Anayurtlar\u0131 Za\u011fros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n etekleri olan K\u00fcrtler, tarih\u00ee olarak \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 ve kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda, Irak ve Suriye\u2019nin kuzey ve kuzeydo\u011fusunda, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ayn\u0131 \u00fclkelerde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren yerli kavimlerden biridir. Ayr\u0131ca Rusya, G\u00fcrcistan, Afganistan ve Orta Asya \u00fclkeleri ile L\u00fcbnan ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde yerle\u015fik K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusu bulunmaktad\u0131r. 1950\u2019lerden itibaren k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte meydana gelen yo\u011fun kentle\u015fme ve uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7le beraber K\u00fcrtler de geleneksel ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
I. TAR\u0130H<\/b> K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge ve merkezler de \u00e7e\u015fitli adlarla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. C\u00fbd\u00ee da\u011f\u0131 civar\u0131ndaki Korduene denilen b\u00f6lgeye \u00c2r\u00e2m\u00eeler ve S\u00fcry\u00e2n\u00eeler Bes-Kardu, Ermeniler Kordu, Araplar ise Kard\u00e2 ve B\u00e2kard\u00e2 ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015flerdir. Hazar g\u00f6l\u00fc ile Basra k\u00f6rfezi aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lge Orta\u00e7a\u011f kaynaklar\u0131nda genellikle Bil\u00e2d\u00fclekr\u00e2d ismiyle an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Fak\u012bh K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi b\u00f6yle adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f (Kit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l-B\u00fcld\u00e2n<\/span>, s. 128), ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde\u00a0D\u00eev\u00e2n\u00fc lug\u0101ti\u2019t-T\u00fcrk<\/span>\u2019te verilen haritada K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in Bil\u00e2d\u00fclekr\u00e2d tabiri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bel\u00e2z\u00fcr\u00ee ise K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015eehrizor, Musul ve Hemedan gibi merkezleri i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgeye Me\u00e2kil\u00fclekr\u00e2d ad\u0131n\u0131 verir (F\u00fct\u00fb\u1e25u\u2019l-b\u00fcld\u00e2n<\/span>, s. 199). K\u00fcrdistan ad\u0131 ilk defa Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Sencer\u2019in O\u011fuzlar\u2019a esir d\u00fc\u015fmesi \u00fczerine (Muharrem 548 \/ Nisan 1153) N\u00ee\u015f\u00e2bur\u2019da sultan il\u00e2n edilen ye\u011feni S\u00fcleyman \u015eah b. Muhammed Tapar d\u00f6neminde \u0130ran\u2019da Za\u011fros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Kirman\u015fah (Karm\u00ees\u00een) \u015fehri ve civar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (a\u015f.bk.).<\/p>\n Y\u00e2k\u016bt el-Hamev\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re Cib\u00e2l, Erbil ve Hemedan aras\u0131nda kalan \u015eehrizor b\u00f6lgesinin halk\u0131 tamam\u0131yla K\u00fcrt\u2019t\u00fcr. \u0130stahr, S\u00e2b\u00fbr, Erde\u015f\u00eerhurre, D\u00e2r\u00e2bcird ve Errec\u00e2n gibi \u015fehirlerin bulundu\u011fu Fars b\u00f6lgesi de K\u00fcrtler\u2019in yo\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdendir. \u0130sfahan ile H\u00fbzistan aras\u0131nda kalan da\u011fl\u0131k Luristan b\u00f6lgesi ad\u0131n\u0131 Lur K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar \u0130ran K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin \u00f6nemli bir kesimini te\u015fkil etmekteydi. Merv\u00e2n\u00eeler, Hasanveyh\u00eeler, Fadl\u00e2v\u00ee (Lur-\u0131 B\u00fcz\u00fcrg) h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131, Lur-\u0131 K\u00fb\u00e7ek em\u00eerleri ve Eyy\u00fbb\u00eeler \u015eeref Han taraf\u0131ndan K\u00fcrt h\u00e2nedanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda zikredilir (\u015eerefn\u00e2me<\/span>, s. 29-98). Baz\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcman co\u011frafyac\u0131lar K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 beldeleri, Fars\u00e7a\u2019da \u201cmahal, b\u00f6lge\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201crem\u201d ve \u201czem\u201d (\u00e7o\u011fulu rem\u00fbm ve zem\u00fbm) kelimelerini kullanarak sahiplerine nisbetle adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Mesel\u00e2 \u0130bn Hurd\u00e2zbih Fars b\u00f6lgesinde Zemm\u00fc Hasan b. Cileveyh (B\u00e2zinc\u00e2n), Zemm\u00fc Erdam b. Cev\u00e2n\u00e2, Zemm\u00fc K\u0101s\u0131m b. \u015eehrebez\u00e2r (Kor\u00eeyand\u00ee) ve Zemm\u00fc Hasan b. S\u00e2lih (S\u00f4ran) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi d\u00f6rt b\u00f6lgeden bahseder ve merkezi \u015e\u00eeraz olan bu beldelerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 \u201cz\u00fcm\u00fbm\u00fc\u2019l-Ekr\u00e2d\u201d diye ifade eder (el-Mes\u00e2lik ve\u2019l-mem\u00e2lik<\/span>, s. 50). Benzer bir taksim Y\u00e2k\u016bt el-Hamev\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Mu\u02bfcem\u00fc\u2019l-b\u00fcld\u00e2n<\/span>, I, 138; II, 99; III, 71, 375; IV, 226).