{"id":21359,"date":"2018-11-23T08:00:35","date_gmt":"2018-11-23T05:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=21359"},"modified":"2018-11-15T15:38:50","modified_gmt":"2018-11-15T12:38:50","slug":"dr-halid-salih-kurtler-bir-halk-dort-devlet-nasil-bir-gelecek-kurtler-icin-nasil-bir-gelecek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=21359","title":{"rendered":"Dr. Halid Salih\/ K\u00fcrtler: Bir halk &#038; d\u00f6rt devlet &#038; nas\u0131l bir gelecek* K\u00fcrtler i\u00e7in nas\u0131l bir gelecek?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Giri\u015f:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ba\u015fl\u0131k yaln\u0131zca K\u00fcrtlerin d\u00f6rt devlet aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini belirterek, olas\u0131 gelecek beklentileri hakk\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve politika y\u00f6nelimli bir soru ortaya atsa da,\u00a0<em>\u201cK\u00fcrtler: Bir Halk &amp; D\u00f6rt Devlet &amp; Nas\u0131l Bir Gelecek?\u201d<\/em>\u00a0konulu bir konferans d\u00fczenlemek cesurca bir karard\u0131r. Demokratik bir toplumda b\u00f6ylesi bir konferans, gruplar, siyasi partiler aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fanmadan ya da b\u00f6yle bir konferans\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesini engelleyen g\u00fcvenlik kuvvetleri olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\u2019da (ya da T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin de ait ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019da) ise bu, ta\u00adma\u00admen fark\u00adl\u0131 bir olay ola\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131. B\u00f6y\u00adle bir et\u00adkin\u00adlik b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck bir ih\u00adti\u00admal\u00adle \u201cya\u00adsa\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131 bir ey\u00adlem,\u201d \u201ckin ve nef\u00adre\u00adtin k\u0131\u015f\u00adk\u0131r\u00adt\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131,\u201d \u201cdev\u00adle\u00adtin ve mil\u00adle\u00adtin b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcn\u00admez b\u00fc\u00adt\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc\u00adne\u201d y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc bir teh\u00addit, ya da do\u011f\u00adru\u00addan do\u011f\u00adru\u00adya si\u00adya\u00adsal d\u00fc\u00adze\u00adnin \u0130s\u00adla\u00admi kav\u00adra\u00ady\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adna y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik bir mey\u00addan oku\u00adma ola\u00adrak g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adti. E\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00adge d\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131n\u00adda bir yer\u00adde d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adlen\u00admi\u015f ol\u00adsay\u00add\u0131, b\u00f6y\u00adle bir kon\u00adfe\u00adran\u00adsa ka\u00adt\u0131\u00adlan bi\u00adrey\u00adler, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin va\u00adtan\u00adda\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ol\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 durumun\u00adda, ya da ba\u015f\u00adka dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin va\u00adtan\u00adda\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ola\u00adrak b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adye gel\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri du\u00adru\u00admun\u00adda cid\u00addi so\u00adrun\u00adlar\u00adla kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adla\u00ad\u015fa\u00adbi\u00adlir\u00adler\u00addi. \u0130\u015f\u00adte bu ba\u011f\u00adlam\u00adda mev\u00adcut ini\u00adsi\u00adya\u00adtif, ke\u00adli\u00adme\u00adnin ah\u00adla\u00adki, si\u00adya\u00adsi, d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adsel ve me\u00adde\u00adni anla\u00adm\u0131n\u00adda ce\u00adsur\u00adca bir gi\u00adri\u00ad\u015fim\u00addir (\u201cCe\u00adse\u00adrat\u201d 2004). Ulus\u00adla\u00adra\u00adra\u00ads\u0131 Me\u00adde\u00adni ve Si\u00adya\u00adsi Hak\u00adlar S\u00f6z\u00adle\u015f\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adnin bi\u00adrin\u00adci mad\u00adde\u00adsi, t\u00fcm halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ken\u00addi ka\u00adde\u00adri\u00adni ta\u00adyin et\u00adme hak\u00adk\u0131\u00adna sa\u00adhip ol\u00adduk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 be\u00adlirt\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adne ra\u011f\u00admen, si\u00adya\u00adsi d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adda \u00e7ok az kav\u00adram \u201chalk\u201d kav\u00adra\u00adm\u0131 ka\u00addar tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adl\u0131 bir kav\u00adram\u00add\u0131r. Bu hak\u00adk\u0131n ken\u00addi\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne ver\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi im\u00adk\u00e2n\u00adlar sa\u00adye\u00adsin\u00adde, halk\u00adlar ken\u00addi si\u00adya\u00adsi sta\u00adt\u00fc\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ser\u00adbest\u00ad\u00e7e be\u00adlir\u00adle\u00adyip ken\u00addi eko\u00adno\u00admik, sos\u00adyal ve k\u00fcl\u00adt\u00fc\u00adrel ge\u00adli\u00ad\u015fim\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni s\u00fcr\u00add\u00fc\u00adr\u00fcr\u00adler. \u00c7a\u011f\u00adda\u015f d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adda \u201cki\u00admin bir halk ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu\u00adna\u201d na\u00ads\u0131l ka\u00adrar ve\u00adri\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi hu\u00adsu\u00adsu\u00adnun ya\u00adsal bir pro\u00adse\u00add\u00fcr\u00add\u00fcr; ya\u00adni sub\u00adjek\u00adtif bir ken\u00addi\u00adnita\u00adn\u0131m\u00adla\u00adma, ya da ta\u00adrih\u00adsel da\u00adya\u00adnak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 olan id\u00addi\u00adalar ol\u00admak\u00adtan zi\u00adya\u00adde po\u00adli\u00adtik bir so\u00adrun ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu, hi\u00e7 de s\u0131r de\u00ad\u011fil\u00addir. Ulus\u00adla\u00adra\u00adra\u00ads\u0131 po\u00adli\u00adtik sis\u00adtem\u00adde, yaln\u0131z\u00adca dev\u00adlet h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm\u00adran\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131 el\u00adde ede\u00adbil\u00admi\u015f olan\u00adlar, ya da ken\u00addi\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne b\u00f6y\u00adle bir h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm\u00adran\u00adl\u0131k ve\u00adril\u00admi\u015f olan\u00adlar halk ola\u00adrak de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. Esa\u00adsen po\u00adli\u00adtik sta\u00adt\u00fc\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ser\u00adbest\u00ad\u00e7e be\u00adlir\u00adle\u00adme iz\u00adni yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca \u00e7ok az sa\u00ady\u0131\u00adda hal\u00adka ve\u00adril\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir (Bu\u00adnun en ya\u00adk\u0131n is\u00adtis\u00adna\u00ads\u0131 Do\u00ad\u011fu Ti\u00admor hal\u00adk\u0131\u00add\u0131r).<\/p>\n<p>BM S\u00f6z\u00adle\u015f\u00adme\u00adsi, \u201cBiz Bir\u00adle\u015f\u00admi\u015f Mil\u00adlet\u00adler Halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ola\u00adrak\u201d iba\u00adre\u00adsi\u00adni kul\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna ra\u011f\u00admen, bu \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct, isminin ima et\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin ak\u00adsi\u00adne, d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adm\u0131z\u00adda ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adyan halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve ulus\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 de\u00ad\u011fil, yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca mev\u00adcut h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm\u00adran dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adri tem\u00adsil et\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. Ne var ki, BM ku\u00adru\u00adlu\u00ad\u015fu\u00adna yol a\u00e7an si\u00adya\u00adsal \u015fid\u00adde\u00adtin bo\u00adyu\u00adtu ve on\u00adlar\u00adca y\u0131l\u00adl\u0131k dev\u00adlet\u00adler ara\u00ads\u0131 sa\u00adva\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ve i\u00e7 sa\u00adva\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ac\u0131\u00adma\u00ads\u0131z\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 dik\u00adka\u00adte al\u0131n\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u00adda, Ko\u00adfi An\u00adnan\u2019\u0131n \u015fu \u00f6ne\u00adri\u00adsi\u00adne ka\u00adt\u0131l\u00admak hi\u00e7 de zor de\u00ad\u011fil\u00addir: \u201chalk\u00adlar de\u00adyi\u00admi, tek tek her in\u00adsa\u00adn\u0131n onu\u00adru\u00adnu ve de\u00ad\u011fe\u00adri\u00adni ye\u00adni\u00adden yer\u00adli yerine otur\u00adtan, in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ve er\u00adkek\u00adler ile ka\u00add\u0131n\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n e\u015fit hak\u00adla\u00adra sa\u00adhip ol\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna say\u00adg\u0131 du\u00adyan ve yok\u00adsul\u00adluk ile kor\u00adku\u00addan uzak, da\u00adha iyi ya\u00ad\u015fam stan\u00addart\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 he\u00addef\u00adle\u00adyen, sos\u00adyal bir ge\u00adli\u00ad\u015fi\u00admi sa\u00advu\u00adnan bir de\u00adyim ola\u00adrak g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcl\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir. \u00d6y\u00adley\u00adse, son tah\u00adlil\u00adde, Bir\u00adle\u015f\u00admi\u015f Mil\u00adlet\u00adler, d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adn\u0131n her ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n umut\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 i\u00e7in var\u00add\u0131r ve on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna hiz\u00admet et\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir.\u201d (Annan 2002, 6) E\u011fer BM d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adn\u0131n her ye\u00adrin\u00adde\u00adki halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n umut\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ve ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna hiz\u00admet et\u00admek i\u00e7in var\u00adsa; ve e\u011fer \u201cd\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adn\u0131n her ye\u00adri\u00adne\u201d, say\u00adg\u0131 g\u00f6s\u00adte\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi ge\u00adre\u00adken, ken\u00addi\u00adne \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fc kim\u00adli\u00adli\u00ad\u011fiy\u00adle K\u00fcrt hal\u00adk\u0131\u00adn\u0131n da ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya da da\u00adhil\u00adse, d\u00fcn\u00adya \u00e7a\u00adp\u0131n\u00adda bir \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct ola\u00adrak BM\u2019nin d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc\u015f tar\u00adz\u0131n\u00adda ele\u015f\u00adti\u00adrel bir de\u00ad\u011fi\u015f\u00adlik ta\u00adlep eden An\u00adnan\u2019\u0131n bu \u00e7a\u011f\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri ko\u00adnu alan bu kon\u00adfe\u00adran\u00ads\u0131n k\u0131\u00adla\u00advuz il\u00adke\u00adsi ol\u00adma\u00adl\u0131\u00add\u0131r. Ann\u00adnan be\u00adla\u00adgat\u00adli bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde BM\u2019ye \u015fun\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 sa\u00adl\u0131k ve\u00adri\u00adyor\u00addu:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYap\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adm\u0131z her \u015fe\u00adyin mer\u00adke\u00adzi\u00adne in\u00adsan\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 koy\u00adma\u00adl\u0131\u00ady\u0131z. Hi\u00e7\u00adbir \u00e7a\u011f\u00adr\u0131, d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adn\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir ya\u00adn\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki kad\u0131nla\u00adr\u0131n, er\u00adkek\u00adle\u00adrin ve \u00e7o\u00adcuk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ya\u00ad\u015fam\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 da\u00adha iyi ha\u00adle ge\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni sa\u011f\u00adla\u00admak\u00adtan da\u00adha soy\u00adlu de\u011fil\u00addir ve hi\u00e7\u00adbir so\u00adrum\u00adlu\u00adluk bun\u00addan da\u00adha a\u011f\u0131r de\u00ad\u011fil\u00addir.\u201d (An\u00adnan 2002, 7) K\u00fcrt ka\u00add\u0131n\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n, erkeklerinin ve \u00e7o\u00adcuk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n da\u00adha iyi ya\u00ad\u015fam stan\u00addart\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ve yok\u00adsul\u00adluk ile kor\u00adku olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 sa\u011f\u00adla\u00admak, t\u00fcm Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019da da\u00adha iyi bir ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fin or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131k\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adc\u0131 ol\u00adma ar\u00adzu\u00adsun\u00adda olan\u00adlar i\u00e7in soy\u00adlu ve a\u011f\u0131r bir so\u00adrum\u00adlu\u00adluk ola\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adde\u00adki di\u00ad\u011fer halk\u00adlar\u00adla k\u0131\u00adyas\u00adlan\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda, yok\u00adsul\u00adluk\u00adtan ve kor\u00adku\u00addan ba\u00ad\u011f\u0131m\u00ads\u0131z ola\u00adrak ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00admak da da\u00adhil ol\u00admak \u00fcze\u00adre, K\u00fcrt\u00adler, mo\u00addern dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131k\u00adt\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 1920\u2019li y\u0131l\u00adlar\u00addan bu ya\u00adna ya\u00ad\u015fam stan\u00addart\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan e\u015fit ko\u015fullar\u00adda ol\u00adma\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r (bu\u00adnun ye\u00adga\u00adne is\u00adtis\u00adna\u00ads\u0131 Irak K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin 1992 bu ya\u00adna ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 du\u00adrum\u00addur)<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fcrt\u00adler ya \u201cd\u0131\u015f\u00adlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f bir az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k\u201d ola\u00adrak de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00admek\u00adte (Rubin 2003), ya da kur\u00adba\u00adn\u0131 su\u00e7\u00adla\u00adyan bir man\u00adt\u0131k sil\u00adsi\u00adle\u00adsiy\u00adle, bir is\u00adtik\u00adrar\u00ads\u0131z\u00adl\u0131k kay\u00adna\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ola\u00adrak g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcl\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. 