Daha T\u00fcrkler gelmeden \u00f6nce Azerbaycan\u2019da, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da, Ermenistan ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde Rewadi, Merwani ve \u015eeddadi K\u00fcrt devletleri egemenlerdi.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Daha T\u00fcrkler gelmeden \u00f6nce Azerbaycan\u2019da, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da, Ermenistan ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde Rewadi, Merwani ve \u015eeddadi K\u00fcrt devletleri egemenlerdi.<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
<\/p>\n
Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuzeybat\u0131 yakas\u0131ndaki Xelat (Axlat\/Xlat\/Ahlat) Kalesi\u2019nden ba\u015flayarak kuzeye, bat\u0131ya ve g\u00fcney bat\u0131ya do\u011fru yay\u0131l\u0131p, Ahlat, Malazgirt, Erci\u015f, Mu\u015f, Bargiri, Van \u015fehirlerinde egemenlik alan\u0131 olu\u015fturan adlar\u0131 en eski \u0130slam, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Ermeni ve Bat\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda \u015eah-\u0131 Ermen (Shah-i Arman\/Ermen\u015fahan) olarak ge\u00e7en hanedan\u0131n ad\u0131 Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerindeki ve Cumhuriyetteki tarih kitaplar\u0131nda \u201dS\u00f6kmeno\u011fullar\u0131\u201d ya da \u201cAhlat\u015fahlar\u201d olarak yer ald\u0131. Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re 1087-1208, baz\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise 1100-1207 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda egemen olan bu hanedan\u0131 T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ileri Anadolu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynayan bir T\u00fcrk hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 19 y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerinden Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa ve Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin tarih\u00e7ilerinden M\u00fckrimin Halil \u0130nan\u00e7, Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Faruk S\u00fcmer, Osman Turan ve di\u011ferleri bunlardand\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Tarih\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re S\u00f6kmeno\u011fullar\u0131, Van g\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresinde 1100-1208 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bir Sel\u00e7uklu T\u00fcrk beyli\u011fidir. Kurucusu, Melik \u015eah d\u00f6neminde Azerbaycan\u2019da emirlik yapan Sel\u00e7uklu hanedan\u0131 \u00fcyelerinden Kutbettin \u0130smail bin Yakut bin \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (Sel\u00e7uk\u2019un o\u011flu, Tu\u011frul Bey\u2019in karde\u015fi) T\u00fcrk as\u0131ll\u0131 k\u00f6lesiyken ba\u015far\u0131 ve cesaretinden dolay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir komutan olmu\u015f, S\u00f6kmen El Kutbi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nce Kutbettin \u0130smail\u2019in ad\u0131na Ahlat-\u0131 y\u00f6neten S\u00f6kmen El Kutbi, Sel\u00e7uklu \u015fehzadeleri aras\u0131ndaki saltanat m\u00fccadelelerine kar\u0131\u015fan Emir Kutbettin \u0130sm\u00e2il\u2019in 1095\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine, onun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015ftaki o\u011flu Mevdud\u2019un hizmetine girmi\u015ftir. Fakat Mevdud\u2019un da 1102 y\u0131l\u0131nda beklenmedik bir zamanda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile Azerbaycan meliklerinin soyu kesilmi\u015f, S\u00f6kmen el-Kutbi, di\u011fer baz\u0131 em\u00eerleriyle birlikte Melik \u015eah\u2019tan sonra gelen Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 Muhammed Tapar\u2019\u0131n hizmetine girmi\u015ftir.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n
Asl\u0131nda Emir Kutbettin, Ahlat\u2019\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015ftaki o\u011flu Mevdud\u2019a vermi\u015f, S\u00f6kmen El Kutbi\u2019yi yan\u0131na atabek olarak vererek onlar\u0131 Ahlat\u2019a g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. El Kutbi \u00f6nce atabek olarak Ahlat\u2019\u0131 Emir Kutbeddin ad\u0131na, o \u00f6l\u00fcnce de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Mevdud ad\u0131na y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. Mevdud da k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6l\u00fcnce idareyi do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kendi ad\u0131na alarak art\u0131k Azerbaycan\u2019a de\u011fil, do\u011frudan merkeze; Sultan Muhammed Tapar\u2019a tabi bir vasal olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u015eah-\u0131 Ermen devletinin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen ve hanedana ad\u0131n\u0131 veren \u015fahsiyeti d\u00f6nemin Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a kaynaklar\u0131\u00a0S\u00f6kmen El Kutbi<\/strong>de\u011fil,\u00a0Sekman el Qutb\u00ee<\/strong>\u00a0olarak kaydederler. Kimi tarihlerde, Ermen\u015fahilerin kurucusu\u00a0Sekman El Qutb\u00ee<\/em>\u00a0ya da onun torunu olan II. Sekman\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 Artuklu hanedan\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu Artuk Bey\u2019in o\u011flu S\u00f6kmen\u2019le kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bazen Sukman\/Suqman olarak da belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ermen\u015fahilerin kurucular\u0131n\u0131n Sekman el Qutb\u00ee olan ad\u0131 cumhuriyetten sonra S\u00f6kmen El Kutbi olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eski kaynaklar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde bu ad Sekman El Qutbi olarak ge\u00e7er. Handan\u0131n ad\u0131 da S\u00f6kmeno\u011fullar\u0131 de\u011fil, \u015eah-\u0131 Ermen (Shah-i Arman) ya da Ermen\u015fah\u00ee (Ermen\u015fahlar) olarak ge\u00e7er. Ahlat\u015fahlar da sonradan uydurulan add\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sekman El Qutb\u00ee<\/em>\u2018den bahseden o d\u00f6neme en yak\u0131n kaynaklar, onun bir bi\u00e7imde Qutbeddin \u0130smail\u2019in hizmetinde oldu\u011funu, beceriklili\u011fi, g\u00f6z\u00fc pekli\u011fi sayesinde ordusunda en b\u00fcy\u00fck komutanlardan biri haline geldi\u011fini belirtirler. Ad\u0131n\u0131n sonuna El Qutb\u00ee\u2019nin getirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, onun daha \u00f6nce Sel\u00e7uklu hanedan\u0131ndan Azerbaycan Emiri Kutbedd\u00een \u0130smail\u2019in k\u00f6lesi\/gulam\u0131\/ hass\u0131 iken bu adla me\u015fhur oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir ama onun etnik olarak T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu belirten ilk d\u00f6nem kaynaklar\u0131 yok. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130bn Esir\u2019in El Kamil fi\u2019t-Tarih adl\u0131 eseri, Ermen \u015eahlar beyli\u011finden en \u00e7ok bahseden, d\u00f6neme en yak\u0131n kaynaklardan biridir. \u0130bn Esir ayn\u0131 isimle iki emirden, olaylar\u0131n yeri geldik\u00e7e bahseder ve onlar\u0131 Sekman el Qutbi ve Nas\u0131reddin Sekman (II. Sekman, I. Sekman el Qutbi\u2019nin torunu) olarak anar, etnik k\u00f6kenlerinden hi\u00e7 bahsetmez ve en \u00e7ok da II. Sekman d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan olaylara de\u011finir. Hanedan en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerini bu emir zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Merkezlerini de Xelat (Ahlat) olarak belirtir.<\/p>\n