<\/p>\n Kaynaklarda, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan ba\u015flay\u0131p Basra k\u00f6rfezinin g\u00fcneyine kadar uzanan Za\u011fros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 mesken edinen K\u00fcrtler\u2019in Orta\u00e7a\u011f boyunca kendileriyle an\u0131lan bu b\u00f6lgenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere de yerle\u015ftikleri kaydedilir. Mes\u2018\u00fbd\u00ee K\u00fcrtler\u2019in eskiden beri Sicistan ve Horasan\u2019da bulundu\u011funu belirtirken (et-Tenb\u00eeh<\/span>, s. 88-89), \u0130bn Miskeveyh Horasan b\u00f6lgesindeki K\u00fcrtler hakk\u0131nda m\u00e2l\u00fbmat verir (Tec\u00e2rib\u00fc\u2019l-\u00fcmem<\/span>, V, 338). Makdis\u00ee Sind b\u00f6lgesini anlat\u0131rken burada K\u00fcrtler\u2019in de bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6yler (A\u1e25sen\u00fc\u2019t-te\u1e33\u0101s\u00eem<\/span>, s. 281, 301, 313, 344). Baz\u0131 K\u00fcrtler\u2019in \u0130rm\u00eeniye b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, K\u00fcrt kabilelerinden M\u0131s\u0131r ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019ya gidenler de oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Makr\u00eez\u00ee, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki K\u00fcrtler\u2019in H\u00e2ret\u00fclb\u00fcst\u00e2n b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir (el-\u1e2a\u0131\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/span>, II, 395). \u0130bn Hald\u00fbn Muvahhidler Devleti\u2019nin son d\u00f6nemlerinde Ma\u011frib\u2019e yerle\u015fen, baz\u0131 liderlerinin \u00f6nemli devlet g\u00f6revlerine getirildi\u011fi Ben\u00ee Liv\u00een ve Ben\u00ee Tab\u00eer adl\u0131 iki K\u00fcrt kabilesinden bahseder (el-\u02bf\u0130ber<\/span>, VII, 132).<\/p>\n Bu bilgiler K\u00fcrtler\u2019in \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun Orta\u00e7a\u011f boyunca kabileler ve a\u015firetler halinde g\u00f6\u00e7ebe veya yar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u015feklinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019in h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler din olarak Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u00eeli\u011fi (Mec\u00fbs\u00eelik) benimsemi\u015flerdi. C\u00e2b\u00e2n (G\u00e2van) adl\u0131 bir sah\u00e2b\u00eenin K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fu ve Res\u00fblullah\u2019tan hadis rivayet etti\u011fi bilinmektedir. Onun o\u011flu Meym\u00fbn da g\u00fcvenilir r\u00e2vilerden biridir (\u0130bn Hibb\u00e2n, V, 418;\u00a0\u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Es\u00eer,\u00a0\u00dcsd\u00fc\u2019l-\u0121\u0101be<\/i><\/span>, I, 301; \u0130bn Hacer, I, 429; ayr\u0131ca bk. \u0130bn Sa\u2018d, VII, 280). Hz. \u00d6mer devrinde \u0130sl\u00e2m ordular\u0131 \u0130ran ve Irak topraklar\u0131nda fetih hareketini ba\u015flat\u0131nca K\u00fcrtler S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019le birlikte bu ordulara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Utbe b. Ferkad es-S\u00fclem\u00ee\u2019nin 20 (641) y\u0131l\u0131nda Musul\u2019da Ninev\u00e2\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesinin ard\u0131ndan \u0130sl\u00e2m ordular\u0131 K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Merc, Banhezr\u00e2, B\u00e2ezr\u00e2, Hitbun, D\u00e2sin, Kard\u00e2, B\u00e2zebd\u00e2 ve Musul\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 di\u011fer merkezlere y\u00f6nelerek bu b\u00f6lgenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 fethetti. \u015eehrizor ve Samgan b\u00f6lgesi de \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00e2kimiyetine girdi. Ahvaz\u2019\u0131n fethi ise Eb\u00fb M\u00fbs\u00e2 el-E\u015f\u2018ar\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi ve b\u00f6ylece K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Hz. \u00d6mer zaman\u0131nda fethedilmi\u015f oldu. Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n fethi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m ordular\u0131 kumandan\u0131 Huzeyfe b. Yem\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lge idarecisiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmada oldu\u011fu gibi K\u00fcrtler\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 bu fetihler s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalarla bulunduklar\u0131 merkezlerde b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Huzeyfe b. Yem\u00e2n bu anla\u015fmada K\u00fcrtler\u2019e teslim olmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e2te\u015fkedelerinin y\u0131k\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131; ayr\u0131ca Bilascan, Seblan ve Satrudan K\u00fcrtleri\u2019ne sald\u0131r\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 teminat\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Fars b\u00f6lgesinde K\u00fcrtler\u2019in yo\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu \u0130stahr, S\u00e2b\u00fbr, Erde\u015f\u00eerhurre, D\u00e2r\u00e2bcird ve Errec\u00e2n gibi \u015fehirler ise Hz. Osman zaman\u0131nda fethedildi. Hz. Ali\u2019den ka\u00e7an Ferve b. Nevfel el-E\u015fca\u00ee liderli\u011findeki 500 ki\u015filik bir H\u00e2ric\u00ee grubun Cib\u00e2l b\u00f6lgesine giderek \u00f6nce Benden\u00eeceyn ve Deskere\u2019yi, ard\u0131ndan Hulv\u00e2n\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesiyle K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda H\u00e2ric\u00ee propagandas\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Emev\u00eeler\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda H\u00e2ric\u00eeli\u011fin benimsendi\u011fi ve baz\u0131 H\u00e2ric\u00ee isyanlar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. H\u00e2ric\u00eelik bilhassa \u015eehrizor halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu bu mezhebi kabul etmi\u015fti. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te b\u00f6lgedeki H\u00e2ric\u00ee isyanlar\u0131na kat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan K\u00fcrtler zamanla H\u00e2ric\u00eeler\u2019den koptular ve Emev\u00eeler\u2019e itaat ettiler. Hacc\u00e2c b. Y\u00fbsuf es-Sekaf\u00ee\u2019nin H\u00e2ric\u00ee lideri Mutarrif\u2019in \u00fczerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 6000 ki\u015filik orduda K\u00fcrt askerlerin de bulundu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u015eehrizor ve civar\u0131nda ya\u015famakta olan ve Cel\u00e2liyye, Y\u00e2bisan, Hakemiyye ve S\u00fbliyye adlar\u0131yla tan\u0131nan K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinin n\u00fcfusunun 60.000\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Geni\u015f topraklara sahip olan bu a\u015firetler sert miza\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u0131k s\u0131k y\u00f6netime muhalefetleriyle tan\u0131nd\u0131. Emev\u00eeler\u2019in son halifesi II. Merv\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n annesinin K\u00fcrt as\u0131ll\u0131 bir c\u00e2riye olmas\u0131 (\u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Es\u00eer, IV, 588) K\u00fcrtler\u2019in devletle olan ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi ve neticede aralar\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019in yay\u0131lmas\u0131na h\u0131z kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Bununla birlikte K\u00fcrtler\u2019in Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ihtil\u00e2li s\u0131ras\u0131nda hangi tarafta yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. Bu arada Abb\u00e2s\u00ee ihtil\u00e2linin en \u00f6nemli liderlerinden Eb\u00fb M\u00fcslim-i Horas\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019nin etnik men\u015fei kesin olarak tesbit edilememi\u015f, \u0130bn Hallik\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n zikretti\u011fi bir beyitte K\u00fcrt as\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Vefey\u00e2t<\/span>, III, 155).<\/p>\n Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler zaman\u0131nda \u015eehrizor, Cib\u00e2l, Erbil ve Hemedan aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan ve tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 K\u00fcrt olan halk\u0131n Zeyd b. Ali\u2019nin eliyle \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019a girdikleri, \u00f6zellikle \u015eehrizor\u2019un \u015e\u00eez \u015fehrindeki K\u00fcrtler\u2019in \u015ei\u00ee-Zeyd\u00ee oldu\u011fu nakledilir (Y\u00e2k\u016bt, III, 375). B\u00f6lgede idar\u00ee d\u00fczenlemeler yapan Halife H\u00e2r\u00fbn\u00fcrre\u015f\u00eed, \u015eehrizor ve Musul\u2019u ayr\u0131 valilikler haline getirdi. Mu\u2018tas\u0131m-Bill\u00e2h d\u00f6neminde 225 (840) y\u0131l\u0131nda Musul\u2019da D\u00e2sin da\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ekilerek isyan eden K\u00fcrt lideri Ca\u2018fer b. Feharcis, Abb\u00e2s\u00ee kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan ertesi y\u0131l bertaraf edildi. 281\u2019de (894) Musul\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kan K\u00fcrt isyan\u0131 da k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00fcrtler 286\u2019da (899) Eb\u00fb Leyl\u00e2 ad\u0131ndaki bir isyanc\u0131ya b\u00fcy\u00fck destek verdiler. 342 (953-54) y\u0131l\u0131nda babas\u0131 Arap, annesi K\u00fcrt as\u0131ll\u0131 olan H\u00e2ric\u00ee lideri Deysem b. \u0130br\u00e2him K\u00fcrtler\u2019den olu\u015fan ordusuyla Azerbaycan \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve M\u00fcs\u00e2fir\u00eeler\u2019le yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 onlar\u0131n elinden almay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Ancak Erdebil\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi vezirinin kendisine isyan etmesi \u00fczerine Azerbaycan\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Erdebil\u2019e gitmek zorunda kald\u0131. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Azerbaycan\u2019a d\u00f6nen Deysem buran\u0131n h\u00e2kimi olan Merz\u00fcb\u00e2n taraf\u0131ndan hapse at\u0131ld\u0131. 349\u2019da (960) Hezb\u00e2n\u00ee K\u00fcrtleri\u2019ne mensup askerler Azerbaycan h\u00e2kimi C\u00fcst\u00e2n b. Merz\u00fcb\u00e2n ile karde\u015fi N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00fcddevle aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan sava\u015flara kat\u0131ld\u0131. Abb\u00e2s\u00ee halifelerinin bir\u00e7ok defa T\u00fcrkler\u2019in ordudaki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in K\u00fcrtler\u2019den faydalanma yoluna giderek K\u00fcrt as\u0131ll\u0131 askerlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Humeydiyye K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin lideri Em\u00eer \u00ces\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n hil\u00e2fet ordusuna kat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Halife M\u00fcster\u015fid-Bill\u00e2h taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 (528\/1134) bu siyasetin bir sonucudur.