1994 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00adda bir ki\u00adtap rek\u00adla\u00adm\u0131n\u00adda \u201cOr\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\u2019da d\u00f6rt ra\u00adkip dev\u00adlet ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcn\u00adm\u00fc\u015f ve 20-30 mil\u00adyon\u00adluk bir halk olan K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin, su, petrol ve ma\u00adden\u00adler ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan zen\u00adgin olan da\u011f\u00adl\u0131k bir b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adde uzun\u00adca za\u00adman\u00addan be\u00adri\u00addir istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adc\u0131 bir fak\u00adt\u00f6r ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu\u201d id\u00addia edi\u00adli\u00adyor\u00addu. (UGI 1994) Ne var ki, \u201cd\u0131\u015f\u00adlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f bir az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k\u201d ola\u00adrak, ya da \u201cis\u00adtik\u00adrar\u00ads\u0131z\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adc\u0131 bir fak\u00adt\u00f6r\u201d ola\u00adrak de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00admek, ge\u00adri\u00adde b\u0131\u00adrak\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adm\u0131z yet\u00admi\u015f sek\u00adsen y\u0131l bo\u00adyun\u00adca K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre si\u00adya\u00adsi ola\u00adrak na\u00ads\u0131l dav\u00adra\u00adn\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcz\u00adde de na\u00ads\u0131l dav\u00adra\u00adn\u0131l\u00admak\u00adta olundu\u011fu\u00adnu an\u00adla\u00admak ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan hi\u00e7 de ya\u00adba\u00adna at\u0131\u00adla\u00adcak ala\u00adka\u00ads\u0131z kav\u00adram\u00adlar de\u00ad\u011fil\u00addir. Bu kav\u00adram\u00adlar ve pers\u00adpek\u00adtif\u00adler, Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019da\u00adki dev\u00adlet\u00adler de da\u00adhil ol\u00admak \u00fcze\u00adre, mo\u00addern ama ol\u00adduk\u00ad\u00e7a mer\u00adke\u00adzi dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin elit ke\u00adsim\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ve stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ta\u00adyin et\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki stratejiler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1920\u2019li y\u0131l\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ba\u00ad\u015f\u0131n\u00adda, Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019da\u00adki im\u00adpa\u00adra\u00adtor\u00adluk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ye\u00adri\u00adni mo\u00addern mer\u00adke\u00adzi\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adri\u00adci co\u011f\u00adra\u00adfi dev\u00adlet\u00adler (ki bu dev\u00adlet\u00adler \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fu za\u00adman ya\u00adn\u0131l\u00adt\u0131\u00adc\u0131 bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde ulus-dev\u00adlet\u00adler ola\u00adrak ad\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00admaktad\u0131r) ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u00adda, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre, ken\u00addi\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne ait ola\u00adcak bir dev\u00adlet ve\u00adril\u00adme\u00addi. Bu ye\u00adni ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adlar i\u00e7in\u00adde K\u00fcrt\u00adler, T\u00fcrk, Fars ve Arap mil\u00adli\u00adyet\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin iki t\u00fc\u00adre\u00advi\u00adnin ide\u00adolo\u00adjik ha\u00adki\u00admi\u00adye\u00adti al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda kalan ye\u00adni si\u00adya\u00adsi icat\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ve ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n i\u00e7in\u00adde az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k\u00adlar ha\u00adli\u00adne gel\u00addiler. Mer\u00adke\u00adzi\u00adle\u015f\u00adme, ho\u00admo\u00adjen\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme ve de\u00adne\u00adtim do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adsun\u00adda iler\u00adle\u00adyen ide\u00adolo\u00adjik bir iti\u00adci g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adle bir\u00adlik\u00adte da\u00adya\u00adt\u0131\u00adlan bu ye\u00adni dev\u00adlet sis\u00adte\u00admi, dev\u00adlet\u00adsiz K\u00fcrt\u00adler i\u00e7in tamamen fark\u00adl\u0131 ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 da be\u00adra\u00adbe\u00adrin\u00adde ge\u00adtir\u00addi. Bu ise, s\u0131\u00adn\u0131r\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ma\u00ady\u0131n\u00adlan\u00adma\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ve as\u00adke\u00adri mu\u00adha\u00adf\u0131z\u00adlar ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan ko\u00adrun\u00adma\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 K\u00fcrt top\u00adrak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda, bir\u00adka\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u00add\u0131r h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm s\u00fc\u00adren im\u00adpa\u00adra\u00adtor\u00adluk ge\u00adle\u00adne\u00ad\u011fin\u00adde b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck bir de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fim an\u00adla\u00adm\u0131\u00adna ge\u00adli\u00adyor\u00addu. U\u00e7\u00adsuz bu\u00adcak\u00ads\u0131z Os\u00adman\u00adl\u0131 ve Fars im\u00adpa\u00adra\u00adtor\u00adluk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki di\u00ad\u011fer \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fu gurup gi\u00adbi, K\u00fcrt\u00adler de \u201cuzak\u00adtan\u201d ve d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adsiz bir im\u00adpa\u00adra\u00adtor\u00adluk de\u00adne\u00adti\u00admi\u00adne ta\u00adbiy\u00addiler; \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli s\u0131n\u0131r\u00f6te\u00adsi fa\u00adali\u00adyet\u00adler\u00adde bu\u00adlu\u00adnu\u00adyordu; im\u00adpa\u00adra\u00adtor\u00adluk a\u011f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ken\u00addi \u00e7\u0131\u00adkar\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adsun\u00adda ra\u00adhat\u00ad\u00e7a manip\u00adle edip ken\u00addi\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne uy\u00addu\u00adra\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adyor\u00adlard\u0131 ve ara\u00adl\u0131k\u00adlarla da ol\u00adsa, g\u00f6\u00adre\u00adce bel\u00adli bir ye\u00adrel \u00f6zerk\u00adli\u00ad\u011fe sa\u00adhip olu\u00adyor\u00adlar\u00add\u0131. Oy\u00adsa ye\u00adni dev\u00adlet sis\u00adte\u00admi, ta\u00adma\u00admen fark\u00adl\u0131 olan y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim ve g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik kont\u00adrol sis\u00adtem\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin da\u00adya\u00adt\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna yol a\u00e7\u00admak\u00adla kal\u00adma\u00add\u0131; ama ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda ye\u00adni si\u00adya\u00adsi ide\u00adolo\u00adji\u00adle\u00adrin ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adne de neden ol\u00addu. Ye\u00adni dev\u00adlet ide\u00adolo\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri, ken\u00addi top\u00adlum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ol\u00adduk\u00ad\u00e7a ye\u00adni bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adler\u00adde ta\u00adsav\u00advur edi\u00adyor ve radi\u00adkal ge\u00adle\u00adcek pro\u00adje\u00adle\u00adri i\u00e7e\u00adri\u00adyor\u00addu. Az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k mil\u00adli\u00adyet\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin tem\u00adsil, g\u00fc\u00e7 pay\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adm\u0131, ya da en az\u0131n\u00addan ken\u00addi var\u00adl\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ko\u00adrun\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adsun\u00adda\u00adki ta\u00adlep\u00adle\u00adri, \u201cya\u00adsa\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u201d, ge\u00adri\u00adci\u00adlik ya da ba\u00adsit\u00ad\u00e7e be\u00ad\u015fin\u00adci kuv\u00advet ve\u00adkil\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ola\u00adrak de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adri\u00adli\u00adyor\u00addu. T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, \u0130ran, Irak ve Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019de\u00adki mo\u00addern dev\u00adlet y\u00f6r\u00fcngele\u00adri, bu dev\u00adlet\u00adler\u00adden her bi\u00adri\u00adnin ora\u00adda ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adyan K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ve stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni tah\u00adlil et\u00adme\u00admi\u00adzi ve an\u00adla\u00adma\u00adm\u0131\u00adz\u0131 sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adyan te\u00admel \u00e7er\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adve\u00adler\u00addi.<\/p>\n<p>Bu top\u00adlan\u00adt\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ama\u00adc\u0131, K\u00fcrt\u00adler\u00adle il\u00adgi\u00adli ola\u00adrak ge\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adte uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adna\u00adcak ola\u00ads\u0131 po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00adlar \u00fcze\u00adrin\u00adde yo\u011funla\u015f\u00admak ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fun\u00addan, s\u00f6z ko\u00adnu\u00adsu dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre ili\u015f\u00adkin stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca bir \u00f6ze\u00adti su\u00adnu\u00adla\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adsel ola\u00adrak yurt\u00adta\u015f\u0131 ol\u00adduk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 d\u00f6rt dev\u00adlet ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adnan en yay\u00adg\u0131n stra\u00adte\u00adji, K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n ken\u00addi\u00adne has co\u011f\u00adraf\u00adya\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla bir\u00adlik\u00adte res\u00admen in\u00adk\u00e2r edil\u00adme\u00adsi\u00addir. T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, \u0130ran, Irak ve Suriye\u2019de\u00adki \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet\u00adler, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin si\u00adya\u00adsal, sos\u00adyal ve g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik gibi me\u015fru ta\u00adlep\u00adle\u00adrini in\u00adkar etmi\u015fler ve\u00adya k\u0131s\u00admen ta\u00adn\u0131n\u00adma\u00adlar\u0131n\u00adda bir\u00adbi\u00adrin\u00adden fark\u00adl\u0131 yak\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131m\u00adlar i\u00e7in\u00adde ol\u00adma\u00ady\u0131 ter\u00adcih etmi\u015flerdir. Keza b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u0131 \u0131s\u00adrar\u00adla in\u00adkar etmi\u015fler ve b\u00f6y\u00adle bir var\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131k\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 en\u00adgel\u00adle\u00admek \u00fcze\u00adre ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan gi\u00adri\u00ad\u015fim\u00adleri de, \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adle\u00adrinin ulu\u00adsal g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adriy\u00adle ilin\u00adti\u00adli g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. So\u00adnu\u00e7 ola\u00adrak K\u00fcrt\u00adler, ba\u00adr\u0131\u015f\u00ad\u00e7\u0131l d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adler de da\u00adhil ol\u00admak \u00fcze\u00adre, \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan kon\u00adsept\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ve ta\u00adsav\u00advur\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 tar\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u015fa\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adle\u00adri an\u00adlam\u00adl\u0131 imk\u00e2n\u00adlar\u00addan mah\u00adrum b\u0131\u00adra\u00adk\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ta\u00adlep\u00adle\u00adri ol\u00adduk\u00ad\u00e7a s\u0131k bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adde, ye\u00adni dev\u00adlet oto\u00adri\u00adte ve elit\u00adle\u00adri i\u00e7in, ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda \u201culu\u00adsal\u201d ko\u00adhez\u00adyo\u00adnun me\u015f\u00adru\u00adiye\u00adti (ki bu pra\u00adtik\u00adte asi\u00admi\u00adlas\u00adyon anlam\u0131\u00adna ge\u00adli\u00adyor\u00addu) i\u00e7in do\u011f\u00adru\u00addan bir mey\u00addan oku\u00adma ola\u00adrak de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. K\u00fcrt\u00adler, ye\u00adni elit\u00adle\u00adrin ken\u00addi top\u00adlum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n iz\u00adle\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri ge\u00adrek\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi\u00adni d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00add\u00fck\u00adle\u00adri yol\u00adda bir en\u00adgel ola\u00adrak g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcl\u00adm\u00fc\u015f\u00adler\u00addir; bu toplum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ne\u00adler\u00adden m\u00fc\u00adte\u00ad\u015fek\u00adkil ol\u00adduk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 hu\u00adsu\u00adsu ise g\u00f6z ar\u00add\u0131 edil\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. G\u00fc\u00e7 pay\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adm\u0131 ve kay\u00adnak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n fark\u00adl\u0131 si\u00adya\u00adsi grup\u00adlar ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda pay\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 y\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcn\u00adde\u00adki K\u00fcrt ta\u00adlep\u00adle\u00adri ve K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce\u00adle\u00adri s\u00f6z ko\u00adnu\u00adsu top\u00adlum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ho\u00admo\u00adjen ol\u00admak ye\u00adri\u00adne he\u00adte\u00adro\u00adjen, \u00e7ok ulus\u00adlu, \u00e7ok et\u00adni\u00adsi\u00adte\u00adli, \u00e7ok din\u00adli ol\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ge\u00adrek\u00adtir\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu ta\u00adlep\u00adler ve d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce\u00adler, \u201culu\u00adsal\u201d g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik, top\u00adrak b\u00fc\u00adt\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc ve dev\u00adlet h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm\u00adran\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131\u00adna, kolay\u00adca bi\u00adrer g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik he\u00adde\u00adfi ha\u00adli\u00adne gel\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. Ulus\u00adlarara\u00ads\u0131 plan\u00adda ta\u00adn\u0131\u00adna\u00adbi\u00adlen bu t\u00fcr ge\u00adrek\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adler, \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fu za\u00adman \u0131l\u0131m\u00adl\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ele\u015f\u00adti\u00adri\u00adler kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda bi\u00adle et\u00adki\u00adli ko\u00adru\u00adma y\u00f6n\u00adtem\u00adle\u00adri ola\u00adrak kul\u00adla\u00adn\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bir K\u00fcrt vi\u00adla\u00adye\u00adti\u00adnin var\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019da res\u00admen ka\u00adbul edi\u00adlir\u00adken, bu vi\u00adla\u00adyet o \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adde\u00adki K\u00fcrt b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi\u00adnin yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca se\u00adkiz\u00adde bi\u00adri\u00adne te\u00adka\u00adb\u00fcl et\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir (Rubin 2003, 296). Irak\u2019ta ise 1958 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00adda ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adci ana\u00adya\u00adsa Arap\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131\u00adra K\u00fcrt mil\u00adli\u00adye\u00adti\u00adni de ka\u00adbul edi\u00adyor\u00addu; fa\u00adkat 1974 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00adda bir K\u00fcrt \u00d6zerk B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi\u00adnin ku\u00adrul\u00adma\u00ads\u0131, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin bek\u00adlen\u00adti\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adla\u00adma\u00add\u0131 ve o d\u00f6\u00adnem\u00adde ik\u00adti\u00addar\u00adda olan Ba\u00adas\u00ad\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet ile K\u00fcrt\u00adler ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ye\u00adni bir as\u00adke\u00adri \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma dal\u00adga\u00ads\u0131\u00adna yol a\u00e7\u00adt\u0131. Ya\u00adk\u0131n bir za\u00adma\u00adna ka\u00addar, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye Cum\u00adhu\u00adri\u00adye\u00adtin\u00adde K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ve K\u00fcrt di\u00adli\u00adnin var\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131n in\u00adka\u00adr\u0131, po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00adc\u0131\u00adlar, or\u00addu, g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik ve si\u00advil b\u00fc\u00adrok\u00adra\u00adsi ve ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda med\u00adya ve s\u0131\u00adra\u00addan va\u00adtan\u00adda\u015f\u00adlar ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan ade\u00adta ri\u00adt\u00fc\u00adel ha\u00adli\u00adne gel\u00admi\u015f la\u00adik bir na\u00adka\u00adrat ola\u00adrak tek\u00adrar\u00adla\u00adn\u0131\u00adyor\u00addu. Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019de ise K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre h\u00e2l\u00e2 her\u00adhan\u00adgi bir si\u00adya\u00adsal, le\u00adgal ve sos\u00adyal hak\u00adk\u0131 ol\u00adma\u00adyan \u201cmi\u00adsa\u00adfir\u00adler\u201d ola\u00adrak dav\u00adra\u00adn\u0131l\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. \u00a0As\u00adke\u00adri \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adler, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, \u0130ran, Irak ve Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019de\u00adki dev\u00adlet elit\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin be\u00adnim\u00adse\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi ve ken\u00addi \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin kay\u00adnak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 tah\u00adsis et\u00adtik\u00adle\u00adri ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131\u00adca y\u00f6n\u00adtem\u00adler ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Irak\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik as\u00adke\u00adri sal\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcn\u00adya ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan iyi bi\u00adli\u00adnir\u00adken, T\u00fcrk or\u00addu\u00adsu \u201cK\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019\u0131n de\u00adne\u00adtim al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda tu\u00adtul\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ken\u00addi\u00adsi\u00adnin ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131\u00adca i\u015f\u00adle\u00advi ve var\u00adl\u0131k ne\u00adde\u00adni ola\u00adrak g\u00f6r\u00adm\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fcr. T\u00fcrk or\u00addu\u00adsu\u00adnun 1924 ile 1938 y\u0131l\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki 18 as\u00adke\u00adri fa\u00adali\u00adye\u00adtin\u00adden yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca bir ta\u00adne\u00adsi K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131n\u00adda ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. 1945 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00addan son\u00adra ise, 1949-52 y\u0131l\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki Ko\u00adre sa\u00adva\u00ad\u015f\u0131 ve 1974 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki K\u0131b\u00adr\u0131s i\u015f\u00adga\u00adli ha\u00adri\u00e7, T\u00fcrk or\u00addu\u00adsu\u00adnun t\u00fcm ope\u00adras\u00adyon\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131 ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir\u201d (McDowall 2000, 198).<\/p>\n<p>Ge\u00adnel ola\u00adrak ko\u00adnu\u015f\u00admak ge\u00adre\u00adkir\u00adse, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, \u0130ran, Irak ve Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019de\u00adki dev\u00adlet elit\u00adle\u00adri ge\u00e7\u00admi\u015f\u00adte or\u00adta\u00addan kal\u00add\u0131r\u00adma ve y\u00f6\u00adnet\u00adme stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri gi\u00adbi un\u00adsur\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 bir\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00admi\u015f\u00adler\u00addir<sup>1<\/sup>. K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019\u0131n ve K\u00fcrt di\u00adli\u00adnin var\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131n in\u00adkar edil\u00adme\u00adsi ve\u00adya k\u0131s\u00admen ta\u00adn\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna ek ola\u00adrak, soy\u00adk\u0131\u00adr\u0131m kam\u00adpan\u00adya\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, kit\u00adle\u00adsel zo\u00adrun\u00adlu g\u00f6\u00e7, s\u00fcr\u00adg\u00fcn, si\u00adya\u00adsal ho\u00admo\u00adjen\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme ve asi\u00admi\u00adlas\u00adyon, bas\u00adk\u0131\u00adc\u0131 y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim ve g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik sis\u00adtem\u00adle\u00adri ve y\u00fc\u00adzey\u00adsel \u00f6zerk\u00adlik d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri, bu \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler\u00adde pe\u015f pe\u00ad\u015fe ik\u00adti\u00adda\u00adra ge\u00adlen h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet\u00adle\u00adrin K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131 kul\u00adlan\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131\u00adca y\u00f6n\u00adtem\u00adler ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Bu\u00adnun bir so\u00adnu\u00adcu ola\u00adrak da, kit\u00adle\u00adsel zo\u00adrun\u00adlu i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00adler, k\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adrin ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fe\u00adhir\u00adle\u00adrin y\u0131\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131, dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin ve top\u00adlum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n as\u00adke\u00adri\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi, si\u00adya\u00adsi par\u00adti\u00adle\u00adrin bas\u00adk\u0131 al\u00adt\u0131\u00adna al\u0131nma\u00ads\u0131 ve uzun va\u00adde\u00adde de si\u00advil top\u00adlum \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin \u00e7\u00f6\u00adker\u00adtil\u00adme\u00adsi g\u00fcn\u00adde\u00adme gel\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. S\u00f6z ko\u00adnu\u00adsu devlet\u00adler, si\u00adya\u00adset bi\u00adlim\u00adci\u00adle\u00adrin ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131z dev\u00adlet\u00adler ola\u00adrak ad\u00adlan\u00add\u0131r\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 \u00f6nem\u00adli or\u00adtak ka\u00adrak\u00adte\u00adris\u00adtik\u00adle\u00adre sa\u00adhip ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r; b\u00f6y\u00adle bir ka\u00adrak\u00adte\u00adris\u00adti\u00ad\u011fin ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131\u00adca ne\u00adde\u00adni ise K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre y\u00f6\u00adnel\u00adti\u00adlen bas\u00adk\u0131 ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur<sup>2<\/sup>. Ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131z dev\u00adlet\u00adler ge\u00adnel\u00adde yurt\u00adta\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna po\u00adzi\u00adtif si\u00adya\u00adsi imk\u00e2n\u00adlar sun\u00admaz\u00adlar; b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi dev\u00adlet\u00adler \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fu za\u00adman ger\u00adgin\u00adlik i\u00e7in\u00adde\u00addir, de\u00adrin \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adra sah\u00adne olur\u00adlar, ger\u00ad\u00e7e\u00ad\u011fin al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adtif t\u00fc\u00adrev\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131 ac\u0131\u00adma\u00ads\u0131z ve sert\u00adtir\u00adler ve bir\u00adbir\u00adle\u00adri ile yo\u00ad\u011fun bir \u00e7e\u00adki\u015f\u00adme i\u00e7in\u00adde olan ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adla\u00adra sa\u00adhip\u00adtir\u00adler.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u00adno\u00adli\u00adtik d\u00fcn\u00adya g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin me\u015f\u00adru\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fu\u00adnun sor\u00adgu\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 \u00f6n\u00adle\u00admek i\u00e7in, bu dev\u00adlet\u00adler di\u00adya\u00adlo\u00adgu, i\u015f\u00adle\u00adme\u00adyen si\u00adya\u00adsi d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adrin d\u00fc\u00adzel\u00adtil\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adni ve kap\u00adsam\u00adl\u0131 re\u00adform prog\u00adram\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 en\u00adgel\u00adle\u00adyen \u015fid\u00addet\u00adli as\u00adke\u00adri se\u00adfer\u00adle\u00adre gi\u00adri\u00ad\u015fir\u00adler.<\/p>\n<p>Hi\u00e7 ku\u015f\u00adku\u00adsuz, s\u00f6z ko\u00adnu\u00adsu dev\u00adlet elit\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019\u0131n il\u00adgi\u00adli par\u00ad\u00e7a\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki si\u00adya\u00adsal, sos\u00adyal ve eko\u00adno\u00admik fark\u00adl\u0131\u00adl\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adle\u00adme gi\u00adri\u00ad\u015fim\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne, \u015fid\u00adde\u00adte da\u00adya\u00adl\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00adtem\u00adler h\u00e2\u00adkim ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur. Fa\u00adkat mo\u00addern dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adle\u00admek i\u00e7in ba\u015f\u00advur\u00adduk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ye\u00adg\u00e2\u00adne y\u00f6n\u00adtem \u015fid\u00addet ol\u00adma\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r; Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/ Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019da\u00adki dev\u00adlet\u00adler tek ve ay\u00adn\u0131 yo\u00adlu ta\u00adkip et\u00admek gi\u00adbi bir ka\u00adde\u00adre sa\u00adhip ol\u00adma\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Ye\u00adni ko\u015fullar, ge\u00e7\u00admi\u015f\u00adte\u00adki stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adrin elit bir yak\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131m\u00adla ye\u00adni\u00adden de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi, ye\u00adni uluslararas\u0131 kavray\u0131\u015f\u00adlar ve bun\u00adla\u00adra ek ola\u00adrak uluslararas\u0131 are\u00adna\u00adda\u00adki de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fim\u00adler ve iti\u00adci g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adler, ge\u00e7\u00admi\u00ad\u015fe ait d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri de\u00ad\u011fi\u015f\u00adti\u00adre\u00adbi\u00adlir ve de\u00ad\u011fi\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir de. Ye\u00adni im\u00adk\u00e2n\u00adlar ye\u00adni ka\u00adrar\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, ye\u00adni stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri ve ye\u00adni y\u00fck\u00fcm\u00adl\u00fc\u00adl\u00fck\u00adle\u00adri ge\u00adrek\u00adti\u00adrir. Ge\u00e7\u00admi\u015f\u00adte\u00adki ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131z\u00adl\u0131k\u00adlar\u00adla ge\u00ad\u00e7en on\u00adlar\u00adca y\u0131l ve or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131\u00adkan ye\u00adni ola\u00adnak\u00adlar dik\u00adka\u00adte al\u0131n\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u00adda, fark\u00adl\u0131 ve ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adc\u0131 po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka se\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adnek\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131k\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ve ye\u00adni ka\u00adrar\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ve\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi bek\u00adle\u00adne\u00adbi\u00adlir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gelecek olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Et\u00adnik mer\u00adkez\u00adci\u00adlik, \u00f6n\u00adyar\u00adg\u0131 ve \u015fid\u00addet\u00adli \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adlar\u00adla do\u00adlup ta\u00ad\u015fan bir d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adda, \u00f6z\u00fc iti\u00adba\u00adriy\u00adle de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik olan de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adler\u00adle et\u00adnik ve din\u00adsel \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adle\u00adnip on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n yo\u00ad\u011fun\u00adla\u00ad\u015fa\u00adrak \u015fid\u00adde\u00adte d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin en\u00adgel\u00adlen\u00adme\u00adsi ha\u00adya\u00adti bir ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7 ha\u00adli\u00adne gel\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. Bir \u00fcl\u00adke i\u00e7in\u00adde\u00adki \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fc\u00adme ka\u00advu\u015f\u00adtu\u00adra\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adcek de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n yok\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fu, \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fu za\u00adman \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n \u015fid\u00adde\u00adte d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adni de ko\u00adlay\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131r\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. (Hamburg 1995)<\/p>\n<p>Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019da ger\u00ad\u00e7ek de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik si\u00adya\u00adsi s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adle\u00adrin ek\u00adsik olu\u00ad\u015fu ve li\u00adbe\u00adra\u00adliz\u00admin ol\u00adma\u00ady\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131, si\u00adya\u00adsal so\u00adrun\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcl\u00adme\u00adsin\u00adde uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adnan y\u00fck\u00adsek \u015fid\u00addet se\u00advi\u00adye\u00adsi\u00adnin ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131\u00adca ne\u00adde\u00adni ola\u00adrak g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adle\u00adbi\u00adlir. Ne var ki, d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adda\u00adki hi\u00e7\u00adbir \u00fcl\u00adke ve\u00adya b\u00f6l\u00adgede, ge\u00adri d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcl\u00admez bir yo\u00adla gir\u00admi\u015f gi\u00adbi g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcl\u00adme\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir. G\u00fc\u00adney Af\u00adri\u00adka Apart\u00adhe\u00adid d\u00fc\u00adze\u00adni\u00adni or\u00adta\u00addan kal\u00add\u0131r\u00add\u0131 (ve hat\u00adta, ye\u00adni de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve kap\u00adsa\u00ady\u0131\u00adc\u0131 bir uy\u00adgar ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adm\u0131 kur\u00adma\u00ady\u0131 bi\u00adle ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adra\u00adrak, dev\u00adlet des\u00adtek\u00adli bir \u0131rk\u00ad\u00e7\u0131\u00adl\u0131k ve ide\u00adolo\u00adjik b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcn\u00admey\u00adle ge\u00ad\u00e7en on\u00adlar\u00adca y\u0131\u00adl\u0131 da ge\u00adri\u00adde b\u0131\u00adrak\u00adt\u0131). Do\u00ad\u011fu Av\u00adru\u00adpa\u2019da\u00adki ba\u00adz\u0131 es\u00adki ko\u00adm\u00fc\u00adnist \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler, k\u0131s\u00admen es\u00adki si\u00adya\u00adsi sis\u00adtem\u00adle\u00adri or\u00adta\u00addan kal\u00add\u0131r\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 i\u00e7in, k\u0131s\u00admen de AB\u2019ye \u00fcye olan \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adle\u00adrin