{"id":21798,"date":"2020-10-28T19:26:13","date_gmt":"2020-10-28T16:26:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=21798"},"modified":"2020-10-28T19:26:13","modified_gmt":"2020-10-28T16:26:13","slug":"cermik-beyleri-3-tasfiye-sureci-ve-tanzimat-fermani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=21798","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ERM\u0130K BEYLER\u0130 – 3: TASF\u0130YE S\u00dcREC\u0130 VE TANZ\u0130MAT FERMANI"},"content":{"rendered":"
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I. Mahmut’un merkezi y\u00f6netimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in 1836 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni d\u00fczenlemelere gitmesi, askeri ama\u00e7larla yeni eyaletler kurularak \u00fcst r\u00fctbeli subaylar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fir olarak atamaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile \u00c7ermik’te de durum de\u011fi\u015fir. (M\u00fclk\u00ee amirler i\u00e7in pa\u015fa, askeri amirler i\u00e7in yani ordu komutanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u015fir \u00fcnvan\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra daha do\u011frusu 26 Kas\u0131m 1934 tarihinden itibaren bu \u00fcnvan yerine mare\u015fal \u00fcnvan\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) \u0130lk etapta alt\u0131 m\u00fc\u015firlik yani komutanl\u0131k olu\u015fturulur ve Diyarbak\u0131r, Sivas M\u00fc\u015firli\u011fi\u2019ne ba\u011flan\u0131r. 1838 tarihinde Diyarbak\u0131r m\u00fc\u015firli\u011fi kurulur.[1]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00fc\u015firliklerin kurulmas\u0131 ile Beylerin tasfiye s\u00fcreci de fiilen ba\u015flar. Fakat bu uygulamalar ta\u015frada ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmaz. Beylerin tamamen tasfiye edilmeleri ancak Tanzimat’tan sonra olur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali’nin ulus-devlet bilincini tetiklemesi, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu tedirgin edip baz\u0131 \u00f6nlemler almas\u0131na neden olur. Bu y\u00fczden Tanzimat’\u0131n ilan\u0131 ile b\u00fct\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\u201d bilinci ile bir arada tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilir.[2]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ama\u00e7; Gayri-m\u00fcslimlerin de y\u00f6netimde s\u00f6z sahibi olmas\u0131 ile milliyet\u00e7i duygudan s\u0131yr\u0131lmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer ama\u00e7 ise; eyalet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n daralt\u0131l\u0131p daha rahat y\u00f6netilmek istenmesidir. Bu kapsamda baz\u0131 sancaklar do\u011frudan idari birim olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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1839\u2019da ilan edilen Tanzimat Ferman\u0131, 1845\u2019ten itibaren Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu da i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgede y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer (Diyarbak\u0131r ve Erzurum 1845’de, Hakk\u00e2ri\u2019de 1849\u2019da) ve 1845 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar idareyi elinde tuttan \u00c7ermik Beyleri, Tanzimat’tan sonra birlik idaresi kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p vilayet kurulunca tamamen i\u015flevsiz b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rlar. Elinde bulundurduklar\u0131 topraklar\u0131n geliri ellerinden al\u0131n\u0131r ve topraklar\u0131 al\u0131nan bu beylere yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131 ba\u011flan\u0131r. Baz\u0131 yerlerdeki Beylere ise kaza m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc verilir.[3]<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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Yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k maa\u015f tahsilinde \u015f\u00f6yle bir yol izlenir:<\/span><\/div>\n
“Yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k olarak idare edilen b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6\u015f\u00fcr d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi has\u0131lat\u0131 tespit edilir, bunun yar\u0131s\u0131 hazineye al\u0131n\u0131r, kalan yar\u0131s\u0131 da yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k sahibi ya da miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 kim veya kimler ise onlar aras\u0131nda ayl\u0131\u011fa b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00f6denirdi. Bu ki\u015filerin nesilleri kesildi\u011finde s\u00f6z konusu maa\u015f hazineye irad kaydedilirdi.”\u00a0<\/i>[4]<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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Bu karara itiraz edip isyan edebilecek olan baz\u0131 yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k beyleri ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet sancaklar\u0131n\u0131 idare eden beyler s\u00fcrg\u00fcne bile g\u00f6nderilir. Mesela Mu\u015f Hizanl\u0131 \u015eerafeddin Bey ailesi ile birlikte Erzurum’a s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Palu Beyleri’nden Hac\u0131 Temur Bey, bizzat \u0130stanbul’a gidip Abd\u00fclmecid ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve bu haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile getirmi\u015f ve m\u00fczakere etmi\u015ftir. Bu m\u00fczakere sonucunda Palu Beyleri’nin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda bulunan topraklar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri hazineye di\u011fer kalan \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi ise Palu Beylerine verilmi\u015ftir. Bu anla\u015fmadan dolay\u0131 Palu Beyleri isyan etmemi\u015ftir.