<\/p>\n 366 (976) y\u0131l\u0131nda Irak K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nden Berzeniye a\u015firetinin reisi Em\u00eer Hasanveyh b. H\u00fcseyin binlerce askeriyle birlikte B\u00fcveyh\u00ee H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Adud\u00fcddevle\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan muhalefetin i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131. 369\u2019da (979) vefat eden Hasanveyh\u2019in D\u00eenever, Hemedan, Samgan ve Azerbaycan\u2019dan \u015eehrizor\u2019a kadar uzanan b\u00f6lgeyi elli y\u0131l boyunca h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu, iyi bir idareci olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hay\u0131r sever ve dindar bir \u015fahsiyet oldu\u011fu zikredilir. Hasanveyh\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u0131l Adud\u00fcddevle Hakk\u00e2ri ve \u00e7evresini ele ge\u00e7irdi, \u00f6nceden eman verdi\u011fi halde buradaki K\u00fcrtler\u2019i kalelerinden al\u0131p Musul\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Tehcir esnas\u0131nda yolun iki taraf\u0131na kurdurdu\u011fu dara\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda pek \u00e7o\u011funu ast\u0131rd\u0131. Bir y\u0131l sonra da Sultan \u0130zz\u00fcddevle eman verdi\u011fi halde Hakk\u00e2ri Kalesi\u2019ndeki K\u00fcrtler\u2019i k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irdi (\u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Es\u00eer,\u00a0el-K\u00e2mil<\/i><\/span>, VII, 128).<\/p>\n Musul, Diyarbekir (\u00c2mid), Meyy\u00e2f\u00e2rik\u012bn ve Halep\u2019te h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Arap h\u00e2nedan\u0131 Hamd\u00e2n\u00eeler, el-Cez\u00eere\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesinden birisi olan Diy\u00e2r\u0131mudar\u2019\u0131n zaptedilmesinde K\u00fcrtler\u2019den \u00f6nemli destek ald\u0131lar. Ancak 293\u2019te (905) Hezb\u00e2niyye K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin Ninev\u00e2\u2019da Hamd\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019e sald\u0131r\u0131p h\u00e2nedan mensuplar\u0131ndan birini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeleri \u00fczerine aralar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan sava\u015f muhasara alt\u0131na al\u0131nan K\u00fcrtler\u2019in teslim olmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada Humeydiyye K\u00fcrtleri ile D\u00e2sin da\u011f\u0131nda oturan K\u00fcrtler de Hamd\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdiler. 314\u2019te (926) Cel\u00e2l\u00ee K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin \u015eehrizor\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 isyan \u015fiddetli \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bununla birlikte Hamd\u00e2n\u00ee ordusuna al\u0131nan ve ordudaki say\u0131lar\u0131 giderek artan K\u00fcrtler, Hamd\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019in Musul kolunun \u00e7\u00f6kmesinden (394\/1004) sonra da Hamd\u00e2n\u00ee h\u00e2kimiyetindeki b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir unsur haline geldiler.<\/p>\n Humeydiyye K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nden Eb\u00fb \u015e\u00fcc\u00e2\u2018 Abdullah H\u00fcseyin B\u00e2d (B\u00e2z) b. D\u00fbstek Ahlat\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Meyy\u00e2f\u00e2rik\u012bn, Diyarbekir, Nusaybin ve H\u0131sn\u0131keyf\u00e2 gibi el-Cez\u00eere b\u00f6lgesinin \u00f6nemli merkezlerini ele ge\u00e7irerek Merv\u00e2n\u00eeler h\u00e2nedan\u0131n\u0131 kurdu (373\/983). Merv\u00e2n\u00eeler b\u00f6lgenin yerel unsurlar\u0131 olan S\u00fcry\u00e2n\u00eeler ve Ermeniler\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra buraya daha sonra yerle\u015fen Araplar\u2019\u0131n da etkisini k\u0131rarak b\u00f6lgenin K\u00fcrtle\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar. Bu a\u015famadan sonra b\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrt varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Merv\u00e2n\u00eeler Nasr\u00fcddevle Ahmed zaman\u0131nda (1011-1061) en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerini ya\u015fad\u0131lar; bu d\u00f6nemde b\u00f6lgeye gelerek \u0130rm\u00eeniye ve Hakk\u00e2ri y\u00f6relerine ak\u0131nlarda bulunan O\u011fuz birliklerini yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131lar ve yedi O\u011fuz beyini \u00e7ok say\u0131daki askerleriyle birlikte esir ald\u0131lar (432\/1040-41). Nasr\u00fcddevle\u2019nin anla\u015fma teklifini kabul etmeyen O\u011fuzlar el-Cez\u00eere b\u00f6lgesinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irseler de daha sonra bir\u00e7ok mevkide yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015flarda K\u00fcrtler ve Araplar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar verdiler. Geri kalanlar ise Azerbaycan\u2019a geri d\u00f6nmek zorunda kald\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k bir as\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Merv\u00e2n\u00eeler h\u00e2nedan\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Melik\u015fah zaman\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 (478\/1085). \u015eeref Han Merv\u00e2n\u00eeler\u2019i \u201cDiyarbekir ve el-Cez\u00eere h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131\u201d diye tan\u0131t\u0131r ve doksan bir y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini bildirir (\u015eerefn\u00e2me<\/span>, s. 29-31; ayr\u0131ca bk.