ni\u00adte\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne uy\u00adgun ye\u00adni si\u00adya\u00adsi d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adler ku\u00adra\u00adbil\u00addik\u00adle\u00adri i\u00e7in Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u2019ne ka\u00adt\u0131l\u00add\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p>Par\u00ad\u00e7a\u00adla\u00adn\u0131p i\u00e7 sa\u00adva\u015f\u00adla\u00adra tu\u00adtu\u00ad\u015fan bir\u00adka\u00e7 \u00fcl\u00adke ise ye\u00adni si\u00adya\u00adsal ve sos\u00adyal pakt\u00adlar im\u00adza\u00adla\u00add\u0131\u00adlar. Ra\u00addi\u00adkal farkl\u0131\u00adl\u0131k\u00adlar g\u00f6s\u00adte\u00adren si\u00adya\u00adsal d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adre ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u015f\u00adler ol\u00adduk\u00ad\u00e7a sar\u00ads\u0131n\u00adt\u0131\u00adl\u0131 ol\u00admak\u00adla bir\u00adlik\u00adte, s\u00f6z ko\u00adnu\u00adsu \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler\u00adde ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adyan halk\u00adlar i\u00e7in da\u00adha iyi bir ge\u00adle\u00adcek \u00f6n\u00adg\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00ads\u00fc, ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fe ili\u015f\u00adkin ye\u00adni si\u00adya\u00adsal pro\u00adje\u00adle\u00adre gi\u00adri\u00ad\u015fil\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adne yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adc\u0131 ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur. Mev\u00adcut ve uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adna\u00adbi\u00adlir al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adtif\u00adler, on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin cid\u00addi bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adde incelen\u00adme\u00adsi, ma\u00adkul pro\u00adjek\u00adsi\u00adyon\u00adlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u00adda bu al\u00adter\u00adna\u00adtif\u00adle\u00adrin de\u00ad\u011fe\u00adri ve et\u00adki\u00adsi \u00fcze\u00adri\u00adne ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adla\u00adcak ni\u00adte\u00adlik\u00adli tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adlar, aka\u00adde\u00admik bir l\u00fcks de\u00ad\u011fil, ter\u00adsi\u00adne top\u00adlum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in ge\u00adrek\u00adli olan ta\u00adlep\u00adler\u00addir. Da\u00adha iyi bir ge\u00adle\u00adcek ta\u00adsav\u00advu\u00adru se\u00adnar\u00adyo\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, an\u00adlam\u00adl\u0131 top\u00adlan\u00adt\u0131\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n, ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adc\u0131 di\u00adya\u00adlog\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adni ko\u00adlay\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00adra\u00adcak, s\u00f6z ko\u00adnu\u00adsu top\u00adlum\u00adlar\u00adda\u00adki mev\u00adcut \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adrin res\u00admi ola\u00adrak ta\u00adn\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 esas alan kap\u00adsa\u00ady\u0131\u00adc\u0131, tem\u00adsi\u00adli, he\u00adsap ve\u00adre\u00adbi\u00adlir ve di\u00adna\u00admik si\u00adya\u00adsi sis\u00adtem\u00adle\u00adre ili\u015f\u00adkin umut\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ye\u00ad\u015fer\u00adte\u00adcek\u00adtir.<\/p>\n<p>Ha\u00adkim grup\u00adlar ile K\u00fcrt\u00adler ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki fark\u00adl\u0131 ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adden do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, \u0130ran, Irak ve Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019de bir\u00adbi\u00adrin\u00adden fark\u00adl\u0131 ge\u00adle\u00adcek se\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adnek\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ta\u00adsav\u00advur et\u00admek ve bun\u00adlar \u00fcze\u00adri\u00adne tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00admak m\u00fcm\u00adk\u00fcn\u00add\u00fcr. Dev\u00adlet yap\u0131la\u00adr\u0131, on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adtem\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde ya\u00adk\u0131n za\u00adman\u00adda ce\u00adre\u00adyan eden ev\u00adrim\u00adler, or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131k\u00admak\u00adta olan ye\u00adni elit grup\u00adlar, spe\u00adsi\u00adfik b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel di\u00adna\u00admik\u00adler ve on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcn\u00adya ile ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adsi hi\u00e7 ku\u015f\u00adku\u00adsuz bir\u00adbi\u00adrin\u00adden tama\u00admen fark\u00adl\u0131 ge\u00adle\u00adcek ola\u00ads\u0131\u00adl\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n te\u00adme\u00adli\u00adni ata\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. Bu\u00adna ra\u011f\u00admen, her d\u00f6rt dev\u00adle\u00adtin si\u00adya\u00adsi elit\u00adle\u00adri, te\u00admel\u00adden fark\u00adl\u0131 tarz\u00adlar\u00adla da ol\u00adsalar, s\u00f6z\u00adde tem\u00adsil ya da kont\u00adrol et\u00adtik\u00adle\u00adri halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ge\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adle\u00adri hak\u00adk\u0131n\u00adda ta\u00adyin edi\u00adci se\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adnek\u00adle\u00adrin ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi d\u00f6\u00adnem\u00adle\u00adrin kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda dur\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131rlar. E\u011fer ken\u00addi\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ge\u00e7mi\u015fin zor\u00adba\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u00addan uzak\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131r\u00adma\u00ady\u0131 ter\u00adcih eder\u00adler\u00adse, sos\u00adyal, si\u00adya\u00adsal, din\u00adsel ve b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel fark\u00adl\u0131\u00adl\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kay\u00adna\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ola\u00adrak g\u00f6\u00adren ve bir\u00adlik\u00adte ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00admak du\u00adru\u00admun\u00adda olan her bi\u00adrey ve halk i\u00e7in, yok\u00adsul\u00adluk ve kor\u00adku\u00addan ba\u00ad\u011f\u0131m\u00ads\u0131z olan da\u00adha iyi ya\u00ad\u015fam stan\u00addart\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ya\u00adrat\u00admak i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u00adba\u00adla\u00adyan de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fim g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni y\u00f6n\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adre\u00adme\u00adse\u00adler bi\u00adle, ak\u00adtif bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde et\u00adki\u00adle\u00adye\u00adbi\u00adlir\u00adler. (T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye ve Irak\u2019ta) en az iki b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck imk\u00e2n ve (\u0130ran ve Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019de) iki ge\u00adle\u00adcek ola\u00ads\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 bu\u00adlun\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r ve K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi\u00adni de do\u011f\u00adru\u00addan bu imk\u00e2n ve ola\u00ads\u0131\u00adl\u0131k\u00adlar be\u00adlir\u00adle\u00adye\u00adcek\u00adtir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00fcrkiye: Kendi i\u00e7indeki ve AB \u00fcyeleri i\u00e7indeki \u00e7e\u015fitlilikte birlik<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye Av\u00adru\u00adpa\u2019da\u00adki ye\u00adri\u00adni \u00e7ok\u00adtan ay\u0131rt\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. (Solana 2002)<\/p>\n<p>\u0130ran, Irak ve Su\u00adri\u00adye ile k\u0131\u00adyas\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u00adda, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye ge\u00adni\u015f bir \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli\u00adlik i\u00e7e\u00adren bir di\u00adzi de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik si\u00adya\u00adsi ku\u00adrum ve me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adtir\u00admi\u015f, bu\u00adna ek ola\u00adrak Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ve di\u00ad\u011fer Ba\u00adt\u0131\u00adl\u0131 de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct\u00adler\u00adle uzun va\u00adde\u00adli ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adler; kur\u00admu\u015f; bun\u00adlar muh\u00adte\u00adme\u00adlen hep bir\u00adlik\u00adte \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adyi de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik di\u00adya\u00adlo\u00adga ve d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce al\u0131\u015f\u00adve\u00adri\u00ad\u015fi\u00adne da\u00adha a\u00e7\u0131k ha\u00adle ge\u00adti\u00adre\u00adcek\u00adtir. T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin AB \u00fcye\u00adlik ba\u015f\u00advu\u00adru\u00adsu, k\u00f6k\u00adl\u00fc sis\u00adte\u00adma\u00adtik re\u00adform\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan, ho\u00admo\u00adjen\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme pra\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi ve K\u00fcrt so\u00adru\u00adnu\u00adnun as\u00adke\u00adri ola\u00adrak \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcl\u00adme\u00adsi t\u00fc\u00adr\u00fcn\u00adden es\u00adki mo\u00adno\u00adli\u00adtik inan\u00e7\u00adlar\u00addan t\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcy\u00adle ko\u00adpul\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan ben\u00adzer\u00adsiz im\u00adk\u00e2n\u00adlar sa\u011f\u00adla\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r; zi\u00adra Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ana\u00adya\u00adsa\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ilk tas\u00adla\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131n \u0130kin\u00adci Mad\u00adde\u00adsi, \u00fcye \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler\u00adden be\u00adlir\u00adli de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adle\u00adri ta\u00adlep et\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir.<\/p>\n<p>Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi, \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcr\u00adl\u00fck, de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi, e\u015fit\u00adlik, hu\u00adku\u00adkun \u00fcs\u00adt\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc ve in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ve onuruna say\u00adg\u0131 g\u00f6s\u00adte\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi gi\u00adbi de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adler \u00fcze\u00adri\u00adne ku\u00adrul\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur. Bu de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adler, \u00e7o\u00ad\u011ful\u00adcu\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fun, ho\u015f\u00adg\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn, ada\u00adle\u00adtin, da\u00adya\u00adn\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adn\u0131n h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00add\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc, ay\u00adr\u0131m\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n ol\u00adma\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 bir top\u00adlum i\u00e7in\u00adde, t\u00fcm \u00fcye \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler i\u00e7in ge\u00ad\u00e7er\u00adli\u00addir. Bu yak\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131m, Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fin ama\u00adc\u0131\u00adn\u0131 \u201cba\u00adr\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131, ba\u00adr\u0131\u015f\u00ad\u00e7\u0131l de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adle\u00adri ve halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n re\u00adfa\u00adh\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adtir\u00admek\u201d ola\u00adrak ifa\u00adde eden \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00adc\u00fc Mad\u00adde\u00adnin ilk pa\u00adrag\u00adra\u00adf\u0131 ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan da des\u00adtek\u00adlen\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. (Avrupa Konvansiyonu 2003)<\/p>\n<p>Av\u00adru\u00adpa Eko\u00adno\u00admik Kon\u00adse\u00adyi\u00adnin, Av\u00adru\u00adpa Top\u00adlu\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fu\u00adnun ev\u00adri\u00admi i\u00e7in ge\u00adrek\u00adli te\u00admel\u00adle\u00adri atan ve da\u00adha son\u00adra bun\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ola\u00adrak ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adti\u00adrip yay\u00adg\u0131n\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00adran Av\u00adru\u00adpa \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adle\u00adri, kes\u00adkin bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adde dev\u00adlet g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adni odak nok\u00adta\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00addan \u00e7\u0131\u00adka\u00adr\u0131p, \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde\u00adki in\u00adsan\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ve halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adni odak nok\u00adta\u00ads\u0131\u00adna yer\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00admi\u015f\u00adler\u00addir. Bu \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler, a\u015fa\u00adma\u00adl\u0131 ola\u00adrak si\u00adya\u00adset bi\u00adlim\u00adci\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin se\u00ad\u00e7im de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adsi ola\u00adrak ad\u00adlan\u00add\u0131r\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 \u015fey ol\u00admak\u00adtan \u00e7\u0131\u00adk\u0131p, in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n, ka\u00add\u0131n hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ve az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ana\u00adya\u00adsal ola\u00adrak g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adce al\u00adt\u0131\u00adna al\u0131n\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 li\u00adbe\u00adral de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adler ha\u00adli\u00adne gel\u00admi\u015f\u00adler\u00addir. Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne \u00fcye ol\u00adma ar\u00adzu\u00adsun\u00adda olan Do\u00ad\u011fu Av\u00adru\u00adpa \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adle\u00adri de ide\u00adolo\u00adjik, si\u00adya\u00adsal, sos\u00adyal, eko\u00adno\u00admik ve ida\u00adri ola\u00adrak, bu Av\u00adru\u00adpa de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni sa\u00advun\u00admak ve on\u00adlar\u00adla ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00admak du\u00adru\u00admun\u00adda\u00add\u0131r\u00adlar. Bu de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adler ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda t\u00fcm yurt\u00adta\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ve halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ya\u00adra\u00adr\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcl\u00adke \u00e7a\u00adp\u0131n\u00adda ha\u00adya\u00adta ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adril\u00admek zo\u00adrun\u00adda\u00add\u0131r. T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin \u00fcye\u00adli\u00ad\u011fe ka\u00adbul edil\u00adme g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adcin\u00adde, \u00e7o\u00ad\u011ful\u00adcu\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fun, ho\u015f\u00adg\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn, ada\u00adle\u00adtin ve da\u00adya\u00adn\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adn\u0131n ka\u00adrak\u00adte\u00adri\u00adze et\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi ve ay\u00adr\u0131m\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n ol\u00adma\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 bir top\u00adlum ola\u00adrak ta\u00adn\u0131m\u00adla\u00adna\u00adbil\u00admek i\u00e7in, ha\u00adkim si\u00adya\u00adsal d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc\u015f tar\u00adz\u0131\u00adn\u0131, mev\u00adcut ana\u00adya\u00adsa\u00ads\u0131n\u0131 ve bin\u00adler\u00adce ka\u00adnun ve kararnamesini de\u00ad\u011fi\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adsi ge\u00adrek\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. Ge\u00e7\u00admi\u00ad\u015fin ken\u00addi\u00adli\u00ad\u011fin\u00adden uzak\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131p git\u00adme\u00adsi bek\u00adle\u00adne\u00admez. Ya\u00adr\u0131m ya\u00adma\u00adlak de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fik\u00adlik\u00adler\u00adle ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi ya\u00adka\u00adla\u00admak m\u00fcm\u00adk\u00fcn de\u00ad\u011fil\u00addir. T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019de top\u00adlu\u00admu ve dev\u00adle\u00adti ye\u00adni bir ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fe do\u011f\u00adru y\u00f6n\u00adlen\u00addir\u00adme ar\u00adzu\u00adsu\u00adnun ak\u0131\u00adbe\u00adti, h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adtin, ta\u00adrih\u00adsel bir ku\u015f\u00adku\u00adcu\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fun ve kur\u00adba\u00adn\u0131su\u00e7\u00adla\u00adma man\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131n kay\u00adnak\u00adl\u0131k et\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi \u00f6n\u00adyar\u00adg\u0131 ve ay\u0131\u00adr\u0131m\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131k ol\u00admak\u00ads\u0131\u00adz\u0131n, \u00fcl\u00adke \u00e7a\u00adp\u0131n\u00adda te\u00admel re\u00adform\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ha\u00adya\u00adta ge\u00ad\u00e7ir\u00adme ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda\u00adki ka\u00adpa\u00adsi\u00adte\u00adsi ve be\u00adce\u00adri\u00adsi ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan ta\u00adyin edi\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adtir. Do\u011f\u00adru\u00adsu\u00adnu s\u00f6y\u00adle\u00admek ge\u00adre\u00adkir\u00adse, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye \u00e7ok\u00adtan b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck bir re\u00adform prog\u00adra\u00adm\u0131\u00adna ba\u015f\u00adla\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r ve bu prog\u00adram\u00addan ko\u00adlay ko\u00adlay ge\u00adri \u00e7e\u00adki\u00adle\u00admez.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dcl\u00adke bu do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adda iler\u00adler\u00adken ge\u00adni\u015f yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adla\u00adra, uz\u00adman\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011fa, eko\u00adno\u00admik des\u00adte\u00ad\u011fe ve si\u00adya\u00adsal ce\u00adsa\u00adret\u00adlen\u00addir\u00adme\u00adye ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7 du\u00adya\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi, da\u00adha \u015fim\u00addi\u00adden bu s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adte\u00adki y\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm\u00adl\u00fc\u00adl\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc be\u00adnim\u00adse\u00adye\u00adrek eko\u00adno\u00admik ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ta\u00adlep et\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. Mev\u00adcut T\u00fcrkiye h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti do\u011f\u00adru bir is\u00adti\u00adka\u00admet\u00adte da\u00adha faz\u00adla ad\u0131m at\u0131\u00adla\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6\u00adz\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc ver\u00admi\u015f ve ara\u00adda birde bu ad\u0131m\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 at\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti, or\u00addu\u00addan ve de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u015f\u00adme s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci\u00adnin de\u00adrin\u00adle\u00ad\u015fip yay\u00adg\u0131n\u00adla\u015f\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u00adkar\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ve ko\u00adnum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna hiz\u00admet et\u00adme\u00adyen elit grup\u00adlar\u00addan ge\u00adlen \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc bir di\u00adre\u00adni\u00ad\u015fe ra\u011f\u00admen\u201d (Oostlander 2004), ce\u00adsur ad\u0131m\u00adlar at\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Bu ol\u00adgu\u00adnun k\u00f6\u00adke\u00adni \u015fu\u00adra\u00adda yat\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r; T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti\u00adnin ka\u00adrar\u00adl\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adna ra\u011f\u00admen, mev\u00adcut ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adlar al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda Ko\u00adpen\u00adhag si\u00adya\u00adsi kri\u00adter\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ye\u00adri\u00adne ge\u00adti\u00adre\u00adme\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. \u00c7\u00fcn\u00adk\u00fc, k\u0131\u00adsa bir s\u00fc\u00adre \u00f6n\u00adce Av\u00adru\u00adpa Par\u00adla\u00admen\u00adto\u00adsu ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan ya\u00ady\u0131n\u00adla\u00adnan bir ra\u00adpor\u00adda da be\u00adlir\u00adtil\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi gi\u00adbi, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, si\u00adya\u00adsal, me\u00adde\u00adni, eko\u00adno\u00admik, sos\u00adyal ve k\u00fcl\u00adt\u00fc\u00adrel hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adce al\u00adt\u0131\u00adna al\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 i\u00e7in he\u00adn\u00fcz a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00ad\u00e7ik bir \u00e7er\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adve olu\u015f\u00adtur\u00adma\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Bu kri\u00adter\u00adle\u00adrin ye\u00adri\u00adne ge\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in, \u201cT\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin \u00fcye\u00adlik do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adsun\u00adda\u00adki d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fc\u00adm\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc ve k\u00f6k\u00adl\u00fc bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adde be\u00adlir\u00adle\u00adye\u00adcek olan ya\u00adsa\u00adlar ve uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adma\u00adlar ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki uyu\u00admu g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addir\u00admek\u201d (Oostlander 2004, 6) i\u00e7in, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019den da\u00adha ge\u00adni\u015f kap\u00adsam\u00adl\u0131 ve uzun erim\u00adli \u00e7a\u00adba\u00adlar ta\u00adlep edil\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. Me\u00adse\u00adle \u015fu ki, si\u00adya\u00adsi re\u00adform pa\u00adket\u00adle\u00adri \u00e7er\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adve\u00adsin\u00adde ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adri\u00adlen \u00e7ar\u00adp\u0131\u00adc\u0131 de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fik\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adre ra\u011f\u00admen, bu i\u015f \u201cd\u00fc\u00adzelt\u00adme ve \u0131s\u00adlah\u201d ile hal ol\u00adma\u00adya\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcn\u00adk\u00fc T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye \u201c1982 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki as\u00adke\u00adri re\u00adjim es\u00adna\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ka\u00adbul edi\u00adlen ve a\u011f\u0131r\u00adl\u0131k\u00adl\u0131 ola\u00adrak oto\u00adri\u00adter bir fel\u00adse\u00adfe\u00adyi yan\u00ads\u0131\u00adtan Ana\u00adya\u00adsa\u00ads\u0131n\u00addan\u201d kur\u00adtul\u00adma\u00ady\u0131 he\u00adn\u00fcz ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adra\u00adma\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. (Oostlander, 56) Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin di\u00ad\u011fer ye\u00adni \u00fcye\u00adle\u00adri gi\u00adbi, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin de, her\u00adhan\u00adgi bir ku\u015f\u00adku\u00adya yer b\u0131\u00adrak\u00admak\u00ads\u0131\u00adz\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi bir ad\u0131\u00adm\u0131n re\u00adform s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci, dev\u00adle\u00adtin ve top\u00adlu\u00admun mo\u00addern\u00adle\u015f\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in bir ha\u00adre\u00adket nok\u00adta\u00ads\u0131 ola\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adna i\u015fa\u00adret eden ye\u00adni bir ana\u00adya\u00adsa\u00ady\u0131 ka\u00adbul et\u00adme\u00adsi ge\u00adrek\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. (Oostlander 2004, 6) Bu bir di\u00adzi dev\u00adrim\u00adci re\u00adform i\u00e7in ge\u00adrek\u00adli olan bir ad\u0131m\u00add\u0131r ki, bu re\u00adform\u00adlar an\u00adcak \u201cada\u00adlet ve g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik sis\u00adte\u00admi\u00adnin, si\u00advil ve as\u00adke\u00adri y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adti\u00admin t\u00fcm d\u00fc\u00adzey\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde g\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fck uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adma\u00adlar\u00adda fi\u00adilen ha\u00adya\u00adta ge\u00e7\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri ve top\u00adlu\u00admun des\u00adte\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne sa\u00adhip ol\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ba\u011f\u00adla\u00adm\u0131n\u00adda\u201d de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adri\u00adle\u00adbi\u00adlir; bu da T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin hem ol\u00adduk\u00ad\u00e7a k\u00f6k\u00adl\u00fc ka\u00adrar\u00adlar ver\u00adme\u00adye, hem de Av\u00adru\u00adpa\u2019n\u0131n ke\u00adsin\u00adti\u00adsiz yar\u00add\u0131\u00adm\u0131\u00adna ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7 du\u00adya\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131 uzun bir s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7 an\u00adla\u00adm\u0131\u00adna gel\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. (Oostlander 2004, 6). Ja\u00advi\u00ader So\u00adla\u00adna\u2019n\u0131n da ol\u00adduk\u00ad\u00e7a be\u00adla\u00adgat\u00adli bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde ifa\u00adde et\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi gi\u00adbi, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye \u00e7ok\u00adtan Av\u00adru\u00adpa\u2019da\u00adki ye\u00adri\u00adni ay\u0131rt\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r; bu kol\u00adtu\u00ad\u011fun Ara\u00adl\u0131k 1999\u2019da re\u00adzer\u00adve edil\u00adme\u00adsi, Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin o za\u00adman\u00adki 15 \u00fcye\u00adsi\u00adnin dev\u00adlet ba\u015f\u00adkan\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve d\u00f6\u00adne\u00admin h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet\u00adle\u00adri ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan oy\u00adbir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fiy\u00adle des\u00adtek\u00adlen\u00admi\u015f\u00adti. An\u00adcak bu s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adcin de\u00adva\u00adm\u0131 T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin \u201cAv\u00adru\u00adpa\u2019da\u00adki ye\u00adri\u00adni al\u00adma is\u00adte\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne\u201d ba\u011f\u00adl\u0131\u00add\u0131r (Solana 2002). \u0130\u015f\u00adte T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin ka\u00adt\u0131\u00adl\u0131m ve g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci ara\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131y\u00adla de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u015f\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adni ge\u00adrek\u00adti\u00adren b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi bir kar\u00adma\u00ad\u015f\u0131k s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adte, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka ve stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin ye\u00adni\u00adden ta\u00adn\u0131m\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ve ge\u00adrek\u00adli ku\u00adrum\u00adsal d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adle\u00adrin e\u015f\u00adlik et\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi ye\u00adni bir si\u00adya\u00adsi sis\u00adte\u00admin or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131k\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ye\u00adni bir \u00e7er\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adve\u00adnin \u00e7i\u00adzil\u00adme\u00adsi ge\u00adrek\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. T\u00fcrk\u00adler ile K\u00fcrt\u00adler ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki so\u00adru\u00adnun \u00fcs\u00adt\u00fc \u00f6r\u00adt\u00fc\u00adle\u00admez ve\u00adya g\u00f6z ar\u00add\u0131 edi\u00adle\u00admez. T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, k\u0131s\u00admen i\u00e7 me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma ve s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adler\u00adden do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131, k\u0131s\u00admen de\u00a0 AB\u2019ye tam \u00fcye ol\u00adma is\u00adte\u00ad\u011fin\u00adden do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131,\u00a0 (1960, 1971 ve 1980 y\u0131l\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu gi\u00adbi) ye\u00adni\u00adden as\u00adke\u00adri dar\u00adbe\u00adle\u00adre, ya da (1997\u2019de ki gi\u00adbi) dar\u00adbe gi\u00adri\u00ad\u015fim\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne d\u00f6n\u00adme\u00adme\u00adsi; g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci\u00adnin ve ni\u00adha\u00adye\u00adtin\u00adde AB \u00fcye\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin bir \u00f6n ko\u00ad\u015fu\u00adlu ola\u00adrak li\u00adbe\u00adral de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik bir top\u00adlu\u00adma y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik ge\u00adli\u00ad\u015fi\u00admi\u00adni s\u00fcr\u00add\u00fcr\u00adme\u00adsi \u015far\u00adt\u0131y\u00adla, he\u00admen he\u00admen her re\u00adformun T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019de\u00adki K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin du\u00adru\u00admu\u00adnun ye\u00adni\u00adden ta\u00adn\u0131m\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131, ye\u00adni\u00adden for\u00adm\u00fc\u00adle edil\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in ve fark\u00adl\u0131 po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka ve stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adrin ha\u00adya\u00adta ge\u00e7\u00adme\u00adsi ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan da\u00adha iyi bir ze\u00admi\u00adnin ya\u00adra\u00adt\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna kat\u00adk\u0131\u00adda bu\u00adlu\u00adna\u00adbi\u00adlir. Bu s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adte, \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli\u00adli\u00ad\u011fin ve fark\u00adl\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n res\u00admi ola\u00adrak ta\u00adn\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ve