Samuel Noah Kramer\u2019in (1897-1990) Tarih Sumer\u2019de Ba\u015flar kitab\u0131, 1990\u2019da Ankara\u2019da, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n ilk bask\u0131s\u0131, 1956\u2019da Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Sumerler, M.\u00d6. 4000 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019de yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda ise M.\u00d6. 12000 y\u0131l\u0131na tarihlenen ibadethaneler, tap\u0131naklar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6bekli Tepe Urfa ilinin 22 km Kuzeydo\u011fu\u2019sunda Herabresk K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019ndedir. Y\u00f6re halk\u0131 bu tepeye Gir\u00ea Mirazan\u00a0 (Umutlar Tepesi, Dilekler Tepesi) demektedir. Bu, y\u00f6re halk\u0131n\u0131n bu tepeden haberdar\u00a0 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Bu tepenin alt\u0131nda, K\u00fcrd Tarihini, \u00a0Ortado\u011fu tarihini ve insanl\u0131k \u00a0tarihinin yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek ne gibi hazineler oldu\u011fundan do\u011fal olarak haberdar de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6bekli Tepe 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alman arkeolog Prof. Dr. Klaus Schmidt (1953-2014) ve ekibi taraf\u0131ndan kaz\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak, bir\u00e7ok yap\u0131dan olu\u015fan devasa bir ibadethane, tap\u0131nak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131lar M.\u00d6. 12000\u2019e tarihlenmektedir.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcrd arkeolog Cemal \u00d6z\u00e7elik\u2019in\u2019 (d. 1966, Mardin\/ Derik)\u00a0 G\u00f6bekli Tepe kaz\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u015fimdiye kadar iki cildi yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fcrd arkeolog Cemal \u00d6z\u00e7elik, 20 Temmuz 2020\u2019de, Serpil G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e verdi\u011fi bir r\u00f6portajda,\u00a0 bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n be\u015f cildi bulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da belirtilen iki cilt \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
G\u00f6bekli Tepe,\u00a0 \u00d6teki D\u00fcnyaya A\u00e7\u0131lan Kap\u0131n\u0131n \u015eifreleri, Birinci Kitap, Nas Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Nisan 2018, 490 s.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6bekli Tepe (Kozmik Do\u011fu\u015f,\u00a0 Kutsal Evlilik ve \u00d6l\u00fcmden Dirili\u015fe) \u0130kinci Kitap,\u00a0 Kalkedon Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,\u00a0 Ekim 2020, 472 s.<\/p>\n
Bunlar b\u00fcy\u00fckboy kitaplard\u0131r. Kitaplarda bol bol, G\u00f6bekli Tepe kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda elde edilen buluntular\u0131n foto\u011fraflar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bilim insan\u0131 Cemal \u00d6z\u00e7elik, arkeoloji tahsilini, \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de Bern \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00d6nasya Arkeolojisi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek lisans\u0131n\u0131 da ayn\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcrd arkeolog Cemal \u00d6z\u00e7elik, Alman arkeolog Klaus Schmidt hakk\u0131nda da bilgi vermektedir. Yukar\u0131da belirtilen r\u00f6portaj\u0131nda, Klaus Schmidt\u2019in, G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi yapanlar\u0131n etnik kimli\u011fi \u00fczerine kendisine sorulan bir soruya kar\u015f\u0131, \u2018\u015fu anda b\u00f6lgede kim ya\u015f\u0131yorsa, G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019yi onlar in\u015fa ettiler\u2019 \u00a0dedi\u011fini dile getirmektedir.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcrd arkeolog Cemal \u00d6z\u00e7elik, G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019de \u015fimdiye kadar yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar\u0131n, yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken kaz\u0131lar\u0131n onda birini bile bulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Dedekt\u00f6rlerle yap\u0131lan aramalarda, yerin alt katmanlar\u0131na inilmesinin gerekleri \u00fczerinde durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan ve Cemal \u00d6z\u00e7elik\u2019in yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra,\u00a0 Mehmet Akyol, (d. 1954,Diyarbak\u0131r\/Lice\/Derqam)\u00a0Tarih Yukar\u0131 Mezopotamya\u2019da Ba\u015flar,\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir kitap yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Nas Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Aral\u0131k 2011,\u00a0 181 s. ) Nas Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 sahibi, Cemal \u00d6z\u00e7elik\u2019in birinci kitab\u0131na, Yay\u0131nevinin Notu ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Mehmet Akyol\u2019un bug\u00fcn aram\u0131zda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. (s.4)<\/p>\n G\u00f6bekli Tepe kaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce,\u00a0 K\u00fcrdistan b\u00f6lgesinde ba\u015fka kaz\u0131lar da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hallan \u00c7em\u00ee, (Diyarbak\u0131r),\u00a0 Neval\u00ea \u00c7or\u00ee, (Viran\u015fehir),\u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc (Ergani) bunlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bunlar da M.