[5] Fakat di\u011fer K\u00fcrt Beyleri i\u00e7in durum farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Bu merkezi y\u00f6netim sistemine ge\u00e7i\u015f bir \u00e7ok K\u00fcrt beylik \u00fcyelerinin \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu ayaklanmalar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi, Botan Emirli\u011fi’nin m\u00eeri Bedirxan’\u0131n 1840’lar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayaklanmad\u0131r. Van \u0130syan\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan bu ayaklanman\u0131n arkas\u0131nda Bedirhan Bey\u2019in yan\u0131s\u0131ra; M\u00fck\u00fcs Sanca\u011f\u0131 Beyi Han Mahmut ve Hakkari Beyi Nurullah bulunmaktayd\u0131.[6]<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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Yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu ayaklanmay\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer ayaklanmalar takip etmi\u015ftir. Bu ayaklanmalar bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p asayi\u015f sa\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra ancak aral\u0131k 1847 y\u0131l\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r Eyalet Te\u015fkilat\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek, Diyarbekir Eyaleti’nin, Van-Mu\u015f-Hakkari sancaklar\u0131 ile Cizre-Botan ve Maden kazalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan K\u00fcrdistan Eyaletine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve K\u00fcrt beylerinin kaymakam olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yolu kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[7]<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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K\u00fcrdistan Eyaletine vali olarak Esat Pa\u015fa atan\u0131r fakat ayaklanmalar\u0131n sonu gelmez ve Dersim\u2019deki a\u015firetler de isyan bayra\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekerler.[8]<\/span><\/div>\n
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B\u00fcy\u00fck mirlikler ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca onlar\u0131n yerine devletin kontrol edebilece\u011fi daha zay\u0131f olan a\u011falar, \u015feyhler ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck beyler s\u00f6z sahibi olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bunu \u00c7ermik’te de g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Beyler ile A\u011falar ailesi aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 i\u015fte tam da Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n yapmak istedi\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Bu konuya daha sonra de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/span><\/div>\n
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1858 Arazi Kararnamesi ile mirlerin ve beylerin elinde olan devlet topraklar\u0131 bireylere b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r ve tahsilat i\u00e7in de art\u0131k Mal M\u00fcd\u00fcr ve Tapu M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00f6revlendirilir. G\u00fcc\u00fc olmayan ve yerel halk ile aras\u0131 iyi olmayan beyler ise \u0130stanbul H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu karara boyun e\u011fip, uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclen maa\u015fa raz\u0131 gelirler. \u00c7ermik Beyleri’nin bu karara kar\u015f\u0131 tepkilerinin nas\u0131l oldu\u011funu bilemiyoruz.<\/span><\/div>\n
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A\u011falar ile aralar\u0131ndaki husumete devletin beylerden taraf olmamas\u0131, bir nevi tasfiye edilmelerine g\u00f6z yumuldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na da geliyor. Oysa \u00c7ald\u0131ran Sava\u015f\u0131’nda bu beylerin bizzat dedeleri Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f ve as\u0131rlar boyu \u00c7ermik’i idare etmi\u015ftir. Yani Osmanl\u0131’ya ba\u011flanmadan \u00f6nce \u00f6zerk olan bu Beyler, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak Osmal\u0131’ya ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve 330 y\u0131l sonra art\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri topraklar\u0131 ellerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklarda \u00c7ermik Beyleri’nin yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131 almak i\u00e7in ba\u015f vurdu\u011funu, hatta Seyfullah Bey’in babas\u0131 Ali R\u0131za Bey’in maa\u015f ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin 28 Nisan 1873 tarihli bir yarg\u0131tay karar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/div>\n
Diyarbekir Vilayetine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00c7ermik Nahiyesinde atalar\u0131ndan kalma yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131 alabilmek i\u00e7in gerekli belgeleri g\u00f6stermesi gereken Z\u00fclfikar bey kendi a\u015firetinin \u00e7e\u015fitli zamanlarda ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 ve ileri gelenlerden pek \u00e7ok ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gibi sebeplerle istenen belgeleri izbar edememi\u015fti. Elinde sadece 1045 (1635-1636) tarihli bir berat bulunan Z\u00fclfikar Bey\u2019in iddialar\u0131 sonucu Defterhane ve Diyarbekir Vilayetinin eski kay\u0131tlar\u0131 hassas bir \u015fekilde tedkik edilmi\u015f ve maa\u015f\u0131 hak etti\u011fi tespit edilmi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece kendine ve gayet kalabal\u0131k olan maiyetine iktiza eden maa\u015f ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/i>[9]<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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Bu kararda ba\u015fka bir ipucu daha