxet\u00ea) diye an\u0131l\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bir co\u011frafyada ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve say\u0131ca az olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Suriyeli K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda siyas\u00ee veya silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi hedefleyen \u00f6rg\u00fctsel olu\u015fumlar ve isyan hareketleri T\u00fcrkiye, Irak ve \u0130ran\u2019da oldu\u011fundan daha zay\u0131ft\u0131r. Suriye\u2019nin Frans\u0131z egemenli\u011finde bulundu\u011fu 1920-1946 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Suriye K\u00fcrtleri daha ziyade T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleri aras\u0131ndaki siyas\u00ee hareketlenmeleri takip etmekteydi. \u00d6zellikle \u015eeyh Said isyan\u0131ndan sonra \u00f6nemli say\u0131da K\u00fcrt isyanc\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Suriye taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tekke ve z\u00e2viyelerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 da bir\u00e7ok din\u00ee liderin Suriye\u2019ye ge\u00e7mesine sebep oldu. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015fler 1930\u2019lardaki isyanlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan devam etti. Bu d\u00f6nemde Suriye\u2019de en fazla etkili olan K\u00fcrt \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc 1927\u2019de Beyrut\u2019ta kurulan Hoyb\u00fbn\u2019du (Xoybun). T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ka\u00e7\u0131p Suriye, M\u0131s\u0131r, L\u00fcbnan ve Avrupa gibi merkezlere da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan K\u00fcrt liderlerinin kurdu\u011fu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn hedefi T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Suriye\u2019den ziyade T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye y\u00f6nelik faaliyetlerde bulunmaktayd\u0131. Suriye K\u00fcrtleri taraf\u0131ndan Suriye\u2019ye y\u00f6nelik hedeflerle kurulan (1957) en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rg\u00fct ise Suriye K\u00fcrdistan Demokrat Partisi\u2019dir (SKDP; Partiya Demokrat a Kurd\u00ee li S\u00fbr\u00ee [PDKS]). SKDP bug\u00fcn Suriye\u2019de bulunan on be\u015f K\u00fcrt \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcnden iki \u00fc\u00e7 tanesi hari\u00e7 tamam\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana damar\u0131 te\u015fkil eder. Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc PKK\u2019n\u0131n Suriye kolu olan ve 2003\u2019te kurulan Demokratik Birlik Partisi (Partiya Yek\u00eetiya Demokrat [PYD]) k\u00f6klerini bu gelenekten almayan \u00f6rg\u00fctlerden birisidir. Baas rejimi taraf\u0131ndan 2011\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Me\u015fel Temo\u2019nun kendisi olmasa da kurdu\u011fu Suriye\u2019de K\u00fcrtler\u2019in Gelece\u011fi Hareketi (Gelece\u011fin Partisi) de SKDP gelene\u011finin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc yerel \u015fartlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda 1975 ve 1991\u2019de Irak K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbeler Suriyeli K\u00fcrtler\u2019i Baas rejimine isyan etme konusunda isteksiz hale getirmi\u015f olsa da 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Be\u015f\u015f\u00e2r Esed y\u00f6netimi \u00fclkenin kuzeyinde denetimi yitirince, silahl\u0131 ter\u00f6r eylemi ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bulunan PKK\u2019l\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendi saflar\u0131na dahil eden PYD Suriyeli K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131ndaki en etkin sil\u00e2hl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. K\u00fcrtler\u2019in yo\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu Kam\u0131\u015fl\u0131, Kobani, Afrin, Amude gibi \u015fehirler rejim g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma olmadan PYD\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcne girdi. Irak K\u00fcrt B\u00f6lgesel Y\u00f6netimi\u2019ne yak\u0131n olan ondan fazla parti ise 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Suriye K\u00fcrt Ulusal Konseyi (Enc\u00fbmena Ni\u015ftiman\u00ee ya Kurd\u00ee li S\u00fbriy\u00ea [ENKS]) ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda Erbil\u2019de bir \u00fcst \u00e7at\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. ENKS ile PYD 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortak y\u00f6netim konusunda anla\u015fmaya varmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen daha sonra iki taraf aras\u0131nda ciddi anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Suriye K\u00fcrtleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturan PYD ve ENKS \u00e7izgisindeki \u00f6rg\u00fct ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Dr. Hac\u0131 Ahmed el-K\u00fcrd\u00ee