\u00d6. 8000\u2019e, 7000\u2019e tarihlenmektedir. Rahmetli, \u00a0Cem\u015fid Bender hoca (1927-2008) \u00e7e\u015fitli yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ve K\u00fcrt Tarihi ve Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131nda bunlardan \u00e7ok s\u00f6z ederdi.<\/p>\n Tarih Sumer\u2019de Ba\u015flar \u00f6nermesi, yaz\u0131n\u0131n icad\u0131yla, yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihle ilgilidir. Halbuki yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihten \u00f6nce de tarih vard\u0131r. Buna k\u0131saca insanl\u0131k tarihi diyebiliriz. G\u00f6bekli Tepe kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, Hallan \u00c7em\u00ee kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda, Neval\u00ea \u00c7ori ve \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunan, tap\u0131naklar, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famla ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli aletler, edevat,\u00a0 insanl\u0131k tarihiyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n Avusturyal\u0131 bir arkeolog ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olan Ferdinand Hennenbirchler K\u00fcrdlerin K\u00f6keni ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda, K\u00fcrdlerin, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019nun, Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun, \u00d6nasya\u2019n\u0131n otokton bir halk\u0131 oldu\u011funu, tarihlerinin M.\u00d6.\u00a0 15000\u2019e kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun M.\u00d6. 50000\u2019e\u00a0 kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6bekli Tepe bunun \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. K\u00fcrdlerin k\u00f6keni incelenirken,\u00a0 \u2018K\u00fcrdler b\u00f6lgeye Kuzeyden geldi\u2019 \u2018 K\u00fcrdler Do\u011fudan gelip b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fti\u2019 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bu kak\u0131mdan ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, K\u00fcrdler Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0 otokton bir halk\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Asurlar\/S\u00fcryaniler, Araplar, Farslar Ermeniler de b\u00f6lgenin otokton halklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Ermeniler, b\u00f6lgeye Balkanlar ve Trakya ve bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinden \u00e7ok sonra gelmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Tarihin \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaman, uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n daha \u00e7ok nehir k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, do\u011fdu\u011funu geli\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.\u00a0 Yerle\u015fik olmak, k\u00f6yler \u015fehirler kurmak,\u00a0 hayvanlar\u0131 evcille\u015ftirmek,\u00a0 tar\u0131msal faaliyetleri geli\u015ftirerek art\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn ortaya koymak ticareti ba\u015flatmak,\u00a0 uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 kurman\u0131 geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flaman\u0131n \u00f6nemli ko\u015fullar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019de Sar\u0131 Nehir, Mavi Nehir, Hindistan\u2019da Ganj Vadisi, \u0130nd\u00fcs Vadisi, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Nil, Mezopotamya\u2019da Dicle-F\u0131rat havzas\u0131 bu bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok elveri\u015fli alanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dicle-F\u0131rat Havzas\u0131, Kuzey Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk geli\u015fti\u011fi alanlard\u0131r. \u00d6nasya Arkeolojisin \u2019de Halaf k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden,\u00a0 Obeyd k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden, Karaz veya Kuru-Aras k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Halaf k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, ad\u0131n\u0131,\u00a0\u00a0 Kuzeybat\u0131 K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da, Rojava\u2019daki Tell Halaf \u015fehrinde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lardan almaktad\u0131r. Elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler M. \u00d6. 6000 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenmektedir. Obeyd K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, ad\u0131n\u0131, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde, Obeyd b\u00f6lgesinde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lardan almaktad\u0131r. \u00dcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler, M.\u00d6. 5000\u2019lere tarihlenmektedir. Karaz veya Kuru-Aras k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, ad\u0131n\u0131, Erzurum\u2019da merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 Karaz k\u00f6y\u00fcnden almaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn buralar, Kuzey Mezopotamya b\u00f6lgeleridir.