gizlidir. Mesela “ileri gelenlerden pek \u00e7ok ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi” tabiri bize A\u011falar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen be\u015f Bey’in kesinlikle 1873 tarihinden \u00f6nce \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Bu konuya daha sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Cumhuriyet’in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda y\u00f6neticiler, 1924, 1925, 1932 ve 1935 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 kanunlar ile, bu beylere 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k maa\u015flar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda arazi vererek maa\u015flar\u0131 iptal etmek yani hazine ile il\u015fkilerine kesmek i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. En son 8 Kas\u0131m 1988 tarih ve 19983 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazete\u2019de ilan edilen \u201cUygulama \u0130mk\u00e2n\u0131 Kalmam\u0131\u015f Olan Kanunlar\u0131n Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u201d ile 1932 ve 1935\u2019te kabul edilen say\u0131l\u0131 ek kanunlar tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 1845 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren – yani 143 y\u0131l sonra – hazine taraf\u0131ndan zapt edilen yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k mallar\u0131 konusu tamamen kapanm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti\u2019nin bir meselesi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[10] \u00c7ermik Beyleri\u2019nden yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131 alan en son \u00fcye, 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat eden Mehmet Hayri Bey’dir. Mehmet Hayri Bey n\u00fcfus m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olduktan sonra art\u0131k ayl\u0131k almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ondan sonra beyler ailesine mensup hi\u00e7 kimse ne yurtluk-ocakl\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131na ba\u015fvurmu\u015f ne de alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Yazar Kenan Esmer<\/strong><\/div>\n
(Bu yaz\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131_Yazar Kenan Esmer’in facebbok sayfas\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/strong><\/div>\n

Dipnotlar:<\/b>
\n[1] \u0130brahim Y\u0131lmaz\u00e7elik, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Diyarbak\u0131r eyaletinin idari yap\u0131s\u0131 ve idari te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131, S.230<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[2]M. GEN\u00c7O\u011eLU \/ \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 Karatekin \u00dcniversitesi SBE Dergisi 2(1): 29 – 50<\/span><\/div>\n
[3] Naci Kutlay, Yirmibirinci Y\u00fczy\u0131la girerken K\u00fcrtler, S. 43<\/span><\/div>\n
[4]Yakup Karata\u015f & Demet Dural Karasu, OSMANLI\u2019DAN CUMHUR\u0130YET\u2019E M\u0130RAS KALAN B\u0130R MESELE: YURTLUK-OCAKLIK VE EMLAK-\u0130 MAZBUTA MUKAB\u0130L\u0130 MAA\u015eLARIN TASF\u0130YES\u0130, Sayfa 376<\/span><\/div>\n
[5]Feyzullah Demirta\u015f, Mirdasi Hu\u0308ku\u0308mdarlar\u0131 ile Hakkari Hu\u0308ku\u0308mdarlar\u0131: Palu ve Eg\u0306il hu\u0308ku\u0308metleri ve C\u0327ermik beylig\u0306i, S.35<\/span><\/div>\n
[6] Fatih Gencer, Merkez\u00eele\u015fme Politikalar\u0131 S\u00fcrecinde Yurtluk-Ocakl\u0131k Sisteminin De\u011fi\u015fimi S.84,<\/span><\/div>\n
[7]Feyzullah Demirta\u015f, Mirdasi Hu\u0308ku\u0308mdarlar\u0131 ile Hakkari Hu\u0308ku\u0308mdarlar\u0131: Palu ve Eg\u0306il hu\u0308ku\u0308metleri ve C\u0327ermik beylig\u0306i, S.33,<\/span><\/div>\n
[8] Fatih Gencer, 19. Y\u00dcZYILIN \u0130LK YARISINDA OSMANLI DEVLET\u0130\u2019N\u0130N DERS\u0130M\u2019DE MERKEZ\u00ce OTOR\u0130TEY\u0130 KURMA \u00c7ABALARI, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi 55, 1 (2015) S. 217- 242<\/span><\/div>\n
[9](<\/i>BOA. \u015eD. 245\/32). 28 Nisan 1873 \u015eura-y\u0131 Devlet Evrak\u0131.<\/span><\/div>\n
[10]Yakup Karata\u015f & Demet Dural Karasu, OSMANLI\u2019DAN CUMHUR\u0130YET\u2019E M\u0130RAS KALAN B\u0130R MESELE: YURTLUK-OCAKLIK VE EMLAK-\u0130 MAZBUTA MUKAB\u0130L\u0130 MAA\u015eLARIN TASF\u0130YES\u0130, Sayfa 379<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I. Mahmut’un merkezi y\u00f6netimi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in 1836 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni d\u00fczenlemelere gitmesi, askeri ama\u00e7larla yeni eyaletler kurularak \u00fcst r\u00fctbeli subaylar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fir olarak atamaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile \u00c7ermik’te de durum de\u011fi\u015fir. (M\u00fclk\u00ee amirler i\u00e7in pa\u015fa, askeri amirler i\u00e7in yani ordu komutanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u015fir \u00fcnvan\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra daha do\u011frusu 26 Kas\u0131m 1934 tarihinden itibaren bu \u00fcnvan yerine …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":21800,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5371],"tags":[1616],"class_list":["post-21798","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-alinti-yazilar","tag-manset"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21798","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=21798"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21798\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/21800"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=21798"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=21798"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=21798"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}