liderli\u011findeki Cebhet\u00fc\u2019l-Ekr\u00e2d (Eniya Kurda) gibi g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ba\u015fka gruplar da bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Suriye K\u00fcrtleri \u00fclkenin kuzeyinde Haseke ve Halep vil\u00e2yetlerinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bu vil\u00e2yetlerde en fazla K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusun bulundu\u011fu \u015fehirler Haseke, Kam\u0131\u015fl\u0131, Ayn\u00fclarab (Kobani) ve Afrin\u2019dir. Suriye i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan say\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, ayn\u0131 zamanda Arap ve T\u00fcrkmenler\u2019in de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u015fehirlerin toplam n\u00fcfusu 2 milyon civar\u0131nda olup \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun % 8-10\u2019unu te\u015fkil etmektedir. Suriye\u2019deki K\u00fcrtler\u2019in tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 S\u00fcnn\u00ee olup Kurman\u00e7\u00e7a konu\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fclkede yine Kurman\u00e7\u00e7a konu\u015fan 10.000 kadar Yez\u00eed\u00ee K\u00fcrt ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclke i\u00e7inde Baas idaresine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayan protestolara kadar 300-350.000 Suriye K\u00fcrd\u00fc\u2019ne T\u00fcrkiye k\u00f6kenli olduklar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131 verilmemi\u015f, bunlar \u201cec\u00e2nib\u201d (yabanc\u0131lar) say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131 Nisan ay\u0131nda Baas idaresi \u201cecnebi\u201d K\u00fcrtler\u2019e vatanda\u015fl\u0131k vermeyi \u00f6nermi\u015fse de baz\u0131 K\u00fcrtler vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7erken baz\u0131lar\u0131 askere al\u0131nma korkusuyla ba\u015fvuruda bulunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan.<\/b>\u00a0XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda baz\u0131 Yez\u00eed\u00ee K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan ve \u0130ran\u2019dan Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiler. 1926 tarihli ilk Sovyet Milletler Say\u0131m\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyetler\u2019de ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler\u2019in say\u0131s\u0131 70.000 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n 52.000\u2019i G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Ayn\u0131 tarihte Azerbaycan K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin say\u0131s\u0131 40.000 civar\u0131ndayken Ermenistan\u2019da ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 15.000 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1920-1937 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler kaydeden ve say\u0131lar\u0131 biraz daha artan Ermenistan K\u00fcrtleri 1937\u2019den itibaren b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyetler\u2019de ba\u015flayan s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerden nasiplerini ald\u0131lar. 1955\u2019e kadar devam eden bu d\u00f6nemde binlerce K\u00fcrt Ermenistan\u2019dan Orta Asya \u00fclkelerine s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Stalin\u2019in yerine ge\u00e7en Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in 1956\u2019da Sovyetler Birli\u011fi XX. Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Kongresi\u2019nde Stalinizm\u2019in terkedildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrt politikas\u0131 da yumu\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1955-1956\u2019da Erivan Radyosu T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fcrtleri taraf\u0131ndan da dikkatle takip edilen K\u00fcrt\u00e7e yay\u0131nlar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. 1956-1988 aras\u0131 Ermenistan K\u00fcrtleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeniden canlanma ve yo\u011fun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel faaliyetlerde bulunma d\u00f6nemi oldu. 1988-1990 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermenistan ile Azerbaycan aras\u0131nda devam eden Karaba\u011f m\u00fccadelesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda S\u00fcnn\u00ee K\u00fcrtler\u2019in Ermenistan\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Ermenistan Devleti\u2019nin Yez\u00eed\u00ee K\u00fcrtleri K\u00fcrtler\u2019den ayr\u0131 kabul ederek \u201cYez\u00eed\u00ee milleti\u201d olarak tasnif etmesiyle birlikte yeniden s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00f6nemler ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde 10.000\u2019i a\u015fk\u0131n S\u00fcnn\u00ee K\u00fcrt Azerbaycan\u2019a ve Orta Asya \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Ermenistan\u2019da resm\u00ee i\u015flemlerde Kurman\u00e7\u00e7a konu\u015fan S\u00fcnn\u00eeler K\u00fcrt milleti ve dilleri de K\u00fcrt\u00e7e