\u00a0MERV\u00c2N\u00ceLER<\/a>). B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular\u2019\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ba\u015fta Artuklular olmak \u00fczere el-Cez\u00eere b\u00f6lgesinde T\u00fcrkmen beyliklerinin kurulmas\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin demografisini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n Sel\u00e7uklu h\u00e2kimiyetinden \u00f6nce \u0130rm\u00eeniye\u2019de yo\u011fun bir K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusu ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Sel\u00e7uklular\u2019\u0131n Kafkasya seferleri esnas\u0131nda Duv\u00een (Dvin) \u015fehrinin h\u00e2kimiyeti \u015eedd\u00e2d\u00eeler\u2019den Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Esv\u00e2r \u015e\u00e2vur (\u015e\u00e2ver) b. Fazl (Fazl\u00fbn) ad\u0131nda bir K\u00fcrt em\u00eerinin elindeydi (1049-1067). K\u00fcrtler Malazgirt Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na Sel\u00e7uklular\u2019\u0131n saf\u0131nda 10.000 askerle kat\u0131ld\u0131lar (S\u0131bt \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Cevz\u00ee, s. 170). 465 (1073) y\u0131l\u0131nda amcas\u0131 Kavurt ile Kirman\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fta Melik\u015fah\u2019a destek verdikleri i\u00e7in ikt\u00e2larla \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildiler. Hamdullah el-M\u00fcstevf\u00ee, Sultan Sencer\u2019in O\u011fuzlar\u2019a esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde ye\u011feni Sultan S\u00fcleyman \u015eah b. Muhammed Tapar\u2019\u0131n oturdu\u011fu Kirman\u015fah ve civar\u0131nda bir idar\u00ee taksimat yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgenin K\u00fcrdistan diye adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler (N\u00fczhet\u00fc\u2019l-\u1e33ul\u00fbb<\/span>, s. 107-108; kr\u015f.\u00a0\u0130A<\/i><\/span>, VI, 1097;\u00a0EI2<\/sup>\u00a0<\/i>[\u0130ng.]<\/span>, V, 439).<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklular\u2019\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Zeng\u00eeler\u2019in (1127-1233) eline ge\u00e7ti. Aralar\u0131ndaki \u015fiddetli m\u00fccadelenin ard\u0131ndan Zeng\u00eeler, K\u00fcrtler\u2019in elindeki baz\u0131 kaleleri (Humeydiyye K\u00fcrtleri\u2019nin egemenli\u011findeki Akr, \u015e\u00fb\u015f, Hakk\u00e2ri, Kev\u00e2\u015f\u00ee) ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Ancak K\u00fcrtler Zeng\u00eeler taraf\u0131ndan askere al\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre sonra Zeng\u00ee ordusunun ve devletinin bir unsuru haline geldiler. Mesel\u00e2 Necmeddin Eyy\u00fbb, karde\u015fi \u015e\u00eerk\u00fbh ve ard\u0131ndan o\u011flu Sel\u00e2hadd\u00een-i Eyy\u00fbb\u00ee Zeng\u00eeler\u2019in \u00f6nemli devlet adamlar\u0131ndan ve kumandanlar\u0131ndand\u0131. Sel\u00e2hadd\u00een-i Eyy\u00fbb\u00ee, N\u00fbreddin Mahmud Zeng\u00ee\u2019nin emri \u00fczerine 567\u2019de (1171) F\u00e2t\u0131m\u00ee hil\u00e2fetine son vererek M\u0131s\u0131r, Ortado\u011fu, Hicaz ve Yemen\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrecek olan Eyy\u00fbb\u00eeler Devleti\u2019ni kurdu ve 583\u2019te (1187) Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgalinden kurtard\u0131. Sel\u00e7uklular ve onlar\u0131n devam\u0131 olan Zeng\u00eeler\u2019den miras ald\u0131klar\u0131 idar\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee te\u015fkil\u00e2tlanmay\u0131 devam ettiren Eyy\u00fbb\u00eeler, \u00f6zellikle K\u00fcrtler\u2019den ve T\u00fcrkmenler\u2019den olu\u015fan ordular\u0131yla Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131 kazand\u0131lar (bk.\u00a0EYY\u00dbB\u00ceLER<\/a>). Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde K\u00fcrtler\u2019le T\u00fcrkmenler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u00e7 m\u00fccadele ya\u015fand\u0131. Basit sebepler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda her iki taraf da b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar verdi. Nusaybin civar\u0131nda ba\u015flayan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar Musul, Diyarbekir, Ahlat, Suriye, \u015eehrizor ve Azerbaycan\u2019a kadar yay\u0131ld\u0131. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrd\u00fc, ya\u011fmalar ve yol kesmeler had safhaya ula\u015ft\u0131. Neticede b\u00f6lgede h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fi Begteginliler\u2019in veziri M\u00fcc\u00e2hid\u00fcddin Kaymaz\u2019\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 siyaseti sayesinde m\u00fccadele sona erdi (bk.\u00a0M\u00dcC\u00c2H\u0130D\u00dcDD\u0130N KAYMAZ<\/a>).<\/p>\n XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lge gibi K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafya da Mo\u011fol i\u015fgaline u\u011frad\u0131. Yerle\u015fim merkezlerini tahrip eden, her \u015feyi yak\u0131p y\u0131kan Mo\u011follar Hakk\u00e2ri, Musul, Erbil, Mardin, Diyarbekir ve Ahlat\u2019ta b\u00fcy\u00fck katliam yapt\u0131lar. \u0130kinci sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Erbil\u2019e h\u00fccum ettiklerinde (655\/1257) K\u00fcrtler\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck direni\u015fiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan Mo\u011follar, 1258\u2019de Ba\u011fdat \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcrken K\u00fcrtler\u2019e de katliam uygulad\u0131lar. Daha sonra \u0130lhanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 