\u0130bni Kesir ise bu beyli\u011fe bir iki yerde de\u011finir, \u00f6nemsemez ve adlar\u0131n\u0131 da Sekman olarak verir. \u0130bn Xelikan bu s\u00fclalenin \u015fahsiyetlerine yer vermez. S\u00fcryani tarih\u00e7i Eb\u00fc\u2019l Farac, S\u00f6kmen ya da Sekman hi\u00e7 ad vermez, muhtemelen \u0130bn Esir\u2019den alarak detayl\u0131 verdi\u011fi bilgileri sunarken bunlara hep \u201dErmen\u015fah\u201d der. Ermeni vakan\u00fcvis Urfal\u0131 Mateus Sekman\u2019\u0131 baz\u0131 yerlerde, neredeyse ad\u0131n\u0131 hep yanl\u0131\u015f vererek, hatta kimi yerlerde \u2018\u2019sultan\u2019\u2019 diyerek anar. 14 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Tunuslu tarih\u00e7i \u0130bn Haldun onu anarken T\u00fcrk s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 verir, anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla etnik k\u00f6keninden dolay\u0131 de\u011fil, T\u00fcrk Sel\u00e7uklu devletine tabi bir hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurucusu anlam\u0131nda bu ad\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n
Faruk S\u00fcmer, Eb\u00fc\u2019l Fida\u2019n\u0131n mahalli bir kayna\u011fa dayanarak Ahlat, Mervano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n idaresinde iken onlar\u0131n zulm\u00fcnden b\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve usanm\u0131\u015f olan halk 493(1099\/1100) T\u00fcrk emirlerinden S\u00f6kmen el-Kutbi\u2019yi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131p \u015fehri ona teslim etmi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtti\u011fini yazar.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Vakf\u0131\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi\u2019nin \u201del-Muxtasar\u2019 (El-Muhtasar) maddesinde,\u00a0\u201dEb\u00fc\u2019l-Fid\u00e2, [eseri] el-Muhtasar\u2019\u0131n 628 (1231) y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olan k\u0131sm\u0131nda, \u0130zzeddin \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l-Es\u00eer\u2019in el-K\u00e2mil fi\u2019t-t\u00e2r\u00ee\u1e2b\u2019ini \u00f6zetleyerek kitab\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0demektedir. Eb\u00fb\u2019l Fida \u201dS\u00f6kmen El Kutbi\u201d (1099\/1100) ile ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve bir otuz y\u0131l sonras\u0131na kadar uzanan d\u00f6nemi \u00f6zet olarak \u0130bn Esir\u2019den alm\u0131\u015f ise, onun mahalli bir kaynaktan bilgi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011fil. Ayr\u0131ca, \u0130bn Esir Sekman el-Qutb\u00ee\u2019nin etnik k\u00f6kenine hi\u00e7 bir yerde de\u011finmedi\u011fine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrk emir demi\u015f olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. \u201dT\u00fcrk emir\u201d bilgisi \u0130bn Esir\u2019de olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, eserini ondan \u00f6zetleyen Eb\u00fc\u2019l Fida\u2019da da olmamas\u0131 gerekir. Eb\u00fc\u2019l Fida, K\u00fcrt Eyyubi hanedan\u0131na mensup bir emir, \u015fair ve tarih\u00e7idir. Bunu yapmas\u0131n\u0131n mant\u0131ki bir gerek\u00e7esi yok.<\/p>\n
Ermen\u015fah\u00eelerin hanedan\u0131 iki d\u00f6nemden olu\u015fur. Birinci d\u00f6nemde Sekman El Qutbi\u2019nin ba\u015fa ge\u00e7mesiyle ba\u015flay\u0131p II. Sekman\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle soyu t\u00fckenen as\u0131l hanedan ailesi ile ikinci d\u00f6nemde bu ailenin meml\u00fcklerinin ba\u015fa ge\u00e7tikleri ve II. Sekman\u2019\u0131n k\u00f6lesi Bektimur ile ba\u015flay\u0131p Balaban\u2019la sona eren ikinci d\u00f6nem.<\/p>\n
Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da K\u00fcrt tarihi \u00fczerine bir s\u00fcredir yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda iki ciddi kaynakta Ermen\u015fah\u00eeler\u2019in kurucusu\u00a0Sekman El Qutbi<\/em>\u2019nin K\u00fcrt oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin bilgilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m.<\/p>\n
Bunlardan biri ABD\u2019li tarih\u00e7i ve co\u011frafyac\u0131\u00a0Robert H. Hewsen<\/em>\u2019dir. Hewsen,\u00a0Armenia: A Historical Atlas (Ermenia: Tarihsel bir Atlas)<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 tarihsel atlas\u0131nda Ermen\u015fah\u00eeleri \u2018\u2019K\u00fcrt hanedan\u0131\u2019\u2019 olarak belirtir. Kitab\u0131n \u201cSel\u00e7uklular D\u00f6neminde Ermenistan\u201d<\/em>\u00a0b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u015funlar\u0131 belirtilir:<\/p>\n
\u2018\u2019G\u00fcrc\u00fcler kuzey Ermenistan\u2019da bir dereceye kadar \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck elde edince \u00fclkenin g\u00fcney-orta b\u00f6lgeleri, kendilerine Ermeniya Kral\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen \u015eah-\u0131 Ermen (1100-1207) diyen bir K\u00fcrt emirli\u011finin (hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n) eline ge\u00e7ti. Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuzey bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Xelat\u2019\u0131 (Ermenice Xlat, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Ahlat) merkez edinen \u015eah-\u0131 Ermen devletinin 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca siyasi durumu, bu \u015fahlar\u0131n vasall\u0131k ba\u011flar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde [kas\u0131t \u0130ran Sel\u00e7uklu devleti vasall\u0131\u011f\u0131] ne yapt\u0131klar\u0131na ve neyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131klar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frad\u0131.\u2019\u2019<\/em>[3]<\/a><\/p>\n
New Jersey\u2019de Rowan \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde tarih profes\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yapan Robert H. Hewsen (d. 1934) G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n yani tam da K\u00fcrtlerin, Ermenilerin, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin ve di\u011fer Kafkas milletlerinin yan yana, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin antik tarihi konusunda uzmand\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir referans eser olarak de\u011ferlendirilen ve 2001\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan\u00a0Armenia: A Historical Atlas adl\u0131\u00a0<\/em>tarihi-atlas, harita ve ilgili metinlerini i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Eser Ermenistan, G\u00fcrcistan, geni\u015f Kafkasya, Anadolu ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n antik \u00e7a\u011fdan \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f d\u00f6neme kadar t\u00fcm d\u00f6nemlerin haritalar\u0131n\u0131 vererek, bu geni\u015f b\u00f6lgede tarih boyunca kurulan devletleri ve olu\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n