olarak kabul edilirken, ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015fan Yez\u00eed\u00eeler\u2019e Yez\u00eed\u00ee milleti (Ez\u00eed\u00ee\/\u00caz\u00eed\u00ee) ve dillerine de Yez\u00eed\u00eece (\u00cazd\u0131k\u00ee) denilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1989\u2019da 50.000\u2019i a\u015fan Ermenistanl\u0131 K\u00fcrtler\u2019in say\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015fta Rusya olmak \u00fczere \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7ler sebebiyle 2015 itibariyle 35-40.000\u2019lere kadar d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olup bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Yez\u00eed\u00ee K\u00fcrtleri\u2019dir. Ermenistan-Azerbaycan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bir iki k\u00f6yde halen 1000 civar\u0131nda S\u00fcnn\u00ee K\u00fcrt bulundu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Rusya\u2019ya ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelere y\u00f6nelik g\u00f6\u00e7 sebebiyle bu n\u00fcfus s\u00fcrekli azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan\u2019da olduk\u00e7a eski bir tarihe sahip olan ve 1926\u2019da say\u0131lar\u0131 40.000 civar\u0131nda olan K\u00fcrtler yo\u011fun olarak L\u00e2\u00e7in, Kelbecer, Gubadl\u0131 ve Zengil\u00e2n \u015fehirlerini kapsayan ve 1923-1929 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda K\u0131z\u0131l K\u00fcrdistan (K\u00fcrdistana Sor \/ Kurdistansky Uyezd) \u00f6zerk vil\u00e2yeti olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgede ve Nahc\u0131van\u2019da ya\u015fad\u0131lar. 1937 ve 1944 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerinden Ermenistan K\u00fcrtleri gibi onlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilendiler. 1992-1993\u2019te Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n Ermenistan taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda eski K\u0131z\u0131l K\u00fcrdistan b\u00f6lgesi de Ermenistan taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irildi ve katliama m\u00e2ruz kalan 10.000\u2019i a\u015fk\u0131n\u00a0<\/b>S\u00fcnn\u00ee K\u00fcrt ba\u015fta Bak\u00fc olmak \u00fczere Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek \u00fclke i\u00e7i m\u00fclteci durumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Orta Asya \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. 1937 ve 1944 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerinden geriye kalan Nahc\u0131van K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sonras\u0131 Rusya ve Orta Asya \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Ermenistan K\u00fcrtleri gibi Azerbaycan K\u00fcrtleri de Kurman\u00e7\u00e7a konu\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Tarih\u00ee olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 ve kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda, Irak ve Suriye\u2019nin kuzey ve kuzeydo\u011fusunda, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan K\u00fcrtler, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ayn\u0131 \u00fclkelerde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. Rusya, G\u00fcrcistan, Afganistan ve Orta Asya \u00fclkeleri ile L\u00fcbnan ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde de de\u011fi\u015fen oranlarda yerle\u015fik K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfus bulunmaktad\u0131r. 1950\u2019lerden itibaren k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte meydana gelen yo\u011fun kentle\u015fme ve uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7le beraber K\u00fcrtler de geleneksel ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler ve n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 ile ilgili olarak sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 istatistik kay\u0131tlar tutulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kesin veriler bulunmamakla birlikte d\u00fcnya genelindeki K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusunun 30 milyon civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. Eldeki verilerin \u00e7o\u011fu, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fclkelerin genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile K\u00fcrtler\u2019in bu \u00fclkelerdeki genel n\u00fcfusun ne kadar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etti\u011fine dair tahminlere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, de\u011fi\u015fik kaynaklarda yer alan K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusuna dair verilerin alt ve \u00fcst rakamlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ciddi farklar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Serdar Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m-islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/kurtler<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u0130BL\u0130YOGRAFYA<\/span><\/p>\n