G\u0101z\u00e2n Han zaman\u0131nda da \u00e7ok say\u0131da K\u00fcrt k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Fars b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtler Mo\u011follar\u2019la ittifak kurup onlar\u0131n saf\u0131nda sava\u015flara kat\u0131ld\u0131. Olcaytu Han d\u00f6neminde G\u00eel\u00e2n\u2019\u0131 istil\u00e2 eden \u0130lhanl\u0131 ordusu (706\/1306) b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde K\u00fcrtler\u2019den olu\u015fuyordu. Mo\u011fol ak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an K\u00fcrtler\u2019in bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Toros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n eteklerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131rken bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fczerinden Cezayir\u2019e kadar gitti. Bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde kalanlar ise 792 (1390) y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Mo\u011fol h\u00e2kimiyetinde ya\u015fad\u0131. Timur 796\u2019da (1394) Ahlat, Van, \u00c2dilcevaz, Mardin, Erbil ve Musul gibi K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli merkezleri ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu s\u0131rada Timur\u2019un veliahd\u0131 \u00d6mer \u015eeyh Mirza\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fcrtler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine Kerk\u00fck\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 Hurmatu kasabas\u0131 yerle bir edildi. 1403\u2019te \u0130spanya kral\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Timur\u2019a el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderilen Ruy Gonz\u00e0les de Clavijo, N\u00ee\u015f\u00e2bur yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7ebe halinde siyah \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda ya\u015fayan El\u00e2v\u00e2r\u00ee K\u00fcrtleri\u2019ne ait 400 \u00e7ad\u0131r g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc; onlar\u0131n kalabal\u0131k s\u00fcr\u00fclere sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131, 20.000 kadar deve beslediklerini, vergi olarak Timur\u2019a y\u0131ll\u0131k 3000 deve, 15.000 koyun verdiklerini, Timur\u2019un da bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendilerine serbest\u00e7e dola\u015fma izni verdi\u011fini belirtir (Anadolu, Orta Asya ve Timur<\/span>, s. 115).<\/p>\n XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda K\u00fcrtler birbiriyle m\u00fccadele eden iki T\u00fcrkmen devletinin, Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusu, \u0130ran ve Irak\u2019ta h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren ve merkezi Erci\u015f olan Karakoyunlular\u2019la merkezi Diyarbekir olan Akkoyunlular\u2019\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girdiler. Karakoyunlular\u2019la uzun s\u00fcre dostane ili\u015fkiler kurduklar\u0131ndan, b\u00f6lgede h\u00e2kimiyeti ele ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Akkoyunlular\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Karakoyunlular\u2019\u0131n, hizmetlerinde kullanmak amac\u0131yla halk\u0131n\u0131n ekserisi K\u00fcrtler\u2019den meydana gelen 50.000 ki\u015filik bir \u015fehir olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 kaydedilmekle birlikte bu \u015fehrin yeri bilinmemektedir. Di\u011fer taraftan K\u00fcrtler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 tavr\u0131 olumsuz olan Karakoyunlu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sultan \u0130skender (1420-1438) Timurlu H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u015e\u00e2hruh\u2019un h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131yan Bitlis h\u00e2kimi \u015eemseddin ve Hakk\u00e2ri Em\u00eeri Ahmed b. \u0130zzeddin\u2019i \u00f6ld\u00fcrtm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Akkoyunlular 1432\u2019de Mardin ve \u00e7evresine \u00e7ok say\u0131da ak\u0131n d\u00fczenleyerek K\u00fcrtler\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 itaat alt\u0131na ald\u0131lar ve bu ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 1438-1447 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. 1451\u2019de Sultan Mirza Muhammed\u2019in Horasan\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 esnas\u0131nda ordusunda K\u00fcrt birliklerinin de bulundu\u011fu zikredilmektedir. 1469\u2019a gelindi\u011finde el-Cez\u00eere\u2019deki K\u00fcrt kaleleri Akkoyunlu h\u00e2kimiyetini kabul etmi\u015fti. Bununla birlikte K\u00fcrtler\u2019in Akkoyunlu h\u00e2kimiyeti boyunca b\u00f6lgede isyanlar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Akkoyunlu Devleti\u2019nin 1514\u2019te y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine giren K\u00fcrtler Orta\u00e7a\u011f boyunca a\u015firetler konfederasyonu esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 idar\u00ee bir yap\u0131ya sahiptiler. Genelde da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fad\u0131lar, isyanc\u0131 kimlikleriyle tan\u0131nd\u0131lar ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgede meydana gelen siyas\u00ee hadiselerde \u00f6nemli roller oynad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Mehmet AKBA\u015e- islamansiklopedisi.org.tr\/kurtler<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u0130BL\u0130YOGRAFYA<\/span><\/p>\n Polybius,\u00a0The General History<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Mr. Hampton), London 1823, II, 56, 64.