or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131\u00adkan ge\u00adri\u00adlim ve \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler yo\u00adluy\u00adla \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adlen\u00adme\u00adsi, te\u00admel si\u00adya\u00adsal fel\u00adse\u00adfe ve i\u015f\u00adle\u00adyi\u015f ha\u00adli\u00adne ge\u00adle\u00adbil\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir (Baumeister 2000). Ne de ol\u00adsa, 1 Ma\u00ady\u0131s 2004\u2019te\u00adki AB ge\u00adni\u015f\u00adle\u00adme t\u00f6\u00adren\u00adle\u00adri, ye\u00adni \u00fcye \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler\u00adle ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan on y\u0131\u00adl\u0131 a\u015f\u00adk\u0131n g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler di\u00adzi\u00adsin bir so\u00adnu\u00adcu ola\u00adrak \u201c\u00c7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli\u00adlik i\u00e7in\u00adde Bir\u00adlik\u201d bay\u00adra\u00ad\u011f\u0131 al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00admi\u015f\u00adti. Bu ise \u00e7o\u00ad\u011ful\u00adcu\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fa de\u00ad\u011fer ve\u00adren li\u00adbe\u00adral d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce sa\u00adye\u00adsin\u00adde ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir; \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli\u00adli\u00ad\u011fe ka\u00ad\u00e7\u0131\u00adn\u0131l\u00admaz ola\u00adrak e\u015f\u00adlik eden \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma ve kamp\u00adla\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n et\u00adkin bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adle\u00adne\u00adbil\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in bu do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adda bir di\u00adzi ku\u00adrum ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir (Baumeister 2000). Te\u00adorik ola\u00adrak, d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adsel ve si\u00adya\u00adsal ola\u00adrak, ka\u00adrar ve\u00adri\u00adci\u00adler, stra\u00adte\u00adjist\u00adler ve K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik T\u00fcrk po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ba\u00adr\u0131\u015f\u00ad\u00e7\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131\u00adl\u0131m\u00adlar yap\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 des\u00adtek\u00adle\u00adyen\u00adler i\u00e7in bir\u00adka\u00e7 se\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adnek bu\u00adlun\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. A\u015fa\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adda k\u0131\u00adsa\u00adca b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi bir\u00adka\u00e7 ku\u00adrum\u00adsal d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adden s\u00f6z edi\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adtir.<\/p>\n<p>Bir ola\u00ads\u0131\u00adl\u0131k de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u015f\u00adme ve de\u00adsant\u00adra\u00adli\u00adzas\u00adyo\u00adnun bir\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi\u00addir ki, b\u00f6y\u00adle bir d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adde T\u00fcrk dev\u00adle\u00adti\u00adnin \u00fcni\u00adter ya\u00adp\u0131\u00ads\u0131 ana ka\u00adrak\u00adte\u00adri\u00adni ko\u00adru\u00adya\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. Bu ba\u011f\u00adlam\u00adda ida\u00adri bir de\u00adsant\u00adra\u00adli\u00adzas\u00adyon grup kim\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ta\u00adn\u0131\u00adma\u00addan g\u00fc\u00adc\u00fc ida\u00adri bi\u00adrim\u00adle\u00adre dev\u00adre\u00adde\u00adcek\u00adtir. B\u00f6y\u00adle bir d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adyi des\u00adtek\u00adle\u00adye\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adcek bir\u00adka\u00e7 ar\u00adg\u00fc\u00adman kul\u00adla\u00adn\u0131\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlir; mer\u00adke\u00adzi\u00adyet\u00ad\u00e7i T\u00fcrk dev\u00adlet ge\u00adle\u00adne\u00ad\u011fi (ve onun \u00f6n\u00adce\u00adli olan Os\u00adman\u00adl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ben\u00adzer ge\u00adle\u00adne\u00ad\u011fi), Fran\u00ads\u0131z Ja\u00adko\u00adben mo\u00adde\u00adli ve T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fc\u00adne\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi kor\u00adku\u00adsu. Fa\u00adkat AB\u2019nin b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel i\u015f\u00adbir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131y\u00adla ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adli olan ve ger\u00ad\u00e7ek an\u00adlam\u00adda de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u00ad\u015fen \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adle\u00adrin sa\u011f\u00adla\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 \u00f6r\u00adnek\u00adler b\u00f6y\u00adle bir man\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ge\u00ad\u00e7er\u00adsiz k\u0131l\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya ve Yu\u00adna\u00adnis\u00adtan, b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi kor\u00adku\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve y\u00fc\u00adzey\u00adsel ar\u00adg\u00fc\u00adman\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 is\u00adtis\u00admar ede\u00adrek, re\u00adform\u00adla\u00adra ve de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u015f\u00adme\u00adye y\u00f6\u00adnel\u00adti\u00adlen ge\u00adle\u00adnek\u00adsel di\u00adre\u00adni\u015f ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan iki iyi \u00f6r\u00adnek\u00adtir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130kin\u00adci bir d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme ise de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u015f\u00adme ve de\u00adsant\u00adra\u00adli\u00adzas\u00adyo\u00adnu gru\u00adbun ta\u00adn\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla bir\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adre\u00adbi\u00adlir. Dev\u00adle\u00adte ve onun ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna g\u00f6s\u00adte\u00adri\u00adle\u00adcek ba\u011f\u00adl\u0131\u00adl\u0131k, de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik yurt\u00adta\u015f\u00adl\u0131k il\u00adke\u00adsi\u00adne da\u00adya\u00adna\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r ki, bu\u00adra\u00adda or\u00adtak \u00e7\u0131\u00adkar\u00adlar, de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adler ve ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7\u00adlar, dev\u00adle\u00adti ve onun ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 bir ara\u00adda tut\u00admak\u00adla kal\u00adma\u00adya\u00adcak, ama ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019de\u00adki t\u00fcm grup\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n le\u00adhi\u00adne ba\u011f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adle\u00adri g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adre\u00adcek\u00adtir. Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu ve Os\u00adman\u00adl\u0131\u2019da fark\u00adl\u0131 grup\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ta\u00adn\u0131\u00adma ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda\u00adki ta\u00adrih\u00adsel ge\u00adle\u00adnek\u00adle\u00adrin re\u00adfe\u00adrans al\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131, ay\u00adr\u0131\u00adca \u00e7a\u011f\u00adda\u015f Av\u00adru\u00adpa\u2019da\u00adki mo\u00addel\u00adler, \u00f6r\u00adne\u00ad\u011fin \u0130n\u00adgil\u00adte\u00adre\u2019de \u0130s\u00adko\u00e7, Gal\u00adler ve \u0130r\u00adlan\u00adda mil\u00adli\u00adyet\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin ta\u00adlep\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adla\u00adyan d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adle\u00adrin ya\u00adp\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 gi\u00adbi \u00f6r\u00adnek\u00adler b\u00f6y\u00adle bir ama\u00adca hiz\u00admet ede\u00adbi\u00adlir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00adc\u00fc bir ola\u00ads\u0131\u00adl\u0131k da 1978 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00adda \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019da ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u00ad\u015fen ana\u00adya\u00adsa dev\u00adri\u00admi\u00adne ya\u00adk\u0131n\u00addan bak\u00admak\u00adt\u0131r. Fran\u00adko son\u00adra\u00ads\u0131 \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u00ads\u0131, is\u00admi d\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131n\u00adda, d\u00fc\u00adzen iti\u00adba\u00adriy\u00adle gi\u00adde\u00adrek da\u00adha fe\u00adde\u00adral bir ha\u00adle gel\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. Fran\u00adko son\u00adra\u00ads\u0131 po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00adc\u0131\u00adlar, de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi ile de\u00adsant\u00adra\u00adli\u00adzas\u00adyo\u00adnu, ta\u00adrih\u00adsel mil\u00adli\u00adyet\u00adle\u00adrin ta\u00adn\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ile bir\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme ge\u00adrek\u00adli\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adni ka\u00adbul et\u00admi\u015f\u00adler\u00addir. 1978 \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya ana\u00adya\u00adsa\u00ads\u0131 \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019da de\u00adsant\u00adra\u00adli\u00adze, de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik bir d\u00fc\u00adzen kur\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur ki, si\u00adya\u00adset bi\u00adlim\u00adci\u00adle\u00adri \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019y\u0131 \u201c\u00e7ok ulus\u00adlu ve \u00e7ok dil\u00adli bir dev\u00adlet\u201d (Arganoff ve Gallarian) ola\u00adrak ni\u00adte\u00adle\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019da\u00adki ge\u00adli\u00ad\u015fi\u00admin en il\u00adgin\u00e7 \u00f6\u011fe\u00adsi, Fran\u00adko son\u00adra\u00ads\u0131 bir top\u00adlum\u00adda, ulu\u00adsun (da\u00adha do\u011f\u00adru\u00adsu dev\u00adle\u00adtin) bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ka\u00adbul edi\u00adle\u00adrek, \u00f6z y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adti\u00admi in\u00ad\u015fa et\u00adme ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00adc\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ve fark\u00adl\u0131 mil\u00adli\u00adyet\u00adler ile b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adle\u00adrin \u00f6zerk\u00adlik hak\u00adk\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ka\u00adbul edil\u00adme\u00adsi\u00addir. Be\u00adle\u00addi\u00adye\u00adle\u00adrin, vi\u00adla\u00adyet\u00adle\u00adrin ve \u00f6zerk top\u00adlu\u00adluk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n \u00f6z y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim hak\u00adk\u0131, da\u00adha \u00f6n\u00adce\u00adki \u00fcni\u00adter dev\u00adlet ya\u00adp\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fim s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci ve me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ara\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131y\u00adla, esa\u00adsen \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019da hem de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adyi hem de is\u00adtik\u00adra\u00adr\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addir\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. G\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler ve an\u00adla\u015f\u00adma\u00adlar\u00adla ge\u00ad\u00e7en yir\u00admi y\u0131\u00adl\u0131 a\u015f\u00adk\u0131n bir s\u00fc\u00adre, \u00f6z y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adti\u00admi ve b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adler\u00adle g\u00fc\u00e7 pay\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adm\u0131\u00adn\u0131 tak\u00advi\u00adye et\u00admi\u015f ve b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adce \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zerk eya\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adri (Estado de las Autonomias) ara\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131y\u00adla \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcn fe\u00adde\u00adral d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adle\u00adrin ya\u00adp\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Fran\u00ads\u0131z ya da T\u00fcrk Ja\u00adko\u00adben ar\u00adg\u00fc\u00adman\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ter\u00adsi\u00adne, ye\u00adrel ve b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel bi\u00adrim\u00adle\u00adrin mer\u00adke\u00adzi h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet m\u00fc\u00adda\u00adha\u00adle\u00adsi ve de\u00adne\u00adti\u00admi ol\u00admak\u00ads\u0131\u00adz\u0131n ka\u00adrar\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ba\u00ad\u011f\u0131m\u00ads\u0131z ola\u00adrak ver\u00adme hak\u00adk\u0131, ana\u00adya\u00adsal de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adnin \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019da yay\u00adg\u0131n\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131p k\u00f6k\u00adle\u015f\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adne kat\u00adk\u0131\u00adda bu\u00adlun\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur (Encarnacion 2001\/2002). De\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adnin \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00adme\u00adsi, dev\u00adlet ya\u00adp\u0131\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ve po\u00adli\u00adtik sis\u00adte\u00admin ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131n do\u011f\u00adru\u00addan bir so\u00adnu\u00adcuy\u00addu.\u00a0<strong>Si\u00adya\u00adsi g\u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fc\u00adm\u00fc<\/strong>\u00a0(Mad\u00adrid ile 17 \u00f6zerk b\u00f6l\u00adge &amp; ta\u00adrih\u00adsel ola\u00adrak \u00f6zerk olan \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00adge, \u00f6zel sta\u00adt\u00fc\u00adye sa\u00adhip \u00f6zerk bir top\u00adlu\u00adluk, 12 nor\u00admal \u00f6zerk b\u00f6l\u00adge ve bir fe\u00adde\u00adral ba\u015f\u00adkent b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi), Bask \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adsin\u00adde Ka\u00adta\u00adlon\u00adya\u2019da ve Ga\u00adli\u00e7\u00adya\u2019da\u00adki \u00fc\u00e7 ta\u00adri\u00adhi ulu\u00adsa ken\u00addi \u00f6zerk sta\u00adt\u00fc\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ka\u00adzan\u00add\u0131r\u00adm\u0131\u015f; ve bu \u00f6zerk\u00adlik, Mad\u00adrid h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti ile b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel li\u00adder\u00adlik\u00adler ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda va\u00adr\u0131\u00adlan \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcn uz\u00adla\u015f\u00adma\u00adlar esas al\u0131\u00adna\u00adrak, on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcn du\u00adru\u00admu\u00adna g\u00f6\u00adre ayar\u00adlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Her bir \u00f6r\u00adnek\u00adte, \u201cmer\u00adke\u00adzi\u201d h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet ve \u00f6zerk b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adler\u00adden her bi\u00adri, bir di\u00adzi \u00f6zel yet\u00adki\u00adye sa\u00adhip\u00adtir fa\u00adkat ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda bir\u00adka\u00e7 alan\u00adda da bir\u00adlik\u00adte ha\u00adre\u00adket eder\u00adler.