Hewsen, Ermeni, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Arap, Fars, S\u00fcryani, Grek, Latin ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f dillerden ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 olan \u0130ngilizce, Rus\u00e7a ve Frans\u0131zca kaynaklardan, onlarca m\u00fcze ve ar\u015fivhaneden, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan yararlanarak bu eserini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Onun ortaya koydu\u011fu ciddi eserler ve \u00f6zellikle antik G\u00fcney Kafkasya alan\u0131ndaki uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken biri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Alan\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle konumuzla ilgili d\u00f6nemin Ermeni, G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve lokal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ermen\u015fahileri K\u00fcrt olarak g\u00f6steren di\u011fer bir kaynak da \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131m\u0131zda, olduk\u00e7a tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir Osmanl\u0131 alim, mutasavv\u0131f ve tarih\u00e7isi olan M\u00fcnnecimba\u015f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Atalar\u0131 Konya\u2019n\u0131n Ere\u011fli il\u00e7esinden olan ve kendisi babas\u0131 L\u00fctfullah\u2019\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Selanik\u2019te 1041 (1631\/1632)\u2019de do\u011fan, \u0130stanbul\u2019da e\u011fitimini tamamlay\u0131p \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeylerde memuriyetlerde bulunan ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi Mekke\u2019de 27 \u015eubat 1702\u2019de \u00f6len M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 Ahmed bin L\u00fctfullah, Arap\u00e7a kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0Cami\u00fc\u2019d-D\u00fcvel<\/em>adl\u0131 eserinde sonralar\u0131 \u2018\u2019S\u00f6kmeno\u011fullar\u0131\u2019\u2019 denen handana ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir yer ay\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Daha b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hanedan\u0131n kurucu emirine\u00a0Sekman El Kurd\u00ee el Qutbi<\/em>\u00a0demektedir. Eserin be\u015finci fasl\u0131 bu hanedanla ilgilidir ve \u015f\u00f6yle denmektedir:<\/p>\n
\u2018\u2019Be\u015finci fas\u0131l her birine \u015eah-\u0131 Ermen denilen Ahlat ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131 yerlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n zikri hakk\u0131ndad\u0131r:<\/em><\/p>\n
Bunlar \u00fc\u00e7[4]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131r. Ba\u015fkentleri Ermeniye\u2019de Ahlat\u2019t\u0131r. Saltanatlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 486 (1093) ve y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 580 (1184\/1185) y\u0131l\u0131ndad\u0131r. Hakimiyet s\u00fcreleri 94 y\u0131ld\u0131r.\u2019\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n
M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 Sekman El Qutb\u00ee\u2019nin soyundan gelen Ermen\u015fahlar\u0131 bir hanedan, onlardan sonra 1184\/1185 ile 1207\/1208 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren memluklerini, onlar\u0131n hanedanlar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirdikleri ve aynen onlar gibi Ermen\u015fahlar olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 halde ayr\u0131 bir hanedan olarak ele almaktad\u0131r. Bu k\u00f6lemen hanedana Bektimuriyan (Bektimuriler) da denmektedir. Di\u011fer tahrih\u00e7iler genellikle iki d\u00f6nemi birle\u015ftirerek tek bir hanedan gibi ele almaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcnnecimba\u015f\u0131 \u015eah-\u0131 Ermenlerin ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fu ara ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 atmakta ve ard\u0131ndan gelen a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 vermektedir:<\/p>\n
\u2018\u2019I. \u015eah-\u0131 Ermen Sekman el-Kurd\u00ee el-Qutb\u00ee (1093-1111)<\/em><\/p>\n
Bunlar\u0131n ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u015eah-\u0131 Ermen Sekman el-Kurdi el-Qutb\u00ee\u2019dir. Sekman, Qutbuddevle[5]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u00cesma\u00eel b. Yaqut\u00ee b. Davud b. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Bey es-Sel\u00e7uq\u00ee\u2019nin adamlar\u0131n\u0131n haslar\u0131ndand\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in onun ad\u0131na nisbetle \u2018Sekman el-Qutb\u00ee\u2019 denilmi\u015ftir. Ahlat ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131 olan yerler \u0130smail\u2019in iktalar\u0131ndand\u0131. \u0130smail, buraya Sekman\u2019\u0131 vali tayin etmi\u015fti. Kendisi 486 (1093) y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcnce Sekman, Ahlat vilayetinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kald\u0131. Efendisinin o\u011flu Emir Mevdud b. \u0130smail\u2019in 496 (1102\/1103) y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar Emir Mevdud\u2019a itaat ediyordu. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Sekman, do\u011frudan Sultan Muhammed [Tapar] b. Melik\u015fah\u2019a t\u00e2bi oldu. Karde\u015fi Berkyaruk ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131 ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn sava\u015flar\u0131nda Sultan Muhammed\u2019in yan\u0131nda bulundu. Sultan, Sekman\u2019\u0131n memleketine yak\u0131n olan yerleri de onun ikt\u00e2\u0131na katt\u0131.\u2019\u2019<\/em>[6]<\/a><\/p>\n
M\u00fcnnecimba\u015f\u0131 daha sonra bu emirin torunu Nas\u0131reddin Muhammed\u2019i anlat\u0131rken de \u015funlar\u0131 belirtir:<\/p>\n
\u201c3-\u015eah-\u0131 Ermen N\u00e2s\u0131reddin Muhammed (1127-1185)<\/em><\/p>\n