<\/p>\n Strabo,\u00a0The Geography<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. H. C. Hamilton \u2013 W. Falconer), London 1854, II, 271.<\/p>\n \u0130bn Sa\u2018d,\u00a0e\u1e6d-\u1e6caba\u1e33\u0101t<\/i><\/span>, VII, 280.<\/p>\n Bel\u00e2z\u00fcr\u00ee,\u00a0F\u00fct\u00fb\u1e25u\u2019l-b\u00fcld\u00e2n<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. Abd\u00fclk\u0101dir Muhammed Ali), Beyrut 2000, s. 186, 199, 228, 232.<\/p>\n Eb\u00fb Han\u00eefe ed-D\u00eenever\u00ee,\u00a0el-A\u1e2bb\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019\u1e6d-\u1e6d\u0131v\u00e2l<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. \u00d6mer F\u00e2r\u00fbk et-Tabb\u00e2\u2018), Beyrut 1995, s. 210-211, 400.<\/p>\n \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Fak\u012bh,\u00a0Kit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l-B\u00fcld\u00e2n<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. Y\u00fbsuf el-H\u00e2d\u00ee), Beyrut 1416\/1996, s. 179.<\/p>\n \u0130bn Hurd\u00e2zbih,\u00a0el-Mes\u00e2lik ve\u2019l-mem\u00e2lik<\/i><\/span>, s. 50.<\/p>\n Taber\u00ee,\u00a0T\u00e2r\u00ee\u1e2b<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. Hasan Abd\u00fclmenn\u00e2n), Beyrut 2004, s. 700.<\/p>\n Mes\u2018\u00fbd\u00ee,\u00a0et-Tenb\u00eeh<\/i><\/span>,\u00a0<\/i>s. 88-91.<\/p>\n a.mlf.,\u00a0M\u00fcr\u00fbc\u00fc\u2019\u1e95-\u1e95eheb<\/span>\u00a0(Abd\u00fclham\u00eed), II, 107.<\/p>\n \u0130bn Hibb\u00e2n,\u00a0es\u0331-S\u0331i\u1e33\u0101t<\/i><\/span>, V, 418.<\/p>\n \u0130bn Havkal,\u00a0\u1e62\u00fbret\u00fc\u2019l-ar\u017c<\/i><\/span>, s. 314.<\/p>\n Makdis\u00ee,\u00a0A\u1e25sen\u00fc\u2019t-te\u1e33\u0101s\u00eem<\/i><\/span>, s. 281, 301, 313, 344.<\/p>\n \u0130bn Miskeveyh,\u00a0Tec\u00e2rib\u00fc\u2019l-\u00fcmem<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. Seyyid Kesrev\u00ee Hasan), Beyrut 2003, V, 338.<\/p>\n Sem\u2018\u00e2n\u00ee,\u00a0el-Ens\u00e2b\u00a0<\/i>(B\u00e2r\u00fbd\u00ee)<\/span>, II, 205.<\/p>\n \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Ezrak el-F\u00e2rik\u012b,\u00a0Merv\u00e2n\u00ee K\u00fcrtleri Tarihi<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Mehmet Emin Bozarslan), \u0130stanbul 1990, s. 72, 76.<\/p>\n Y\u00e2k\u016bt,\u00a0Mu\u02bfcem\u00fc\u2019l-b\u00fcld\u00e2n<\/i><\/span>, I, 138; II, 99; III, 71, 375; IV, 226, 450.<\/p>\n \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Es\u00eer,\u00a0el-K\u00e2mil<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Fid\u00e2 Abdullah el-K\u0101d\u00ee), Beyrut 1987, IV, 588; VI, 472; VII, 128; VIII, 442.<\/p>\n a.mlf.,\u00a0\u00dcsd\u00fc\u2019l-\u0121\u0101be<\/span>, Beyrut, ts., I, 301.<\/p>\n \u0130bn Hallik\u00e2n,\u00a0Vefey\u00e2t<\/i><\/span>, III, 155.<\/p>\n Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Ferec,\u00a0T\u00e2rih<\/i><\/span>, I, 21, 230.<\/p>\n \u0130m\u00e2d\u00fcddin el-\u0130sfah\u00e2n\u00ee,\u00a0el-Fet\u1e25u\u2019l-\u1e33uss\u00ee<\/span>, Beyrut 2004, s. 231.<\/p>\n S\u0131bt \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Cevz\u00ee,\u00a0Mir\u2019at\u00fc\u2019z-zam\u00e2n f\u00ee t\u00e2r\u00eehi\u2019l-a\u2018y\u00e2n\u2019da Sel\u00e7uklular<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Ali Sevim), Ankara 2011, s. 170.<\/p>\n Re\u015f\u00eed\u00fcddin Fazlullah-\u0131 Hemed\u00e2n\u00ee,\u00a0C\u00e2mi\u02bfu\u2019t-tev\u00e2r\u00ee\u1e2b<\/span>\u00a0(trc. M. S\u00e2d\u0131k Ne\u015f\u2019et v.d\u011fr.), Beyrut 1403\/1983, II, 261.<\/p>\n Zeyn\u00fcddin \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Verd\u00ee,\u00a0Tetimmet\u00fc\u2019l-Mu\u1e2bta\u1e63ar f\u00ee a\u1e2bb\u00e2ri\u2019l-be\u015fer<\/span>, Beyrut 1417\/1996, I, 71.<\/p>\n M\u00fcstevf\u00ee,\u00a0N\u00fczhet\u00fc\u2019l-\u1e33ul\u00fbb\u00a0<\/i>(Strange)<\/span>, s. 107-108.<\/p>\n Eb\u00fc\u2019l-Fid\u00e2 \u0130bn Kes\u00eer,\u00a0el-Bid\u00e2ye ve\u2019n-nih\u00e2ye<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. Hasan Abd\u00fclmenn\u00e2n), Amman 2004, I, 1087.<\/p>\n \u0130bn Hald\u00fbn,\u00a0el-\u02bf\u0130ber<\/span>, Beyrut 2006, VII, 132.<\/p>\n R. G. de Clavijo,\u00a0Anadolu, Orta Asya ve Timur<\/span>\u00a0(trc. \u00d6mer R\u0131za Do\u011frul, s.n\u015fr. K\u00e2mil Doruk), \u0130stanbul 1993, s. 115.<\/p>\n Makr\u00eez\u00ee,\u00a0el-\u1e2a\u0131\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. Muhammed Zeyn\u00fch\u00fcm \u2013 Mediha \u015eerk\u0101v\u00ee), Kahire 1998, II, 395.<\/p>\n \u0130bn Hacer,\u00a0el-\u0130\u1e63\u00e2be\u00a0<\/i>(Bic\u00e2v\u00ee)<\/span>, I, 429.<\/p>\n Hasan-\u0131 R\u00fbml\u00fb,\u00a0Ahsen\u00fc\u2019t-tev\u00e2r\u00eeh<\/span>\u00a0(trc. M\u00fcrsel \u00d6zt\u00fcrk), Ankara 2006, s. 49, 186, 300.<\/p>\n \u015eeref Han,\u00a0\u015eerefn\u00e2me: K\u00fcrt Tarihi<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Mehmet Emin Bozarslan [Arap\u00e7a\u2019dan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye]), \u0130stanbul 1990, s. 17-19, 29-98.<\/p>\n M. Chamich,\u00a0History of Armenia<\/span>, Calcutta 1827, s. 310.<\/p>\n F. Hayton,\u00a0Rhc-Documents Arm\u00e9niens<\/span>, Paris 1906, II, 127.<\/p>\n V. Minorsky,\u00a0Studies in Caucasian History<\/span>, London 1977, s. 5-25.<\/p>\n a.mlf, \u201cK\u00fcrtler\u201d,\u00a0\u0130A<\/i><\/span>, VI, 1089-1103.<\/p>\n a.mlf. \u2013 Th. Bois, \u201cKurds, Kurdist\u0101n\u201d,\u00a0EI2<\/sup>\u00a0<\/i>(\u0130ng.)