{"id":22609,"date":"2023-04-11T07:06:48","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T04:06:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22609"},"modified":"2023-04-05T23:10:17","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T20:10:17","slug":"lozan-1924-anayasasi-ve-kurtler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=22609","title":{"rendered":"Lozan, 1924 Anayasas\u0131 ve K\u00fcrtler"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Bitlis H\u00e2disesi’nin bir sebebi yine K\u00fcrdleri g\u00f6rmezlikten gelen 1914 y\u0131l\u0131 Yenik\u00f6y Antla\u015fmas\u0131 idi.<\/div>\n
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20 Kas\u0131m 1922<\/b>\u2019de \u0130svi\u00e7re’nin Lozan kentinde ba\u015flayan\u00a0Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131<\/b>‘n\u0131n ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri bir hayli uzun ve tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiliz ve T\u00fcrk delegeleri\u00a0az\u0131nl\u0131klar<\/b>\u00a0sorununu \u0131rk ve dil \u00fczerinden de\u011fil, din yani m\u00fcslim-\u011fayr-i m\u00fcslim kategorisi \u00fczerinden ele alarak \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f ama\u00a0Musul<\/b>\u00a0meselesinde bir uzla\u015fmaya varamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

23 Ocak 1923<\/b>\u00a0tarihine gelinirken\u00a0Musul<\/b>\u00a0konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 hala devam ediyordu:<\/p>\n

“\u0130smet Pa\u015fa<\/b>; TBMM h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, T\u00fcrklerin oldu\u011fu kadar K\u00fcrtlerindir de. K\u00fcrtlerin ger\u00e7ek ve me\u015fru temsilcileri meclise girmi\u015flerdir\u2026<\/p>\n

Lord Curzon<\/b>; K\u00fcrtler, T\u00fcrklerden farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ordaki etnik gruplar, T\u00fcrkiye ile birlikte ya\u015famak istemiyorlar. Musul b\u00f6lgesinden hi\u00e7 milletvekili yoktur. Ankara meclisindeki K\u00fcrt vekilleri kim nas\u0131l se\u00e7mi\u015ftir, halkoyu ile se\u00e7ilen tek bir vekil var m\u0131d\u0131r? Bu insanlar, do\u011frudan atamayla se\u00e7ilmi\u015fler. Dil bile bilmedikleri i\u00e7in meclis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kat\u0131lamad\u0131klar\u0131 herkesin malumudur\u2026<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdistan’da bir plebisit yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. K\u00fcrtler ve Araplar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu okur-yazar olmay\u0131p nas\u0131l oy vereceklerini bilmeyecekerdir\u2026”<\/p>\n

Taraflar, Musul’daki demografik yap\u0131y\u0131 da de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f ve \u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerin yanl\u0131\u015f, eksik oldu\u011funu vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiyedeki K\u00fcrdleri rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6zard\u0131 ederken Musul’daki hassasiyetlerinden dolay\u0131 daha reel davran\u0131p K\u00fcrd n\u00fcfusun en kalabal\u0131k n\u00fcfus oldu\u011funu ve T\u00fcrklerle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilemeyeceklerini if\u00e2de eden\u00a0Curzon<\/b>;<\/p>\n

“Haftan\u0131n her g\u00fcn\u00fc bir K\u00fcrd\u00fc bir T\u00fcrkten ay\u0131rsbilirim. K\u00f6r de\u011filsem, onlar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmam.” Demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

(Bkn; Seha Meray, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131 Tutanaklar\u0131, Belgeler, C:1, Kitap:1, YK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. Bkn; Lazarev, Emperyalizm ve K\u00fcrt Sorunu, \u00d6zge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.)<\/p>\n

Lozan’ da bunlar ya\u015fan\u0131rken geli\u015fmeler Ankara’dan da dikkatle takip ediliyordu. K\u00fcrt milletvekilleri meclis oturumlar\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k K\u00fcrt-T\u00fcrk karde\u015fli\u011fini savunuyor, Musul’un K\u00fcrdlere ait olmakla beraber K\u00fcrdlerin, \u0130ngilizler yerine cihad arkada\u015flar\u0131 olan T\u00fcrklerle yola devam edeceklerini hamas\u00ee nutuklarla if\u00e2de ediyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bitlis milletvekili K\u00fcrd Yusuf Ziya<\/b>\u00a0Bey<\/b>, hem\u00a0Lord Curzon<\/b>\u00a0hem de\u00a0Mustafa Kemal<\/b>\u00a0aleyhtar\u0131 dindar bir ki\u015filikti.<\/p>\n