<\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n K\u00fcrdlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafyan\u0131n, Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunmas\u0131, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019nun, Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun, \u00d6nasya\u2019n\u0131n tam ortas\u0131nda olmas\u0131, K\u00fcrdler ve K\u00fcrdistan i\u00e7in \u00e7ok olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n K\u00fcrdler, Makedonyal\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender d\u00f6neminde \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130skender (M.\u00d6. 356-323) ordular\u0131n Hindistan\u2019a do\u011fru ko\u015ftururken, gidi\u015fte ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fte K\u00fcrdlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlardan ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Pers \u0130mparatoru III. Dareios\u2019la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Hewler (Erbil) y\u00f6resinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. M.\u00d6 334\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen sava\u015f\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender kazanm\u0131\u015f, Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender bu d\u00f6nemde, K\u00fcrdlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgelerini yakt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Maddi varl\u0131klar\u0131n tahrip etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130slam, K\u00fcrdlere k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 zoruyla kabul ettirilmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcrdistan, \u0130kinci Halife \u00d6mer devrinde (634-644) fethedilmi\u015ftir. \u0130slam\u0131 kabul etmeyen, kendi dinlerini, inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015famak isteyen K\u00fcrdler \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131larla zul\u00fcmlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Arap\u00e7a\u2019dan ba\u015fka dil konu\u015fanlar\u0131n dillerinin ucu kesilmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcrdlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131 yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitaplarla, belgelerle dolu k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle denmektedir.\u00a0 \u2018E\u011fer bu kitaplarda, belgelerde yaz\u0131lanlar Kur\u2019an\u2019a uyuyorsa,\u00a0 Ku\u2019ran vard\u0131r, bunlara gerek yoktur, Kur\u2019an\u2019a uymuyorsa zaten yak\u0131lmalar\u0131 gerekir<\/em>.\u2019 (Ethem Xemgin,\u00a0K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da Dini \u0130nan\u00e7lar ve Etkileri,\u00a0<\/em>Melsa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1992 \u0130stanbul, s. 130-131)<\/p>\n Onbirinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci \u00e7eyre\u011finde ba\u015flayan O\u011fuz ak\u0131nlar\u0131, On\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015flanan Mo\u011fol sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 da K\u00fcrdler\u2019e\/K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a \u00e7ok kaybettirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130lk \u00e7a\u011flarda Pers-Yunan sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da Sasani-Bizans \u00e7eki\u015fmelerinin, sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, yeni \u00e7a\u011flarda Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrdistan topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi, her zaman K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n K\u00fcrdlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar, Kuzey Mezopotamya, \u00d6nasya arkeolojisi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok elveri\u015fli \u00e7ok zengin alanlard\u0131r. Ama \u00f6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye bu alanlarda kaz\u0131 yapmak isteyenlere, kaz\u0131 i\u00e7in izin verirken \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli baz\u0131 \u015fartlar ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Kaz\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde elde edilen buluntular\u0131n K\u00fcrdlerle ilintile\u015ftirilmemesi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ko\u015ful olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Aksi halde kaz\u0131 ruhsat\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilece\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Benzer ko\u015fullar\u0131, \u0130ran, Irak, Suriye gibi devletler taraf\u0131ndan da dile getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7i Prof. Dr.\u00a0\u00a0Am\u00ealie Kuhrt<\/em>, Eski \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu (M.\u00d6. 300-330) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda bu konu ile ilgili olarak, \u201cZa\u011froslardan ba\u015flay\u0131p, Toroslar\u0131n g\u00fcneyinden Akdeniz\u2019e kadar uzanan hatta, s\u00fcrekli olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren, Arap olmayan, Fars olmayan bir halk\u2026\u201d tan s\u00f6z etmektedir.\u00a0Am\u00ealie Kuhrt\u2019un\u00a0<\/em>K\u00fcrdlerden bahsetti\u011fi halde ad\u0131n\u0131 anmamas\u0131, bu halk\u0131n K\u00fcrdler olu\u011funu s\u00f6ylememesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Halbuki \u00f6rne\u011fin Ksenofon, Anabasis, Onbinlerin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, uzun uzun Karduklardan, Ermenilerden s\u00f6z etmektedir.