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Vsesoyuznaya Perepis Naseleniya 17 Dekabrya 1926 Goda, Narodnost i Rodnoy Yaz\u0131k Naseleniya SSSR<\/span>, v\u0131pusk 4, Moskva 1928, s. 126, 128.<\/p>\n

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Oya Girit,\u00a0Milli M\u00fccadele D\u00f6nemi K\u00fcrt\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck Hareketi<\/span>\u00a0(doktora tezi, 1994), M\u00dc T\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, t\u00fcr.yer.<\/p>\n

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Osman Aytar,\u00a0Kurdistana bi F\u00eeft\u00ee F\u00eeft\u00ee<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 1995.<\/p>\n

D. McDowall,\u00a0A Modern History of Kurds<\/span>, London 1996, s. 184-213.<\/p>\n

Malm\u00eesan\u0131j,\u00a0K\u0131rd, K\u0131rmanc, D\u0131m\u0131li veya Zaza K\u00fcrtleri<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 1996.<\/p>\n

Kemal Kiri\u015f\u00e7i \u2013 G. M. Winrow,\u00a0K\u00fcrt Sorunu: K\u00f6keni ve Geli\u015fimi<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Ahmet Fethi), \u0130stanbul 1997.<\/p>\n

Yeni ve Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011fda K\u00fcrt Siyaset Tarihi<\/span>\u00a0(haz. Celile Celil v.d\u011fr.), \u0130stanbul 1998, s. 180-191.<\/p>\n

Fuat D\u00fcndar,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus Say\u0131mlar\u0131nda Az\u0131nl\u0131klar<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 1999, s. 101, 106, 113-115.<\/p>\n

U\u011fur Mumcu,\u00a0K\u00fcrt \u0130slam Ayaklanmas\u0131: 1919-1925<\/span>, Ankara 1999, s. 147-155.<\/p>\n

Hasan Cemal,\u00a0K\u00fcrtler<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2003, s. 71-115.<\/p>\n

Erol Kuruba\u015f,\u00a0K\u00fcrt Sorununun Uluslararas\u0131 Boyutu ve T\u00fcrkiye<\/span>, Ankara 2004, I, 27-31; II, 172-184.<\/p>\n

M. R. Izady,\u00a0Bir El Kitab\u0131: K\u00fcrtler<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Cemal Atila), \u0130stanbul 2004, s. 32-38.<\/p>\n

Rohat Alakom,\u00a0Orta Anadolu K\u00fcrtleri<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2004.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131k Ziya Ekinci,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin K\u00fcrt Siyasetine Ele\u015ftirel Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2004, s. 151-154.<\/p>\n

Kerim Y\u0131ld\u0131z,\u00a0The Kurds in Iraq: The Past, Present and Future<\/span>, London 2004.<\/p>\n

a.mlf.,\u00a0The Kurds in Syria: The Forgotten People<\/span>, London 2005.<\/p>\n

a.mlf. \u2013 Tanyel B. Taysi,\u00a0The Kurds in Iran: The Past, Present and Future<\/span>, London 2007, s. 3-5.<\/p>\n

Hejare \u015eamil,\u00a0Diaspora K\u00fcrtleri: Sovyet K\u00fcrtleri Hakk\u0131nda Tarihi ve G\u00fcncel \u0130nceleme<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2005, s. 18-81, 83-104, 109, 166, 189.<\/p>\n