“Lozan’da Lord Curzon, bizzat bizlere K\u00fcrd arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za tecav\u00fcz, taarruz, hakaret ediyor. Buna murahhaslar\u0131m\u0131z mealesef gerekli cevab\u0131 vermemi\u015flerdir\u2026<\/p>\n

Curzon, K\u00fcrdistan’dan gelen mebuslar\u0131n M.Kemal Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan tayin edildi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. K\u00fcrd arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in cahil ve K\u00fcrdleri temsil etmiyor diyor\u2026<\/p>\n

Beyanat\u0131n if\u00e2de etti\u011fi hakareti b\u00fct\u00fcn manas\u0131yla bu k\u00fcrs\u00fcden reddediyorum.<\/p>\n

Arkada\u015flar! Burada millet meclisinde M.Kemal Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n tayin etti\u011fi mebuslar, u\u015faklar yoktur\u2026<\/p>\n

Curzonlar, bu milleti M.Kemal Pa\u015falarla tan\u0131yorlarsa pek ziyade aldan\u0131yorlar\u2026<\/p>\n

Pa\u015fa Hazretlerinin ne fazla bir yetkisi, ne fazla bir kudreti ne de dedikleri gibi mebuslar\u0131 tayin edecek bir yetkisi vard\u0131r. (O da Ankarada mebustur, bir mebustur, bravo sesleri, alk\u0131\u015flar)” (25 Ocak 1923, TBMM Zab\u0131t Ceridesi, cilt 26, s.505-506)<\/p>\n

Lozandaki birinci t\u00fcr g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere 4 \u015eubat 1923’te ara verilir.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 ay s\u00fcren bu arada bir taraftan \u0130ngiltere ile \u011fayr-i resmi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerle bir hayli mesafe al\u0131n\u0131rken di\u011fer taraftan Ankara’da ilgin\u00e7 geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birinci meclisin ate\u015fli muhaliflerinden Trabzon vekili\u00a0Ali \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Bey<\/b>\u00a027 mart 1923’te bir su-i kastla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal<\/b>\u00a0ise 1 Nisan’da birinci meclisi la\u011fv edecek se\u00e7im karar\u0131 al\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece; 23 Nisan 1920 Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc dualarla a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00e7ok renkli birinci kurucu meclis, 15 Nisan 1923’te son oturumunu yaparak tarihe kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Muhalif olan Bitlis milletvekili\u00a0Yusuf Ziya<\/b>\u00a0gibi vekiller tasfiye edilmi\u015ftir. Art\u0131k; Mustafa Kemal’in belirledi\u011fi yanda\u015f vekillerle dolu,<\/p>\n

Lozan’\u0131 da onaylayabilecek, yeni ikinci meclis haz\u0131rd\u0131r. (1923, Nisan-May\u0131s)<\/p>\n

Lozan”da ikinci tur g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere 23 Nisan 1923\u2019te tekrar ba\u015flan\u0131r ve \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra\u00a024 Temmuz 1923<\/b>\u00a0tarihinde \u0130svi\u00e7re’nin Lozan \u015fehrinde TC’nin kurucu antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131r.\u00a0TBMM<\/b>, 23 A\u011fustos 1923’te onaylarken devrin s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fc\u00a0Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k<\/b>‘\u0131n anla\u015fmay\u0131 onaylamas\u0131 i\u00e7in tam bir y\u0131l beklenmi\u015ftir. Halifeli\u011fin\u00a03 Mart 1924<\/b>\u00a0tarihinde kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 beklediler yoksa kendi i\u00e7 sorunlar\u0131ndan m\u0131 kaynakl\u0131yd\u0131 gecikmenin sebebi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ama neticede \u0130ngilizler, antla\u015fmay\u0131 1924 Nisan’\u0131nda meclislerine ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ancak 16 Temmuz 1924 tarihinde onaylayabildiler.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm taraflar\u0131n onay belgelerini Paris’e bildirmesinden sonra antla\u015fma\u00a06 A\u011fustos 1924<\/b>\u00a0tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Emperyal y\u00fcz\u00fcyle 16 May\u0131s 1916\u00a0Sykes-Picot<\/b>\u00a0ve 10 A\u011fustos 1920\u00a0Sevr<\/b>‘le ortak y\u00f6nleri olan\u00a0Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/b>\u00a0ile uluslararas\u0131 emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 merkeze alarak<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdistan\u0131 fiili olarak d\u00f6rt par\u00e7aya b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve yeni Kemalist Cumhuriyete de onay belgesi vermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n verdi\u011fi rahatl\u0131kla paralel olarak\u00a0Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu<\/b>\u00a0denilen ve tam 97 y\u0131l \u00f6nce bug\u00fcn\u00a020 Nisan 1924<\/b>‘te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren\u00a01924 Anayasas<\/b>\u0131’nda K\u00fcrde ve K\u00fcrd\u00e7eye yer verilmeme\u011fe c\u00fcret edilmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7e\u011fi; Devletin dini\u00a01928’e\u00a0<\/b>kadar\u00a0\u0130sl\u00e2m<\/b>\u00a0olarak kalacak ve fakat yeni devletin ismi T\u00fcrk, dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flar\u0131 da T\u00fcrk olarak kabul edilecektir.<\/p>\n