[2. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar] olan Zahireddin \u0130brahim\u2019den sonra, yerine \u2019Devlet\u015fah\u2019 lakapl\u0131 o\u011flu \u015eah-\u0131 Ermen Nas\u0131reddin Muhammed b. \u0130brahim b. Sekman el-Qutb\u00ee h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu. Muhammed\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131ktaki g\u00fcnleri epeyce uzad\u0131, ya\u015f\u0131 da bir hayli ilerleyip sekseni a\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7evredeki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar nezdinde azametli biri idi. Kendisine ikram edilir ve say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ak\u0131ll\u0131, adaletli, ahlak\u0131 ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00fczel bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131. \u00dclkesinin halk\u0131 onu \u00e7ok severdi. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bile uzun m\u00fcddet ad\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131lar. Cesur ve m\u00fccahit idi. G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00e2firleri ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flarda ve onlar\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m topraklar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda g\u00fczel an\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.\u00a0Bu b\u00f6lgenin K\u00fcrtleri ona itaat ederler ve sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterirlerdi. O kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 bu halk sayesinde \u00fclkesine kom\u015fu olan h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>. \u201c[7]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n
M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 Ahmed bin L\u00fctfullah, \u00e7e\u015fitli ilimlerde ihtisas\u0131 olan ve de\u011fi\u015fik sahalarda eserler yazan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir alim olarak kabul edilir. Dini sahada verdi\u011fi eserlerin yan\u0131nda t\u0131p, astronomi, astroloji (n\u00fcc\u00fbm) ve musiki alanlar\u0131nda da telifler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dil ve edebiyat, mant\u0131k, ahlak, tefsir ve di\u011fer ilimlere ait eserleri vard\u0131r. Arap\u00e7a, Fars\u00e7a ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u015fiirler yazm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fairdir.<\/p>\n
As\u0131l onu me\u015fhur eden ve tarih\u00e7i olarak tan\u0131tan\u00a0Cami\u00fc\u2019d-D\u00fcvel<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 Arap\u00e7a genel tarihidir. Eser, bir d\u00fcnya tarihi olup yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan ba\u015flayarak h. 1083(1672\/1673) y\u0131l\u0131na kadar gelmektedir.<\/p>\n
Eserinde olaylar\u0131 devlet devlet olarak ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan ve olmayan devletlerin \u00e7o\u011funa yer vermi\u015ftir. Eserin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda yazar\u0131n tarih ilmi \u00fczerine g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri de geni\u015f yar almaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Cami\u00fc\u2019d-D\u00fcvel<\/em>, genel ve \u0130slam tarihini yazan bir \u00e7ok tarih\u00e7inin eserlerinde yer almayan irili ufakl\u0131 devlet ve devlet\u00e7iklerin, hatta \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc ufak kabilelerin de tarihlerine yer vermektedir. Bu durum tarih\u00e7inin ve eserinin \u00f6nemini artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n
K\u00fcrt tarihi k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda, Mervanilere, \u015eeddadilere, Revadilere, Dinever\u2019deki Hasanveyhi K\u00fcrt hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, Kakaveyhilere, Mirdasilere, Erman\u015fah\u00eelere, Kastamonu\u2019da Candaro\u011fullar\u0131na (\u0130sfendiyaro\u011fullar\u0131na), Mente\u015fayilere, K\u00fctahyay\u0131 ba\u015fkent edinen Germiyanilere, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131na yer verir.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131, eserinin ba\u015f\u0131nda, yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kaynaklar\u0131n 47\u2019si Arap\u00e7a, 17\u2019si Fars\u00e7a ve 8\u2019i T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmak \u00fczere 72 adettir.<\/p>\n
Geni\u015f bir listeyi olu\u015fturdu\u011fu i\u00e7in yaz\u0131n\u0131n dipnotunda yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm eserlerin adlar\u0131 verilmektedir.[9]<\/a>\u00a0Bunlar aras\u0131nda \u0130bn\u2019\u00fcl Esir, \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l Kesir, \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l Celal el-Taberi, Mes\u2019ud\u00ee, \u0130bn Xelikan, \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019l Verdi el Halebi, \u00cebn\u00fc\u2019l Hacer, \u0130bn Haldun, Zehebi, \u0130bnu\u2019l Cezv\u00ee, Makriz\u00ee, Hamdullah M\u00fcstevfi el Kazvini, Emin\u00fcddin Ahmed Er-Razi, \u0130dris-i Bidlisi, \u015eerefeddin el Yezdi, \u0130bn Bibi, \u015eeref Xan Bidlisi, Ebu Bekir el-T\u0131hrani, Ali \u00c7elebi, Hoca Saadeddin Efendi, A\u015f\u0131k Pa\u015fazade, K\u00e2tib \u00c7elebi, Joannes Tarihi vb gibi temel eserler var.<\/p>\n
Kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir eser var ki konumuz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle belirtilmeye de\u011fer: bu,\u00a0Tarih-i Babi\u2019l Ebvab ve \u015eirvan ve Aran<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 Arap\u00e7a bir kaynakt\u0131r.\u00a0\u2018\u2019k\u0131t\u2019a min\u2019\u2019<\/em>\u00a0deyip bu eserden ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri oldu\u011fu gibi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Eser, G\u00fcney Kafkasya; Azerbaycan, \u015eirwan, Arran, Ermenistan, G\u00fcrcistan ve \u00f6teki Kafkas b\u00f6lgelerinin orta\u00e7a\u011f tarihiyle ilgilidir. G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019yla ilgili ciddi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 olan ve bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0Cami\u00fc\u2019d-D\u00fcvel\u2019<\/em>inin K\u00fcrt \u015eeddadiler ile ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferli dipnot ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla birlikte\u00a0Studies in Caucasian History<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda \u0130ngilizce olarak yay\u0131nlayan Vladimir Minorsky, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en kaynak \u00fczerinde \u00f6zellikle durmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eserinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da kayna\u011fa ba\u015fvurdu\u011funu belirten Minorsky, onun esrinin \u015eeddadilerle ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda, bunlar aras\u0131nda fakihlerden (hukuk\u00e7u) biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan ve bug\u00fcn kay\u0131p olan bir eserin de y\u00f6renin tarihini anlatan\u00a0Tarih-i Babi\u2019l Ebvab ve \u015eirvan ve Aran<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 eserdir der. Minorsky o kayna\u011f\u0131 kendisinin de daha \u00f6nce kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek,\u00a0\u2018g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Arap\u00e7a olan Cami\u00fc\u2019d-D\u00fcvel\u2019i y\u00f6renin tarihi olan bu eserin orijinalinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr\u2019<\/em>\u00a0demektedir. M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6re\u00a0Tarih-i Babi\u2019l Ebvab ve \u015eirvan ve Aran<\/em>\u00a0500 (1106) y\u0131llar\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f. \u015eeddadiler, Babi\u2019l Ebvab (Derbend) ve \u015eirwan \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lan di\u011fer iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm 468(1075)\u2019de bitmi\u015f ve aynen yaz\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 gibi kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Eserin \u015eeddadilerin daha sonra Ani\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren dal\u0131na de\u011finmemi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 Minorsky ilgin\u00e7 buluyor.<\/p>\n