<\/span>, V, 438-460.<\/p>\n Ramazan \u015ee\u015fen,\u00a0Sal\u00e2hadd\u00een Devrinde Eyy\u00fbb\u00eeler Devleti<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 1983, s. 417.<\/p>\n a.mlf., \u201cEyy\u00fbb\u00eeler\u201d,\u00a0D\u0130A<\/i><\/span>, XII, 20.<\/p>\n G. le Strange,\u00a0B\u00fcld\u00e2n\u00fc\u2019l-\u1e2bil\u00e2feti\u2019\u015f-\u015ear\u1e33\u0131yye<\/span>\u00a0(trc. B. Fransis \u2013 K. Avv\u00e2d), Beyrut 1405\/1985, s. 228.<\/p>\n Osman Turan,\u00a0Sel\u00e7uklular Tarihi ve T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m Medeniyeti<\/span>, \u0130stanbul 1998, s. 178.<\/p>\n Sunay Delilba\u015f\u0131,\u00a0K\u00fcrtlerin Etnik K\u00f6kenleriyle \u0130lgili Teoriler<\/span>\u00a0(y\u00fcksek lisans tezi, 1998), M\u00dc Ortado\u011fu ve \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00dclkeleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n Abdurrahman Qas\u0131mlo,\u00a0K\u00fcrtler ve K\u00fcrdistan<\/span>\u00a0(trc. \u0130brahim Bing\u00f6l), \u0130stanbul 2009, s. 54.<\/p>\n Ahmed Abd\u00fclaz\u00eez Mahm\u00fbd,\u00a0\u02bfAl\u00e2\u1e33\u0101t\u00fc\u2019l-K\u00fcrd bi\u2019l-\u1e2aav\u00e2ric ve\u2019z-Zenc fi\u2019l-\u02bfa\u1e63ri\u2019l-\u00dcmev\u00ee ve\u2019l-\u02bfAbb\u00e2s\u00ee<\/span>, Hevler 2010, s. 12.<\/p>\n Bletch Chirguh (S\u00fcreyy\u00e2 Bedirhan),\u00a0el-\u1e32a\u017c\u0131yyet\u00fc\u2019l-K\u00fcrdiyye m\u00e2\u017ci\u2019l-K\u00fcrd ve \u1e25\u00e2\u017c\u0131ruh\u00fcm<\/span>, Erbil 2011, s. 47.<\/p>\n M. Em\u00een Zek\u00ee,\u00a0Me\u015f\u00e2h\u00eer\u00fc\u2019l-K\u00fcrd ve K\u00fcrdist\u00e2n fi\u2019l-\u02bfahdi\u2019l-\u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee<\/span>\u00a0(n\u015fr. Ref\u00eek S\u00e2lih), S\u00fcleymaniye 2011, s. 386.<\/p>\n a.mlf.,\u00a0K\u00fcrtler ve K\u00fcrdistan Tarihi<\/span>\u00a0(trc. Vahdettin \u0130nce v.d\u011fr.), \u0130stanbul 2012, s. 83.<\/p>\n M\u00fckrimin Halil Yinan\u00e7, \u201cAkkoyunlular\u201d,\u00a0\u0130A<\/i><\/span>, I, 259.<\/p>\n a.mlf., \u201cDiy\u00e2rbekir\u201d,\u00a0a.e.<\/i>, III, 611.<\/p>\n Faruk S\u00fcmer, \u201cKara-Koyunlular\u201d,\u00a0a.e.<\/i>, VI, 292.<\/p>\n Mustafa Kafal\u0131, \u201cTimur\u201d,\u00a0a.e.<\/i>, XII, 343.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Anayurtlar\u0131 Za\u011fros da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n etekleri olan K\u00fcrtler, tarih\u00ee olarak \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 ve kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda, Irak ve Suriye\u2019nin kuzey ve kuzeydo\u011fusunda, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ayn\u0131 \u00fclkelerde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren yerli kavimlerden biridir. Ayr\u0131ca Rusya, G\u00fcrcistan, Afganistan ve Orta Asya \u00fclkeleri ile L\u00fcbnan ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":22630,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[137,117,1616,2488],"class_list":["post-22629","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-tarih","tag-kurt","tag-kurtler","tag-manset","tag-zazalar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22629","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22629"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22629\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22629"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22629"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22629"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n1.<\/b>\u00a0Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019a Kadar.<\/b>\u00a0K\u00fcrtler\u2019in men\u015fei konusunda farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Anayurtlar\u0131n\u0131n Za\u011fros da\u011flar\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinen K\u00fcrtler etnik k\u00f6kenden ziyade tarih ve dil yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 itibariyle \u0130ran\u00ee kavimlerle akraba g\u00f6sterilir (Minorsky, s. 1089). K\u00fcrtler\u2019in Arap asl\u0131ndan geldi\u011fine dair rivayetler varsa da bunlara itibar edilmemi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca K\u00fcrtler\u2019in men\u015feine dair \u00e7e\u015fitli mitolojik rivayetler de bulunmaktad\u0131r (Mes\u2018\u00fbd\u00ee,\u00a0M\u00fcr\u00fbc\u00fc\u2019\u1e95-\u1e95eheb<\/span>, II, 107; \u015eeref Han, s. 17-19). Ksenofon\u2019un (m. \u00f6. IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l) Kardukhoi, Strabo\u2019nun Gordyaei ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermeni m\u00fcelliflerinden Hayton\u2019un Cordins diye adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Antik\u00e7a\u011f kaynaklar\u0131nda \u0130rm\u00eeniye b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve Gordyene ad\u0131yla an\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 kaydedilen topluluklar (Karduklar) baz\u0131 modern d\u00f6nem ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan K\u00fcrtler\u2019le ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar K\u00fcrtler\u2019i Van g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn bat\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Cyrtii (K\u0131rtiler) ile ili\u015fkilendirirken baz\u0131lar\u0131 da Medler\u2019i K\u00fcrtler\u2019in ikinci tabakadan atalar\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirirler.<\/p>\n