Madde 2:\u00a0T\u00fcrk Devletinin dini \u0130slam, ba\u015fkenti Ankara ve dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’dir.<\/b><\/p>\n

Madde 88:\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye ahalisine din ve \u0131rk fark\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n vatanda\u015fl\u0131k itibariyle (T\u00fcrk) \u0131tlak olunur.<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk’\u00fcn zor zamanlar\u0131nda;\u00a0Malazgirt<\/b>‘te,\u00a0\u00c7ald\u0131ran<\/b>‘da,\u00a093 Harbi<\/b>‘nde,\u00a0Birinci Cihan Harbi ve Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131<\/b>‘nda hep yard\u0131mlar\u0131na ko\u015fan K\u00fcrdler, Lozan ve 24 Anayasas\u0131yla birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck bir haks\u0131zl\u0131k ve vefas\u0131zl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklere getirdi\u011fi-g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ama bug\u00fcne dek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f ve gittik\u00e7e faturas\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan\u00a0K\u00fcrt Sorunu<\/b>nu, Ortado\u011fu’ya miras b\u0131rakan uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmad\u0131r Lozan!<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fta Mustafa Kemal olmak \u00fczere Kemalist kadro;\u00a022 Ekim Amasya Protokol\u00fc<\/b>n\u00fc, birinci kurucu meclisin\u00a010 \u015eubat 1922<\/b>\u00a0K\u00fcrt \u00d6zerkli\u011fi kanun tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, \u0130zmit Bas\u0131n Toplant\u0131s\u0131<\/b>‘nda ve daha nice telgraf ve mektuplarda K\u00fcrtler i\u00e7in dile getirdikleri\u00a0\u00f6zerklik<\/b>\u00a0vaadlerini \u00e7abuk unuttular. U d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yaparak K\u00fcrtlere \u00f6zerklik stat\u00fcs\u00fc gibi vaadlerinden \u00e7ayd\u0131lar. Verilen s\u00f6zlerin kritik zamanlar\u0131n birer manevras\u0131 ve K\u00fcrdleri oyalama takti\u011finden ibaret oldu\u011funu ispatlayan sert ink\u00e2rc\u0131 politikalara sapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Zafer sarho\u015fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman avam T\u00fcrkler ise, \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fen s\u00fcreci sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 analiz edemiyor, \u00e7ok\u00e7a e(k)meklerini yedikleri K\u00fcrdlere s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6nmekte beis g\u00f6rm\u00fcyor, onlar\u0131 ink\u00e2r eden yeni sisteme bir \u015fekilde sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