Minorsky devam ediyor:\u00a0\u201dBerde\u2019li birinin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarih-i Babi\u2019l Ebvab ve \u015eirvan ve Aran ile \u0130bn Heyca el Rewadi\u2019nin Aras nehrinin g\u00fcneyindeki olaylar \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Azerbaycan Tarihi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler hakk\u0131nda bir \u015fey s\u00f6yleyecek durumda de\u011filiz. Onlar hakk\u0131nda bildiklerimiz sadece eserlerin adlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n
Yaz\u0131m\u0131zdaki baz\u0131 canl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, yazar Gence\u2019ye yak\u0131n bir y\u00f6rede kalm\u0131\u015f, eseri yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ya y\u00f6renin vakayinamelerini (kroniklerini) kullanm\u0131\u015f ya da baz\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden yararlanm\u0131\u015f. Kendisi, Hristiyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sert biri, T\u00fcrkler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki duygular\u0131 da daha olumlu de\u011fil. Kendisinde o y\u00f6renin Farslar\u0131n\u0131n ya da K\u00fcrtlerinin bir damar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilebilir. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131 da Mesud \u0130bn-i Namdar\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6resel belgelerden olu\u015fan derlemelerine benziyor. En son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, k\u0131rk y\u0131l sonra Gence \u015eeddadileri \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu durum, onun M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flam ortak maceras\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.\u2019\u2019<\/em>[10]<\/a><\/p>\n
Bu yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynak, M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ermen\u015fahilerin kurucusu olan Sekman El Kurdi el Qutbi\u2019nin kurdu\u011fu Erman\u015fahlar hanedan\u0131n\u0131n bir K\u00fcrt hanedan\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirlemelerinin ciddi, hem zaman hem de mek\u00e2n bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yerinde ve g\u00fcvenilir kaynaklara dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
Anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla s\u00f6zkonusu kaynak, Ermen\u015fahilerin K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenleriyle ilgili bilgi veren biricik eser de de\u011fil. ABD\u2019li tarih\u00e7i Robert H. Hewsen\u2019in belirttiklerinden, ayn\u0131 bilgileri veren ba\u015fka kaynaklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da anl\u0131yoruz. Hewsen kitab\u0131n\u0131n biografi listesinde, pek \u00e7ok dilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kaynaklar\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu ve benzeri bir eserin ya da\u00a0Cami\u00fc\u2019d-D\u00fcvel<\/em>\u2019in ad\u0131n\u0131 vermiyor. \u00d6yleyse \u2018\u2019hanedan\u0131n K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fu\u2019\u2019 tespitini ondan almam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ihtimal. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en lokal eseri vermemi\u015f olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 gelebilir ama, zaten eser bas\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fil, hatta Minorsky\u2019e g\u00f6re kay\u0131p. Hewsen pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin m\u00fcze ve ar\u015fivlerinin kaynaklar\u0131ndan yararlanm\u0131\u015f, bu kaynaklar\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131 tek tek vermemi\u015f, sadece yerlerini belirtmi\u015ftir. Kay\u0131p esere Hewsen\u2019in onlar aras\u0131nda rast gelmi\u015f olma ihtimali g\u00f6zden uzak tutulamaz. Kendisi de Minorsky gibi bir G\u00fcney Kafkasya uzman\u0131 olan Hewsen\u2019in Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc tarih ve ar\u015fivlerine yeterince vak\u0131f oldu\u011fu bilinmelidir. Onun bilgileri, muhtemelen di\u011fer Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Verdi\u011fimiz bilgilerden, M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 ve Robert H. Hewsen\u2019in ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 tam do\u011fru yere basm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 ve mutlaka ciddiye al\u0131nmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar. Sekman el-Qutbi\u2019nin T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli k\u00f6le oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131ndaki tarih\u00e7ilerden daha sa\u011flam kaynaklara dayanmaktad\u0131rlar. Ermen\u015fahiler hanedan\u0131n etnik k\u00f6keni hakk\u0131nda T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ilerinin tezlerini bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131p daha geni\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara y\u00f6nelmek gerekir.<\/p>\n
Sekman el-Qutbi\u2019den \u00f6nce Xelat \u015fehri y\u00f6resiyle beraber bir eyalet olarak K\u00fcrt Mervani emirlerinin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u015eehirdeki son Mervani y\u00f6neticisi memleketi iyi idare etmeyip halka k\u00f6t\u00fc davranmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca bizzat Ahlatl\u0131lar Azerbaycan Emiri Qutbeddin \u0130smail\u2019e haber vererek \u015fehrin y\u00f6netiminin ba\u015fka bir emire verilmesini istemi\u015flerdir. Azerbaycan emiri de hen\u00fcz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta olan o\u011flunu oraya atam\u0131\u015f, atabe\u011fi olarak Sekman El Qutbi\u2019yi de beraber Xelat (Ahlat)\u2019a g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. \u00d6nce Azerbaycan Valisi el Qutbi, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra da o\u011flu \u00f6l\u00fcnce Sekman el Qutbi bizzat kendi ad\u0131na y\u00f6netimi devralm\u0131\u015f, Ermen\u015fahlar hanedan\u0131 d\u00f6nemi b\u00f6ylece ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1090\/1100 ila 2007\/2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda her iki a\u015famada hanedan varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015f 2007\/8 y\u0131l\u0131nda yine Ahlat halk\u0131n\u0131n iste\u011fiyle Ahlat kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 yerlerle birlikte Eyyubi hanedan\u0131 emirlerinden Selahaddin\u2019i Eyyubi\u2019nin karde\u015fi Melik Adil\u2019in o\u011flu Melik Evhad\u2019a isteyerek bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir bi\u00e7imde teslim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Azerbaycan emiri Kutbeddin \u0130smail Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131yla yak\u0131n akrabad\u0131r. Sel\u00e7uk\u2019un o\u011flu (Tu\u011frul Bey\u2019in karde\u015fi) olan \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 Bey\u2019in o\u011flu Yakut Bey\u2019in o\u011fludur. Sel\u00e7uklu hanedan\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fanan iktidar kavgalar\u0131na da kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. O aslen T\u00fcrkmen bir emir. Hizmetinde olan Sekman el Qutbi\u2019nin ad\u0131n\u0131n sonundaki el Qutbi bir k\u00f6lenin ya da sava\u015f esirinin kendi efendisinden kalan bir s\u0131fat\u0131 olmas\u0131 da bir i\u015farettir. Ama memlukluktan\/hasl\u0131ktan\/gulaml\u0131ktan gelmi\u015f olmas\u0131, onun T\u00fcrk oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeye yeterli de\u011fil. Ger\u00e7i \u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015funun ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda do\u011fuya, Mavera\u00fcnnehr\u2019e ve Orta Asya\u2019ya yap\u0131lan seferlerde hen\u00fcz M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrkler (O\u011fuzlar ve di\u011fer boylar) esir al\u0131n\u0131yor ve sava\u015f ganimeti olarak k\u00f6le pazarlar\u0131nda sat\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ya da orduda, muhaf\u0131z alaylar\u0131nda, saray askeri y\u00f6netimlerinde g\u00f6revlendiriliyorlard\u0131. Bunlar aras\u0131nda becerisi ve cesaretiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan pek \u00e7ok komutan ve ba\u015fka \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revli vard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Sekman El Qutbi ise bu d\u00f6nemden olduk\u00e7a sonraki bir tarihte ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, O\u011fuzlar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015farak T\u00fcrk\/T\u00fcrkmen ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131, Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin \u0130ran, Azerbaycan, Ermenistan, K\u00fcrdistan ve Arabistan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde egemenlik kurduklar\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme rastlar. Sultan Tu\u011frul \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, yerine Alparslan, o \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f yerine Melik \u015eah ve o \u00f6l\u00fcnce de yerine Muhammed Tapar gelmi\u015fti. Asl\u0131nda bir T\u00fcrk emiri olan Qutbeddin \u0130smail\u2019in Ermeni, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, \u00c7erkez, Grek (Rum) hatta K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenli k\u00f6lelerinin olmas\u0131 daha normalken bir T\u00fcrk k\u00f6lesinin olmu\u015f olabilece\u011fi ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n
Daha T\u00fcrkler gelmeden \u00f6nce Azerbaycan\u2019da, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da, Ermenistan ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde Rewadi, Merwani ve \u015eeddadi K\u00fcrt devletleri egemenlerdi. Azerbaycan ve G\u00fcney Kafkasya Horasan, Gilan, \u015eirvan ve Derbent y\u00f6relerinde sadece idareci emir ve komutanlar d\u00fczeyinde de\u011fil, kavim olarak K\u00fcrtlerin yo\u011fun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan hatta 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren egemen unsur olarak belirdi.<\/p>\n
O\u011fuz\/T\u00fcrkmen istilalar\u0131 ve Sel\u00e7uklu egemenli\u011fi ilk ba\u015flarda de\u011fil daha \u00e7ok ikinci a\u015famalarda bu devletlerin tam istiklallerine son verse de Farslar, Araplar, Ermeniler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Grekler gibi onlar\u0131n egemenliklerini kabul eden K\u00fcrt beyleri, Mervano\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 emirleri, Ravvadi ve \u015eeddadi emirleri belli yerleri y\u00f6netmeye devam ettiler. Gence \u015eeddadileri ve Ani \u015eeddadileri diye ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u015eeddadiler 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korudular.<\/p>\n
Bunlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde Azerbaycan, Ermenistan ve Kafkaslar\u0131n uc b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00f6zellikle Ermenilerle ve G\u00fcrc\u00fclerle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sava\u015flar, gaza ve fetihler devam ediyor, bir d\u00f6nem farkl\u0131 halklardan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar tek ba\u015flar\u0131na ya da birlikte ilerliyor, baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde de Bizansl\u0131lar, Ermeniler ya da G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ta Ahlat\u2019a, Sason\u2019a kadar olan yerleri ele ge\u00e7iriyorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Dar\u00fc\u2019l \u0130slam\u2019da (\u0130slam\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu diyarlarda) M\u00fcsl\u00fcman egemenli\u011fini kabul ederek G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Ermeni, hatta Rum Hristiyan prenslikleri ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiriyorlard\u0131. Elbette bunlar\u0131n idareleri alt\u0131nda hem kendi Hristiyan halklar\u0131 hem de M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar birlikte var olabiliyorlard\u0131. Aynen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman K\u00fcrt, Fars, T\u00fcrkmen ya da Arap emirliklerin egemenlikleri alt\u0131nda farkl\u0131 etnik aidiyetten gelen Hristiyan topluluklar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n
Y\u00f6redeki K\u00fcrt varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan olu\u015fmuyordu, \u0130slam \u00f6ncesi Zerdu\u015fti\/Mecusi dininden olanlar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131ktan Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7en ve daha sonralar\u0131 bir iki y\u00fczy\u0131l b\u00f6lgede Hristiyan hanedanl\u0131k kuran, Ermeni ya da G\u00fcrc\u00fc krallar\u0131n\u0131n hizmetlerinde onlar\u0131n vasallar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapan, bazen ele ge\u00e7irdikleri topraklarla ta Van g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn kuzey ve bat\u0131 sahillerine kadar ula\u015fabilen, b\u00f6lgedeki \u015eeddadi, Revvadi, Mervani hanedanlar\u0131, Ermen\u015fahlar ve en son olarak da Eyyubilerle kom\u015fu olan, bazen onlarla sava\u015f\u0131p bazen de bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ili\u015fkiler s\u00fcrd\u00fcren K\u00fcrt varl\u0131klar\u0131 da vard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Daha ilk kurulu\u015flar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u015eeddadiler ile Hazar\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Deylemliler aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flarda, yo\u011fun