N. Fuccaro, \u201cManda Y\u00f6netimi Suriye\u2019sinde K\u00fcrtler ve K\u00fcrt Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi: Siyaset, K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Kimlik\u201d,\u00a0K\u00fcrt Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin K\u00f6kenleri \u00dczerine \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/span>\u00a0(trc. F. Adsay v.d\u011fr., ed. Abbas Vali), \u0130stanbul 2005, s. 231-260.<\/p>\n

Mesud Barzani,\u00a0Barzani ve K\u00fcrt Ulusal \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Hareketi<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Vahdettin \u0130nce), \u0130stanbul 2006, I-II.<\/p>\n

Osman Ayd\u0131n,\u00a01925 K\u00fcrt Ulusal Hareketi<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2006.<\/p>\n

H. Montgomery,\u00a0Suriye K\u00fcrtleri: \u0130nkar Edilen Halk<\/span>\u00a0(trc. \u00dcmit Aydo\u011fmu\u015f), \u0130stanbul 2007.<\/p>\n

Bil\u00e2l N. \u015eim\u015fir,\u00a0K\u00fcrt\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck (1787-1923)<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2007, t\u00fcr.yer.<\/p>\n

M. Ali es-Siwerek\u00ee,\u00a0\u00dcrd\u00fcn K\u00fcrtleri: Modern \u00dcrd\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn Yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki Rolleri<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Kadri Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m), \u0130stanbul 2007, s. 61-63, 150-168.<\/p>\n

Altan Tan,\u00a0K\u00fcrt Sorunu: Ya Tam Karde\u015flik Ya Hep Birlikte K\u00f6lelik<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2009, s. 342-357, 578.<\/p>\n

J. Tejel,\u00a0Syria\u2019s Kurds: History, Politics and Society<\/span>\u00a0(trc. E. W. Welle), New York 2009, s. 94-98, 144.<\/p>\n

Abbas Vali,\u00a0K\u00fcrdistan Cumhuriyeti: \u0130ran\u2019da K\u00fcrt Kimli\u011finin Olu\u015fumu<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Zeri \u0130nan\u00e7), \u0130stanbul 2010, s. 42-47, 81-120.<\/p>\n

D. Romano,\u00a0K\u00fcrt Dirili\u015fi: Olanak, Mobilizasyon ve Kimlik<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Mustafa Topal \u2013 Erdo\u011fan Gedik), \u0130stanbul 2010, s. 85-93, 314-331.<\/p>\n

M. van Bruinessen,\u00a0K\u00fcrdistan \u00dczerine Yaz\u0131lar<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Nevzat K\u0131ra\u00e7 v.d\u011fr.), \u0130stanbul 2010, s. 203-216, 259-295.<\/p>\n

Tahsin Sever,\u00a01925 Hareketi Azad\u00ee \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc: Unutturulmaya \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Bir \u00d6rg\u00fct ve \u00c7arp\u0131t\u0131lan Bir Tarih<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2010, s. 104-327.<\/p>\n

Abd\u00fclham\u00eed Derv\u00ee\u015f,\u00a0Tevgera Kurd\u00ee li S\u00fbriya di bin Roniy\u00ea de: Buyer\u00ean Dema 1956-1983<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2011, s. 20-29, 195-211.<\/p>\n

Hulusi \u015eent\u00fcrk,\u00a0\u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131k: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130slami Olu\u015fumlar ve Siyaset<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2011, s. 589-612.<\/p>\n

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K\u00fcrt Meselesinde Alg\u0131 ve Beklentiler<\/span>\u00a0(ed. K\u0131van\u00e7 Ko\u00e7ak), \u0130stanbul 2011, s. 87-91.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye S\u00f6yle\u015fileri 4: Derin Devlet, Ak Parti ve K\u00fcrtler<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2011, t\u00fcr.yer.<\/p>\n