Yeni rejimin \u00f6zellikle\u00a01925 \u015e\u00eax Said Hadisesi<\/b>ni adeta “l\u00fctuf<\/b>” g\u00f6r\u00fcp ondan sonra K\u00fcrdlere reva g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nice zul\u00fcmlere, haks\u0131zl\u0131klara ve asimilasyon politikalar\u0131na T\u00fcrkler; b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda k\u00f6r, sa\u011f\u0131r ve dilsiz kesilerek hep devletin yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar. Y\u00fcz y\u0131llarca cephe yolda\u015flar\u0131, din karde\u015fleri olan K\u00fcrtlere bor\u00e7luydular ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131na hi\u00e7 bir zaman erdemlice, \u0130sl\u00e2m hukukuna veya evrensel insan haklar\u0131 kriterlerine g\u00f6re yakla\u015fmad\u0131lar..!<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7i doldurulmam\u0131\u015f, hukuki ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan\u00a0karde\u015flik<\/b>\u00a0retori\u011fi ile, belgesiz, s\u00fcsl\u00fc vaadlerle aldat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na varan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fayan sava\u015f yorgunu K\u00fcrdler; da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve par\u00e7al\u0131 sosyolojileriyle, iyice zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f, c\u0131l\u0131z i\u00e7 dinamikleriyle s\u00fcrece nas\u0131l cevap vereceklerdi?<\/p>\n

Vaktiyle;<\/p>\n

\u015eeyh Ubeydullah<\/b>\u00a0Ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sebebi de K\u00fcrdleri takmayan 1878\u00a0Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/b>\u00a0idi.<\/p>\n

Bitlis H\u00e2disesi’<\/b>nin bir sebebi yine K\u00fcrdleri g\u00f6rmezlikten gelen 1914 y\u0131l\u0131\u00a0Yenik\u00f6y Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/b>\u00a0idi.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6t\u00fc ve karanl\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 geli\u015fmi\u015f ve Birinci Meclisin feshi ile siy\u00e2set d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lan K\u00fcrtlerin fazlaca yapabilecekleri bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1921’de kapat\u0131lan\u00a0K\u00fcrdistan Teali Cemiyeti<\/b>\u00a0gibi legal bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve 1921\u00a0Ko\u00e7giri Ayaklanmas\u0131\u00a0<\/b>gibi silahl\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 deneyimleri de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrdistan co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6rt par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcp K\u00fcrdleri,\u00a0d\u00fcnyada n\u00fcfusu en fazla olan stat\u00fcs\u00fcz halk<\/b>\u00a0derecesine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131’na ve K\u00fcrd\u00fc ink\u00e2r eden 24 Anayasas\u0131’na nas\u0131l bir tepki vereceklerdi?<\/p>\n

Hem de ne i\u00e7eri dedi\u011fimiz T\u00fcrk ve Ermeni toplumlar\u0131ndan ne de d\u0131\u015far\u0131 dedi\u011fimiz Rus ve \u0130ngiliz gibi s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerden hi\u00e7 bir yard\u0131m g\u00f6rmeden..!<\/p>\n

Ad\u0131 k\u0131saca (Rexistina)\u00a0Azad\u00ee<\/b>\u00a0olan\u00a0Civata Xweser\u00eeya K\u00fcrd<\/b>\u00a0yani\u00a0K\u00fcrd \u0130stikl\u00e2l Komitesi<\/b>\u00a0ile bir cevap daha verilmek istendi. Fakat bu cevap daha geli\u015fimini tamamlamadan provoke edildi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011funu K\u00fcrdistan Teali Cemiyeti \u00fcyelerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bu illegal yap\u0131lanma devlete \u00e7ok da gizli sakl\u0131 kalmad\u0131…<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Muhammed Salar-Art\u0131 Ger\u00e7ek<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bitlis H\u00e2disesi’nin bir sebebi yine K\u00fcrdleri g\u00f6rmezlikten gelen 1914 y\u0131l\u0131 Yenik\u00f6y Antla\u015fmas\u0131 idi.   20 Kas\u0131m 1922\u2019de \u0130svi\u00e7re’nin Lozan kentinde ba\u015flayan\u00a0Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131‘n\u0131n ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri bir hayli uzun ve tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. \u0130ngiliz ve T\u00fcrk delegeleri\u00a0az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u00a0sorununu \u0131rk ve dil \u00fczerinden de\u011fil, din yani m\u00fcslim-\u011fayr-i m\u00fcslim kategorisi \u00fczerinden ele alarak \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f ama\u00a0Musul\u00a0meselesinde bir uzla\u015fmaya varamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 23 Ocak …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":22610,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[6075,6076,1616,6074],"class_list":["post-22609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-gisti","tag-bitlis-hadisesi","tag-bitlis-sehri","tag-manset","tag-said-nurdi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22609","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22609"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22609\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22609"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22609"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}