olarak farkl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mezheplere ve gayri M\u00fcslim dinlere ba\u011fl\u0131 K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusundan bahsedilir. M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131, Cami\u00fc\u2019d\u00fcvel\u2019inin \u015eeddadiler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde 951\u2019den sonraki y\u0131llarda onlarla Deylemliler aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flar\u0131 anlat\u0131rken Erdebil\u2019de olan Deylemli \u0130brahim ibn Merzuban\u2019\u0131n, komutan\u0131n\u0131n bir sava\u015fta Muhammed \u0130bn \u015eeddad\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yenilgisini hazmedemeyerek,\u00a0Deylemlilerden, K\u00fcrtlerden ve Tirahayelerden<\/em>\u00a0meydana gelen bir orduyu Debil (Dwin) \u00fczerine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fini belirtir. Sava\u015f k\u0131z\u0131\u015f\u0131nca Debil halk\u0131 Muhammed ibn \u015eeddad\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, onu kendi sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yla yaln\u0131z b\u0131rakt\u0131, bunun sonucunda Muhammed yenilerek kalesine geri \u00e7ekildi. Fakat bir s\u00fcre sonra Debil halk\u0131 Deylemlilerin idarelerinden \u00e7ok \u015fikayet\u00e7i oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Muhammed\u2019den \u00f6z\u00fcr diledi, Muhammed Debil\u2019e geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc, Deylem idaresine son vererek \u015fehrin durumunu d\u00fczeltti.<\/p>\n
Deylemlilerin askerleri, Deylemlilerden, K\u00fcrtlerden ve Tirahayelerden olu\u015fmu\u015fmu\u015f. Biz, iki y\u00fcz elli y\u0131l sonras\u0131n\u0131 anlatan S\u00fcryani tarih\u00e7i Gregori Eb\u00fc\u2019l Farac\u2019dan bu Tirahayelerin de K\u00fcrt ama M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan bir kavim oldu\u011funu anl\u0131yoruz. Ta 950\u2019li y\u0131llarda kendilerinden bahsedilen bu K\u00fcrt topluluk 1205\u2019te yani yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fcz elli y\u0131l sonras\u0131nda da gayri M\u00fcslim varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyordu. Eb\u00fc\u2019l Farac \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor:<\/p>\n
Araplar\u0131n 602 (M. 1205) y\u0131l\u0131nda Madai (Medya) da\u011flar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan ve kendilerine Tirahaye denilen K\u00fcrtlerden bir kabile da\u011flardan indiler ve bu havalide b\u00fcy\u00fck tahribat yapt\u0131lar. \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n askerleri bir araya gelerek bunlarla d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler ve bir\u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/em><\/p>\n
Bu da\u011fl\u0131lar, \u0130sl\u00e2m dinine girmemi\u015fler, kendi memleketlerinin iptidai putperestli\u011fi ile Mecusili\u011fi kabul etmi\u015flerdi. Bunlar\u0131n eline bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc m\u00fc onu en \u015fiddetli i\u015fkencelere u\u011fratarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n
Eb\u00fc\u2019l Farac ya olay\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir vakan\u00fcvisten naklen ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, ya da kendisi de \u201dehli\u2019l-kitab\u201d oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Tirahayeleri tan\u0131tmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u00e7ok bildik olan \u015fu hik\u00e2yeyle onlar\u0131 karalamaya da kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131yor:\u00a0\u201dBunlarda bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu do\u011fdu\u011fu zaman k\u0131z\u0131n babas\u0131 evinin kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde durur ve \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131r: \u2018Bu k\u0131zla kim ni\u015fanlanacak?\u2019 \u015eayet biri \u00e7\u0131kar da k\u0131z\u0131 isterse babas\u0131 onun ya\u015famas\u0131na raz\u0131 olur. Kimse \u00e7\u0131kmazsa babas\u0131 onu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/em><\/p>\n
Bu y\u00fczden bunlar\u0131n aralar\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar \u00e7ok azd\u0131 ve bir kad\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bir ev halk\u0131n\u0131n zevcesi say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bir erkek bir kad\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na girdi\u011fi zaman ayakkab\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 o evin kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u0131rak\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir adam gelirse ayakkab\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6rerek eve girmez ve i\u00e7erideki kimsenin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 bekler. Do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklara gelince erkeklerin ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131 onun babas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d<\/em>[11]<\/a><\/p>\n
Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek de daha \u00e7ok namlar\u0131 ve \u00f6nemli rolleri G\u00fcrcistan tarihinde yer etmi\u015f olan ama Ermenilerle G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc payla\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0Mxargrjeli (Uzun kollular)<\/em>ya da\u00a0Zaxarid (Zekerial\u0131lar)<\/em>\u00a0olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenli hanedand\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Minorsky, \u015eeddadi K\u00fcrtleri ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bu\u00a0K\u00fcrt k\u00f6kenli Mxargrdzelilere<\/em>\u00a0ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fc krali\u00e7esi Tamar\u2019\u0131n zaferlerinin her \u015feyden \u00f6nce Zakare ve \u0130wane adl\u0131 komutanlar sayesinde oldu\u011funu yazan Minorsky, do\u011frulu\u011fu i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sebebin oldu\u011fu geleneksel bir anlat\u0131ma g\u00f6re onlar\u0131n atalar\u0131 Mezopotamya K\u00fcrtleriydi,\u00a0Babirakan (Bapirekan)<\/em>\u00a0a\u015firetindendi der. Ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da ilk atalar\u0131, Xusro (Husrev) diye biri bilinir. Xusro\u2019nun Sergis ve Kerim ad\u0131nda iki o\u011flu vard\u0131. Sergis K\u00fcrt ailede M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 terk ederek Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7en ve muhtemelen bundan sonra Sergis ad\u0131n\u0131 alan ilk insand\u0131.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n
Ermeni kronik\u00f6r\u00fc Vardan Areweltsi, de \u0130wane ve Zakare (Zekeria) adl\u0131 iki mute\u015fem prensten bahseder, bunlar\u0131n 1186 y\u0131l\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda Tsararak (\u00c7ararak) \u015fehrinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir ve haklar\u0131nda \u015fu bilgileri verir:\u00a0Sergis ve Zakare (Zekeria) ad\u0131ndaki iki muhte\u015fem prens, Sergis\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131yd\u0131. O da Vahram\u2019\u0131n, o da (1.) Zakare\u2019nin, o da K\u00fcrt kavminden olan Sergis\u2019in, o da Xusro\u2019nun o\u011fluydu.<\/em><\/p>\n