H\u00fcseyin Yayman,\u00a0\u015eark Meselesinden Demokratik A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ma T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin K\u00fcrt Sorunu Haf\u0131zas\u0131<\/span>, Ankara 2011, s. 27-28, 56-62.<\/p>\n

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\u0130brahim S. I\u015f\u0131k,\u00a0A\u2019dan Z\u2019ye K\u00fcrtler: Ki\u015filer, Kavramlar, Kurumlar<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 2013, s. 254-255.<\/p>\n

Serdar Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye D\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki K\u00fcrtler\u201d,\u00a0K\u00fcrtler<\/span>\u00a0(ed. Adnan Demircan \u2013 Mehmet Akba\u015f), \u0130stanbul 2015, I, 509-552.<\/p>\n

Nuh Ate\u015f, \u201cKurd\u00ean De\u015fta Anatoliy\u00ea\u201d,\u00a0B\u00eerneb\u00fbn<\/span>, sy. 46, Spagna 2010, s. 15-23.<\/p>\n

S. Maisel, \u201cSyria\u2019s Yezidis in the Kurd Dagh and the Jazira: Building Identities in a Heterodox Community\u201d,\u00a0

\u201cKurd\u0131\u201d,\u00a0Bol\u015faya Entsiklopediya<\/span>, Sankt-Peterburg 1903, XI, 678-679.<\/p>\n

A. Yunusov, \u201cEtni\u00e7eskiy Sostav Azerbaydjana (po perepisi 1999 Goda)\u201d,\u00a0Demoskop Weekly<\/span>, no. 183-184, 20 Dekabr 2004 – 9 Yanvar 2005, http:\/\/www.demoscope.ru\/weekly\/2004\/0183\/analit05.php (eri\u015fim: 19.11.2018).<\/p>\n

Hasmik Hovhannisyan, \u201cKurds in Armenia\u201d, Hetq Online, 08.10.2007, https:\/\/hetq.am\/en\/article\/25207 (eri\u015fim: 19.11.2018).<\/p>\n

The Humanitarian Data Exchange: Syrian Arap Republic \u2013 Population Statistics, https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/syrian-arab-republic-other-0-0-0-0-0-0-0 (eri\u015fim: 19.11.2018).<\/p>\n

The Iran Social Sciences Data Portal, Census 2016, Population and Households by Provinces and Cities, http:\/\/irandataportal.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Population-and-Households.xlsx (eri\u015fim: 19.11.2018).<\/p>\n

Dave van Zoonen \u2013 Khogir Wirya, \u201cThe Shabaks: Perceptions of Reconciliation and Conflict\u201d,\u00a0Middle East Research Institute, Erbil-Irak<\/span>, August 2017, s. 5, 8, http:\/\/www.meri-k.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Shabak-Report.pdf (eri\u015fim: 19.11.2018).<\/p>\n

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Maddenin bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc TDV \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi\u2019nin 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara\u2019da bas\u0131lan (g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f 3. bas\u0131m) EK-2. cildinde, 122-128 numaral\u0131 sayfalarda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Matbu n\u00fcshay\u0131 pdf dosyas\u0131 olarak indirmek i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

3. Osmanl\u0131 Sonras\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye.\u00a0I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ma\u011fl\u00fbbiyetle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ve devletin da\u011f\u0131lma ihtimalinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda da gelecek kayg\u0131s\u0131 ya\u015fanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Wilson taraf\u0131ndan 1918 ba\u015f\u0131nda il\u00e2n edilen ve bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde etkileri olan Wilson Prensipleri\u2019nin \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti tebaas\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk olmayan milliyetlere (nationalities) muhtar geli\u015fme imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 verilmesini\u201d \u00f6ng\u00f6ren 12. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":22633,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[963,117,1616],"class_list":["post-22635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-tarih","tag-kurt-tarihi","tag-kurtler","tag-manset"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22635"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22635\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}