\u00a0 (M. \u00d6. 400-300 y\u0131llar\u0131)<\/p>\n Eski \u00c7a\u011flarda, Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019da ya\u015fayan, Hurriler, Gutiler, Kassitler, Nairiler, Subariler, Mitanniler, Medler\u2026 K\u00fcrdlerin atalar\u0131 olan halklard\u0131r. Bunlar birbirlerini takip eden y\u00f6netim birimleri de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitle alanlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halklard\u0131r. Urartular\u0131 da bu halklar aras\u0131nda saymak gerekir. K\u00fcrdlerin bu halklar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla olu\u015ftu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n Kabaca, Gutilerin Za\u011froslar\u2019da, Kassitlerin Hewraman b\u00f6lgesinde, Nairilerin Vang\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresinde, Kafkasya\u2019da, Mitannilerin Samsat, Ad\u0131yaman taraflar\u0131nda, Hurrilerin Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n her alan\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Subariler bug\u00fcn Zebariler olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Zebariler b\u00f6lgesi Barzan\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Ho\u015fyar Zebari, Irak\u2019ta Maliye Bakan\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde, Zabarilerin, Subarilerden geldi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Heredot Tarihi ise\u00a0 Med-Pers ili\u015fkilerinin, Pers-Yunan sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n tarihidir.<\/p>\n K\u00fcrdlerin\/K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 K\u00fcrdlere \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r darbeler vurmu\u015ftur. Bu K\u00fcrdlerde, bir insan\u0131n iskeletinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, beyninin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi bir etki yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Evin \u00c7i\u00e7ek, Kemalizm ve K\u00fcrd Ulusal Sorunu II \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, (Sitav Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Eyl\u00fcl 2021) bu durunu \u015fu \u015fekilde dillendirmektedir:\u00a0\u00a0\u201cSava\u015f, K\u00fcrdler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok iyi bilinen, tan\u0131nan, Osmanl\u0131, Pers, Rus, \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ordular\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. Tarih bizden yana olmad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tarihimizi i\u015fgalciler yazd\u0131.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(s. 11)<\/p>\n Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Evin \u00c7i\u00e7ek, Osmanl\u0131, Pers, Rus, \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z\u2026 derken Arap demeyi unutmu\u015f. 640 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, \u0130kinci Halife \u00d6mer devrinde, Arap ordular\u0131n\u0131n, K\u00fcrdlere nas\u0131l muamele etti\u011fi bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yukardaki bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n Alman Filozof Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831) uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 devletler yarat\u0131r der. Devletsiz halklar\u0131n uygarl\u0131k yaratmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular. \u00c7ok anlaml\u0131 bir s\u00f6z. E\u011fer bir devletiniz yoksa, uygarl\u0131k yaratmak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, bir m\u00fcze bile kuramazs\u0131n\u0131z. Mezarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 bile koruyamazs\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n Samuel Noah Kramer\u2019in (1897-1990) Tarih Sumer\u2019de Ba\u015flar kitab\u0131, 1990\u2019da Ankara\u2019da, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n ilk bask\u0131s\u0131, 1956\u2019da Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Sumerler, M.\u00d6. 4000 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde G\u00f6bekli Tepe\u2019de yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda ise M.\u00d6. 12000 y\u0131l\u0131na tarihlenen ibadethaneler, tap\u0131naklar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6bekli Tepe Urfa ilinin 22 km Kuzeydo\u011fu\u2019sunda Herabresk K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019ndedir. Y\u00f6re halk\u0131 bu tepeye …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":22120,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5371],"tags":[5923,2203,5922,2845,137,963,117,4743],"class_list":["post-22119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-alinti-yazilar","tag-gire-mirazan","tag-gobeklitepe","tag-harabresk","tag-ismail-besikci","tag-kurt","tag-kurt-tarihi","tag-kurtler","tag-urfa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22119"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22119\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/22120"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\u0130smail Be\u015fikci-Kovara B\u00eer<\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"