Araweltsi\u2019ye g\u00f6re, Xusro\u2019nun o\u011flu ve Kerim\u2019in karde\u015fi olan bu birinci\u00a0Sergis ve adamlar\u0131 Hristiyan dinine ge\u00e7erek onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. Xo\u015forni ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeleri i\u00e7in kendilerine m\u00fclk olarak verildi. \u00c7ok cesur bir halk olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in her g\u00fcn \u015fan, \u015feref ve stat\u00fc elde ettiler, makamlar\u0131 y\u00fcceldi. Ailenin birinci d\u00f6nemi Ermenistan\u2019da ge\u00e7ti. On birinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda Lori (Ta\u015fir) Ermeni krallar\u0131n\u0131n hizmetlerinde bulundular. Ancak Ermenistan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrk sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geri \u00e7ekilince G\u00fcrcistan yay\u0131lma f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulup Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc hakimiyeti alt\u0131na ald\u0131 bir imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/em><\/p>\n
Mxargrjeliler kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde bir hanedanl\u0131k kurdular ve 1089 y\u0131l\u0131nda krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle, Krali\u00e7e Tamar d\u00f6neminde G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131lar, 1201\u2019den itibaren de G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin orta ve kuzey Ermenistan\u2019daki vasallar\u0131 ve ordunun ba\u015f kumandalar\u0131 (generalleri) haline geldiler. Araweltsi\u2019nin adlar\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri Zakare ve \u0130wane adl\u0131 hanedan y\u00f6neticileri imparatorluk divan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revlere y\u00fckseldiler, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n elde etti\u011fi zaferlerde ve geni\u015flemesinde \u00f6nemli roller \u00fcstlendiler.<\/p>\n
Bunlar\u0131n emrindeki G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordusu, 1200 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren b\u00f6lgenin pek \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck M\u00fcsl\u00fcman emirliklerine boyun e\u011fdirdi kendi y\u00f6netimlerini onlara kabul ettirdi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tarih\u00e7iler \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusundaki Horasan\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7lerine kadar yay\u0131lan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019dan dolay\u0131 endi\u015felerini dile getirdiler. Tarih\u00e7i Cuveyni, yak\u0131nda G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin Ba\u011fdat\u2019a bile ula\u015fabilecekleri ve oradaki Halifeyi Hristiyan ke\u015fi\u015fle de\u011fi\u015ftirebilecekleri, camileri kiliselere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilecekleri korkusunu dile getirdi.<\/p>\n
General \u0130wane G\u00fcrcistan\u2019dan g\u00fcneye do\u011fru da olduk\u00e7a ilerledi ve 1210 y\u0131l\u0131nda, daha \u00f6nceleri Eyyubilerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan ve Selahaddin Eyyubi\u2019nin karde\u015fi o\u011flu Melik Evhad taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Ahlat\u2019a sald\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak \u00e7ok \u015fans\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde at\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015ferek Ahlat K\u00fcrtleri taraf\u0131ndan esir al\u0131nd\u0131. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kazanmak i\u00e7in k\u0131z\u0131 Tamta\u2019n\u0131n Melik Evhad\u2019le evlenmesine, daha \u00f6nce ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi pek \u00e7ok M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kalesini geri vermeye, 100 bin dinar tazminat \u00f6demeye ve be\u015f bin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman sava\u015f esirini serbest b\u0131rakmaya raz\u0131 oldu. Serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Mxargrjeliler hanedan\u0131 bundan sonra da G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck roller \u00fcstlenmeye devam etti.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece O\u011fuzlar\u0131n\/T\u00fcrkmenlerin Azerbaycan, Ermenistan, G\u00fcrcistan ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da \u00f6nceleri gaza ve talanlarla ba\u015flayan, sonra istila ve fetihlerle \u015fekillenen, giderek \u00fcst egemenlik konumlar\u0131yla zirveye ula\u015fan varl\u0131klar\u0131, iki y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fsa da buradaki K\u00fcrt, Fars, Ermeni, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Rum ve Arap n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 da varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ya da tam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye devam ettiler. Sava\u015flar, talanlar, esir ticareti hep var olmaya devam etti. Bu esirler daha \u00e7ok gayri-M\u00fcslimlerden olmakla beraber, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan da olabildi.<\/p>\n
Murad Ciwan-Bitlisname.com<\/strong><\/p>\n
[1]<\/a>\u00a0DI ansiklopdisi.<\/p>\n
[2]<\/a>\u00a0S\u00fcmer, Faruk;\u00a0Sel\u00e7uklular Devrinde Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk Beylikleri, TTK Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara 1990<\/em>\u00a0s. 53.<\/p>\n
[3]<\/a>\u00a0Robert H. Hewsen;\u00a0Armenia: A Historical Atlas,<\/em>\u00a0s. 129.<\/p>\n
[4]<\/a>\u00a0Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt. Ancak bi z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 sadece hanedan\u0131n etnik k\u00f6keniyle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in bu t\u00fcr farkl\u0131 bilgiler \u00fczerinde durmayaca\u011f\u0131z. M. Ciwan<\/p>\n
[5]<\/a>\u00a0(Di\u011fer tarih\u00e7ilerde Kutbeddin\/Qutbeddin M. C.). Asl\u0131nda esas ismi \u0130smail\u2019dir. Kutbeddin sonradan verilmi\u015f bir s\u0131fatt\u0131r. Bu s\u0131fat da genellikle \u2018Qutb\u00fc\u2019d-Devle ve Din\u2019 bi\u00e7iminde verilirdi. Muhtemelen burada da esas s\u0131fat budur.<\/p>\n
[6]<\/a>\u00a0M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 Ahmet bin Lutf\u00fcllah, Camiu\u2019d-D\u00fcvvel; Sel\u00e7uklular Tarihi, Yay\u0131nlayan Do\u00e7, Dr. Ali \u00d6ng\u00fcl, Akademi Kitabevi \u0130zmir 2001, c. 2. s. 217-226, ve ayn\u0131 kitab\u0131n ekindeki Arap\u00e7a b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ilgili yerleri.<\/p>\n
[7]<\/a>\u00a0Age, ayn\u0131 yer.<\/p>\n
[8]<\/a>\u00a0Age, c 1, giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/p>\n