<\/p>\n<p>Si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adte\u00admi ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00add\u0131r\u00adma ba\u011f\u00adla\u00adm\u0131n\u00adda i\u015fe ya\u00adra\u00adya\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adcek d\u00f6r\u00add\u00fcn\u00adc\u00fc bir mo\u00addel de Bel\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adka\u2019da\u00adki ge\u00adli\u00ad\u015fim\u00addir. Bu mo\u00addel, bir\u00adden faz\u00adla kim\u00adli\u00ad\u011fe ve bir\u00adden \u00e7ok ye\u00adre ba\u011f\u00adl\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011fa kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc bir nef\u00adret bes\u00adle\u00adyen, si\u00adya\u00adsi d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adde de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fik\u00adlik\u00adler yap\u00adma ge\u00adle\u00adne\u00ad\u011fi bu\u00adlun\u00adma\u00adyan \u00fcni\u00adter T\u00fcrk dev\u00adlet ge\u00adle\u00adne\u00ad\u011fin\u00adden faz\u00adla\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla ra\u00addi\u00adkal bir ko\u00adpu\u015f ola\u00adrak de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00adse bi\u00adle, hi\u00e7\u00adbir ras\u00adyo\u00adnel ar\u00adg\u00fc\u00adman ve ba\u00adr\u0131\u015f\u00ad\u00e7\u0131l ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adme bu\u00adnun bir ola\u00ads\u0131\u00adl\u0131k ola\u00adrak de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adni en\u00adgel\u00adle\u00adye\u00admez. Bel\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adka fe\u00adde\u00adras\u00adyo\u00adnu (1993 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00addan bu ya\u00adna) co\u011f\u00adra\u00adfi ola\u00adrak ta\u00adn\u0131m\u00adla\u00adnan \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adye ay\u00adr\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r (Fla\u00adman b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi, Br\u00fck\u00adsel Ba\u015f\u00adkent B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi ve Wa\u00adlo\u00adon (Fran\u00ads\u0131z) b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi; ay\u00adr\u0131\u00adca co\u011f\u00adra\u00adfi ol\u00adma\u00adyan ama dil\u00adle\u00adre da\u00adya\u00adnan \u00fc\u00e7 top\u00adlum (Fla\u00adman Top\u00adlu\u00admu, Fran\u00ads\u0131z Top\u00adlu\u00admu ve Al\u00adman\u00adca ko\u00adnu\u00ad\u015fan Top\u00adlum). \u00d6zel yet\u00adki\u00adle\u00adrin da\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00adm\u0131 fe\u00adde\u00adral h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet ile di\u00ad\u011fer iki y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim bi\u00ad\u00e7i\u00admi ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ya\u00adp\u0131l\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r; co\u011f\u00adra\u00adfi ola\u00adrak ta\u00adn\u0131m\u00adla\u00adnan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim a\u011f\u0131r\u00adl\u0131k\u00adl\u0131 ola\u00adrak b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel eko\u00adno\u00admik i\u015f\u00adler\u00adden so\u00adrum\u00adluy\u00adken, co\u011f\u00adra\u00adfi ol\u00adma\u00adyan \u00fc\u00e7 top\u00adlum lin\u00adgu\u00adis\u00adtik ve k\u00fcl\u00adt\u00fc\u00adrel me\u00adse\u00adle\u00adler\u00adden so\u00adrum\u00adlu\u00addur.<\/p>\n<p>E\u011fer \u0130n\u00adgil\u00adte\u00adre, \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya ve\u00adya Bel\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adka \u00f6r\u00adnek\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde\u00adki un\u00adsur\u00adlar T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019de ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adl\u0131p re\u00adfor\u00adme edil\u00admi\u015f po\u00adli\u00adtik bir sis\u00adte\u00adme en\u00adteg\u00adre edi\u00adlir\u00adse, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin K\u00fcrt po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00ads\u0131 da, her\u00adhan\u00adgi bir \u00f6d\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn ve\u00adril\u00adme\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi ulu\u00adsal g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve as\u00adke\u00adri \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adler i\u00e7i\u00adne inat\u00adla hap\u00adsol\u00admak\u00adtan zi\u00adya\u00adde, bir is\u00adtis\u00adna ol\u00admak\u00adtan \u00e7\u0131\u00adk\u0131p nor\u00admal po\u00adli\u00adtik \u00e7er\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adve\u00adye otu\u00adra\u00adbi\u00adlir. T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019de\u00adki ka\u00adrar ve\u00adri\u00adci\u00adle\u00adrin, \u00fcl\u00adke halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n po\u00adtan\u00adsi\u00adyel\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adc\u0131 bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc bir si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adte\u00adme ya\u00adt\u0131r\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 hi\u00e7\u00adbir \u015fey en\u00adgel\u00adle\u00adye\u00adme\u00adye\u00adcek\u00adtir; b\u00f6y\u00adle bir si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adtem, kon\u00adsen\u00ads\u00fcs, kap\u00adsa\u00ady\u0131\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131k, sos\u00adyal ve si\u00adya\u00adsal \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli\u00adli\u00ad\u011fin ta\u00adn\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131, \u00e7o\u00ad\u011ful\u00adcu\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fa de\u00ad\u011fer ve\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi, \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ba\u00adr\u0131\u015f\u00ad\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcl\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in ye\u00adni me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma ve ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n olu\u015f\u00adtu\u00adrul\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ve di\u00ad\u011fer ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adc\u0131 ad\u0131m\u00adlar \u00fcze\u00adrin\u00adde in\u00ad\u015fa edi\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adtir. Li\u00adbe\u00adral de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adlar al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda b\u00f6y\u00adle bir ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adme, \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adnin ale\u00adnen fe\u00adde\u00adral\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi ol\u00admak\u00ads\u0131\u00adz\u0131n da ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlir. \u201c\u00c7o\u00ad\u011ful\u00adcu\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fun, ho\u015f\u00adg\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn, ada\u00adle\u00adtin ve da\u00adya\u00adn\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adn\u0131n h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00add\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc, ay\u0131\u00adr\u0131m\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n ol\u00adma\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u201d b\u00f6y\u00adle bir top\u00adlu\u00adma gi\u00adden yol\u00adda, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019den de, t\u0131p\u00adk\u0131 Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin di\u00ad\u011fer \u00fcye\u00adle\u00adri gi\u00adbi, \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adyi \u00fcye\u00adlik m\u00fc\u00adza\u00adke\u00adre\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne ha\u00adz\u0131r ha\u00adle ge\u00adti\u00adre\u00adcek t\u00fcm re\u00adform\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ha\u00adya\u00adta ge\u00ad\u00e7ir\u00adme\u00adsi is\u00adten\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. E\u011fer bu re\u00adform s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci, \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fu Do\u00ad\u011fu Av\u00adru\u00adpa \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adsi\u00adnin yak\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131k ola\u00adrak on y\u0131l \u00f6n\u00adce yap\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 gi\u00adbi, h\u0131z\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adl\u0131r\u00adsa, Fran\u00adsa Cum\u00adhur\u00adba\u015f\u00adka\u00adn\u0131 Chi\u00adrac\u2019\u0131n yap\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00adden bir \u00f6n\u00adg\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adme\u00adsi ge\u00adrek\u00adme\u00adye\u00adbi\u00adlir.<\/p>\n<p>1 Ma\u00ady\u0131s 2004\u2019te, AB ta\u00adri\u00adhin\u00adde\u00adki en b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck ge\u00adni\u015f\u00adle\u00adme t\u00f6\u00adren\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adden yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca iki g\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00adce, cum\u00adhur\u00adba\u015f\u00adka\u00adn\u0131 Chi\u00adrac ma\u00adni\u00addar bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde \u015f\u00f6y\u00adle de\u00admi\u015f\u00adti: \u201cT\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin gi\u00adri\u00ad\u015fi bu\u00adg\u00fcn m\u00fcm\u00adk\u00fcn m\u00fc\u00add\u00fcr? Ben\u00adce \u2018Ha\u00ady\u0131r\u2019\u201d. Chi\u00adrac T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin 10 ile 15 y\u0131l\u00adl\u0131k bir za\u00adman di\u00adli\u00admi i\u00e7in\u00adde Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fe \u00fcye ola\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne ina\u00adn\u0131\u00adyor ve \u201cben bu i\u015fin uzun va\u00adde\u00adde m\u00fcm\u00adk\u00fcn ola\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131 inan\u00adc\u0131n\u00adda\u00ady\u0131m\u201d di\u00adye de ek\u00adli\u00adyor\u00addu (GeorgesPicot 2004). Cum\u00adhur\u00adba\u015f\u00adka\u00adn\u0131 Chi\u00adrac\u2019\u0131 ve T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin al\u00adt\u0131\u00adna gir\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi y\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm\u00adl\u00fc\u00adl\u00fck\u00adle\u00adri ye\u00adri\u00adne ge\u00adti\u00adre\u00adme\u00adye\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi\u00adni d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fc\u00adnen\u00adle\u00adri ha\u00adyal k\u0131\u00adr\u0131k\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adna u\u011f\u00adrat\u00adma ka\u00adpa\u00adsi\u00adte\u00adsi\u00adne sa\u00adhip olan ye\u00adga\u00adne g\u00fc\u00e7, T\u00fcrk ka\u00adrar ve\u00adri\u00adci\u00adler\u00adden ba\u015f\u00adka\u00ads\u0131 de\u00ad\u011fil\u00addir. T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye Ba\u015f\u00adba\u00adka\u00adn\u0131 Er\u00addo\u00ad\u011fan, \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adsi\u00adnde h\u00e2l\u00e2 yap\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ge\u00adre\u00adken pek \u00e7ok \u015fey kal\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00adlem\u00adle\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir; fa\u00adkat onun h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti, Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi \u00fcye\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne ha\u00adz\u0131r ha\u00adle gel\u00admek i\u00e7in \u201cso\u00adrum\u00adlu\u00adluk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adm\u0131\u00adz\u0131 ye\u00adri\u00adne ge\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adye de\u00advam ede\u00adcek\u00adtir\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi gerekecektir. \u201cBu s\u0131\u00adnav\u00addan y\u00fc\u00adz\u00fc\u00adm\u00fc\u00adz\u00fcn ak\u0131y\u00adla \u00e7\u0131\u00adka\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adm\u0131\u00adza ina\u00adn\u0131\u00adyo\u00adruz\u201d, di\u00adyor\u00addu Er\u00addo\u00ad\u011fan ve bir yan\u00addan da \u201cbu yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca T\u00fcrk hal\u00adk\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ha\u00adyal k\u0131\u00adr\u0131k\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adna u\u011f\u00adrat\u00admak\u00adla kal\u00adma\u00ady\u0131p, ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fin te\u00admel fel\u00adse\u00adfe\u00adsi\u00adne de cid\u00addi bir za\u00adrar ve\u00adre\u00adcek\u00adtir\u201d uya\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda bu\u00adlu\u00adnu\u00adyor\u00addu; \u00e7\u00fcn\u00adk\u00fc bir\u00adlik \u201cin\u00adsa\u00adni de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adler\u201d \u00fcze\u00adrin\u00adde in\u00ad\u015fa edil\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. Er\u00addo\u00ad\u011fan T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin \u00fcye\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin da\u00adha faz\u00adla er\u00adte\u00adlen\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adnin \u201cyan\u00adl\u0131\u015f ve hak\u00ads\u0131z\u201d ola\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adna ina\u00adn\u0131\u00adyor\u00addu (Boland 2004). T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019yi ele\u015f\u00adti\u00adren\u00adler de, Oost\u00adlan\u00adder ra\u00adpo\u00adrun\u00adda dev\u00adrim\u00adci fa\u00adkat te\u00admel re\u00adform\u00adlar ola\u00adrak g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adlen s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adte\u00adki ge\u00adcik\u00adme i\u00e7in ta\u00adm\u0131 ta\u00adm\u0131\u00adna ay\u00adn\u0131 ar\u00adg\u00fc\u00adman\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 kul\u00adla\u00adna\u00adcak\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Bu re\u00adform\u00adlar ne ka\u00addar er\u00adken ha\u00adya\u00adta ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adlir\u00adse, T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin se\u00ad\u00e7im de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adsi en\u00adge\u00adli\u00adni a\u015f\u0131p li\u00adbe\u00adral de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adye ge\u00e7\u00adme \u015fan\u00ads\u0131 da o ka\u00addar faz\u00adla ola\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. B\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi na\u00adzik bir d\u00f6\u00adnem\u00adde, Av\u00adru\u00adpa is\u00adtik\u00adrar ve re\u00adfah b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi de ba\u00adr\u0131\u015f\u00ad\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019ye ka\u00addar ge\u00adni\u015f\u00adle\u00adye\u00adcek\u00adtir, t\u0131p\u00adk\u0131 Do\u00ad\u011fu Av\u00adru\u00adpa\u2019da\u00adki es\u00adki ko\u00adm\u00fc\u00adnist \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adle\u00adre dek ge\u00adni\u015f\u00adle\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi gi\u00adbi. Men\u00adta\u00adli\u00adte ola\u00adrak, ku\u00adrum\u00adsal ola\u00adrak ve ana\u00adya\u00adsal ola\u00adrak mo\u00adno\u00adli\u00adtik asi\u00admi\u00adlas\u00adyon\u00adcu bir d\u00fcn\u00adya g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc, K\u00fcrt so\u00adru\u00adnu\u00adna ge\u00adtir\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi ho\u00admo\u00adjen\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adri\u00adci ve as\u00adke\u00adri \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adle\u00adri ter\u00adket\u00adme\u00adyi ba\u00ad\u015far\u00adm\u0131\u015f bir T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin AB \u00fcye\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi hi\u00e7 ku\u015f\u00adku\u00adsuz T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019de\u00adki K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ka\u00adde\u00adri\u00adni ol\u00adduk\u00ad\u00e7a po\u00adzi\u00adtif bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fc\u00adme u\u011f\u00adra\u00adta\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. O nok\u00adta\u00adya ge\u00adlin\u00addi\u00ad\u011fin\u00adde fe\u00adde\u00adral ve de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik bir Irak\u2019ta\u00adki Irak K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin kom\u00ad\u015fu\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ola\u00adcak\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Irak: Kitlesel Katliamlar ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan Federasyona m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Soy\u00adk\u0131\u00adr\u0131m\u00adc\u0131 Sad\u00addam re\u00adji\u00admi Irak dev\u00adle\u00adti\u00adnin ba\u015f\u00adtan ba\u00ad\u015fa ye\u00adni\u00adden in\u00ad\u015fa\u00ads\u0131 i\u00e7in sa\u00advu\u00adnu\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlir ar\u00adg\u00fc\u00adman\u00adlar ya\u00adrat\u00adt\u0131. Bu kar\u00adma\u00ad\u015f\u0131k s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7, Bush y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adti\u00admi\u00adnin Ni\u00adsan 2003\u2019te Sad\u00addam H\u00fc\u00adse\u00adyin\u2019i ik\u00adti\u00addar\u00addan uzak\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131r\u00adma\u00ads\u0131n\u00addan he\u00admen son\u00adra ba\u015f\u00adla\u00add\u0131. Olay\u00adlar ve olay\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ya\u00adrat\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 so\u00adnu\u00e7\u00adlar hak\u00adk\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce\u00adle\u00adri\u00admiz ne olur\u00adsa ol\u00adsun, Irak\u2019ta\u00adki fark\u00adl\u0131 et\u00adnik ve din\u00adsel grup\u00adlar, dev\u00adle\u00adtin ya\u00adp\u0131\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131, kuv\u00advet\u00adler ay\u00adr\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ve \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adnin ko\u00adlek\u00adtif kim\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adni ye\u00adni\u00adden ta\u00adn\u0131m\u00adla\u00admak, \u00fcze\u00adrin\u00adde g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler\u00adde bu\u00adlun\u00admak ve ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00add\u0131r\u00admak \u00fcze\u00adre \u015fu an\u00adda ana\u00adya\u00adsal ve ku\u00adrum\u00adsal bir s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci ba\u015f\u00adlat\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Ye\u00adni bir Irak, Ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adci Y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim Ya\u00adsa\u00ads\u0131 (GYY) ad\u0131 ve\u00adri\u00adlen (ve Irak Y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim Kon\u00adse\u00adyi ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan 8 Mart 2004 ta\u00adri\u00adhin\u00adde im\u00adza\u00adla\u00adnan) ya\u00adsal bir me\u00adtin esas al\u0131\u00adna\u00adrak fe\u00adde\u00adral\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adri\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adtir. E\u011fer ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00adl\u0131 bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde ha\u00adya\u00adta ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adri\u00adlir\u00adse, bu me\u00adtin Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019da, ilk de\u00adfa bir dev\u00adle\u00adtin g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler yo\u00adluy\u00adla ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna \u00f6r\u00adnek ola\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. K\u00fcrt\u00adler a\u00e7\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00addan ola\u00adya ba\u00adk\u0131l\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u00adda, can al\u0131\u00adc\u0131 hu\u00adsus\u00adlar a\u015fa\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adda\u00adki bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adde s\u0131\u00adra\u00adla\u00adna\u00adbi\u00adlir.<\/p>\n<p>1. Irak\u2019ta on\u00adlar\u00adca y\u0131l\u00adl\u0131k si\u00adya\u00adsi ac\u0131\u00adma\u00ads\u0131z\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011fa, soy\u00adk\u0131\u00adr\u0131m\u00adla\u00adra, kit\u00adle\u00adsel kat\u00adli\u00adam\u00adla\u00adra, toplu me\u00adzar\u00adla\u00adra da\u00adya\u00adl\u0131 bir si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adtem olan Ba\u00adas re\u00adji\u00admi\u00adnin or\u00adta\u00addan kal\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla bir\u00adlik\u00adte, sis\u00adte\u00adma\u00adtik bas\u00adk\u0131 ve zu\u00adl\u00fcm so\u00adna er\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. GYY\u2019n\u0131n im\u00adza\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla bir\u00adlik\u00adte dev\u00adle\u00adtin ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ye\u00adni bir d\u00f6\u00adnem ba\u015f\u00adla\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. S\u00f6z ko\u00adnu\u00adsu bel\u00adge\u00adnin im\u00adza\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla nok\u00adta\u00adla\u00adnan s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adcin de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik ol\u00adma\u00adyan ya\u00adp\u0131\u00ads\u0131\u00adna ve pek \u00e7ok ek\u00adsik\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne ra\u011f\u00admen, GYY Irak\u2019ta si\u00adya\u00adsi g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler i\u00e7in ye\u00adni bir ze\u00admin ya\u00adrat\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Irak\u2019\u0131n mo\u00addern bir dev\u00adlet ola\u00adrak ku\u00adrul\u00adma\u00ads\u0131n\u00addan bu ya\u00adna, fark\u00adl\u0131 grup\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n, si\u00adya\u00adsal par\u00adti ve ide\u00adolo\u00adji\u00adle\u00adrin tem\u00adsil\u00adci\u00adle\u00adri ilk de\u00adfa an\u00adlam\u00adl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler\u00adde bu\u00adlun\u00admu\u015f\u00adlar ve \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adnin ger\u00ad\u00e7e\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne uy\u00adgun d\u00fc\u00ad\u015fen bir si\u00adya\u00adsi ya\u00adp\u0131 \u00fcze\u00adrin\u00adde an\u00adla\u015f\u00adma\u00ady\u0131 ba\u00ad\u015far\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>2. Irak\u2019\u0131, mer\u00adke\u00adzi, ay\u0131\u00adr\u0131m\u00adc\u0131, soy\u00adk\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adma e\u011fi\u00adli\u00admi ve Arap S\u00fcnni ha\u00adki\u00admi\u00adye\u00adtin\u00adde\u00adki bir dev\u00adlet ol\u00admak\u00adtan \u00e7\u0131\u00adka\u00adr\u0131p fe\u00adde\u00adral\u00adle\u015f\u00admi\u015f bir ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adya d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fcr\u00adme d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce\u00adsi, 1992 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00addan bu ya\u00adna K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin en g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc ta\u00adle\u00adbi ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur. Ge\u00adrek Sad\u00addam H\u00fc\u00adse\u00adyin\u2019in ik\u00adti\u00addar\u00addan d\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adsin\u00adden \u00f6n\u00adce, ge\u00adrek\u00adse de GYY\u2019n\u0131 do\u00ad\u011fu\u00adran k\u0131\u00adsa g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adcin\u00adde fe\u00adde\u00adra\u00adlizm, K\u00fcrt\u00adler ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan or\u00adta\u00adya ko\u00adnu\u00adlan bir \u00f6n ko\u00ad\u015ful ve ana\u00adya\u00adsa \u00f6n\u00adce\u00adsi bir il\u00adke ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur. E\u011fer Irak\u2019ta\u00adki po\u00adli\u00adtik g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adler Irak\u2019\u0131 an\u00adlam\u00adl\u0131 bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde fe\u00adde\u00adra\u00adli\u00adze et\u00adme\u00adyi ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131r\u00adlar\u00adsa, bu du\u00adrum g\u00fc\u00e7 da\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00adm\u0131\u00adn\u0131n, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ki\u00adlit g\u00fc\u00e7 or\u00adta\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ola\u00adcak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ye\u00adni bir si\u00adya\u00adsi for\u00adm\u00fc\u00adle g\u00f6\u00adre ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131l\u00adanma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adya\u00adcak me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma ve ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ya\u00adra\u00adta\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>So\u00adrun\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme yo\u00adluy\u00adla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00adme ge\u00adle\u00adne\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin bu\u00adlun\u00adma\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adde, \u00f6zel\u00adlik\u00adle de Arap dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adriy\u00adle k\u0131\u00adyas\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u00adda, b\u00f6y\u00adle bir d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce\u00adnin ka\u00adbul edil\u00adme\u00adsi bi\u00adle ken\u00addi ba\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adna \u00e7\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131\u00adc\u0131 bir ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adme\u00addir. S\u0131\u00adn\u0131r d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri ve ka\u00adl\u0131\u00adc\u0131 ana\u00adya\u00adsa\u00adda b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adnin ni\u00adhai sta\u00adt\u00fc\u00ads\u00fc ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda\u00adki be\u00adlir\u00adsiz\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adre ra\u011f\u00admen, GYY K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi\u00adnin var\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ta\u00adn\u0131\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. GYY ay\u00adr\u0131\u00adca K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin 1992 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00addan bu ya\u00adna ya\u00adrat\u00adt\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan Ulu\u00adsal Mec\u00adli\u00adsi ve K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel H\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti gi\u00adbi ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ka\u00adpa\u00adsi\u00adte\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni de ta\u00adn\u0131\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. Ka\u00add\u0131n hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 da da\u00adhil ol\u00admak \u00fcze\u00adre, bi\u00adrey\u00adsel in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adce al\u00adt\u0131\u00adna alan mad\u00adde\u00adler, mo\u00addern Irak ta\u00adri\u00adhi\u00adnin \u00f6nem\u00adli bir k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131 bo\u00adyun\u00adca K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131\u00adca kur\u00adban\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ol\u00adduk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 kit\u00adle\u00adsel me\u00adzar\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n, top\u00adlu kat\u00adli\u00adam\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ve kay\u0131plar\u0131n yay\u00adg\u0131n uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adma\u00adlar ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu bir \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adde \u00f6nem\u00adli ka\u00adza\u00adn\u0131m\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019da\u00adki po\u00adlis ve i\u00e7 g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik bi\u00adrim\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin, K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel H\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti\u00adnin yet\u00adki\u00adsi al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda ola\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda an\u00adla\u015f\u00adma\u00adya va\u00adr\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f ol\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 da, ke\u00adza ge\u00adrek Ba\u00adas re\u00adji\u00admi\u00adnin ge\u00e7\u00admi\u015f\u00adte\u00adki soy\u00adk\u0131\u00adr\u0131m uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00addan do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131, ge\u00adrek\u00adse de po\u00adlis ve g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan H\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti\u00adnin de\u00adne\u00adti\u00admin\u00adde ol\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131n, ya\u00adk\u0131n bir ge\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adte her\u00adhan\u00adgi bir Irak as\u00adke\u00adri g\u00fc\u00adc\u00fc\u00adne g\u00fc\u00adve\u00adne\u00adme\u00adye\u00adcek olan si\u00advil bir n\u00fc\u00adfus i\u00e7in bel\u00adli bir g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adce sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adya\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ol\u00adgu\u00adsun\u00addan do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131 \u00e7ar\u00adp\u0131\u00adc\u0131 bir ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00add\u0131r. Po\u00adlis ve g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adle\u00adri, ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, \u0130ran ve Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019ye y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik ola\u00adrak i\u00e7 s\u0131\u00adn\u0131r g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi an\u00adla\u00adm\u0131n\u00adda bir t\u00fcr er\u00adken uya\u00adr\u0131 sis\u00adte\u00admi i\u015f\u00adle\u00advi g\u00f6\u00adre\u00adcek\u00adtir; \u00e7\u00fcn\u00adk\u00fc, bu \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler ide\u00adolo\u00adjik ola\u00adrak K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019da\u00adki ku\u00adrum\u00adsal ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri bal\u00adta\u00adla\u00adma e\u011fi\u00adli\u00admin\u00adde\u00addir. GYY\u2019da\u00adki di\u00ad\u011fer olum\u00adlu bir un\u00adsur da ge\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adte\u00adki her\u00adhan\u00adgi bir Irak or\u00addu\u00adsu\u00adnun, g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc bir si\u00advil de\u00adne\u00adtim al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda, yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik g\u00f6\u00adre\u00advi ile s\u0131\u00adn\u0131r\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ka\u00adra\u00adr\u0131\u00add\u0131r. Mer\u00adke\u00adzi\u00adyet\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adlik yan\u00adl\u0131\u00ads\u0131 Arap\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n, de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik ol\u00adma\u00adyan K\u00fcrt kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adt\u0131 kom\u00ad\u015fu\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ve Irak ile b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adde\u00adki fe\u00adde\u00adra\u00adlizm kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adt\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adle\u00adrin ba\u00adk\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla, GYY\u2019da\u00adki en tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 pa\u00adrag\u00adraf\u00adlar\u00addan bi\u00adri, ki bu pa\u00adrag\u00adraf da\u00adha son\u00adra GYY\u2019n\u0131n bir mad\u00adde\u00adsi ha\u00adli\u00adne gel\u00addi, ni\u00adhai ana\u00adya\u00adsa\u00adn\u0131n onay\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce\u00adsiy\u00addi. Bu s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7 K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre, ama ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda \u00fc\u00e7 vi\u00adla\u00adyet\u00adte \u00fc\u00e7\u00adte iki\u00adlik \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fun\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fa sa\u00adhip olan di\u00ad\u011fer her\u00adhan\u00adgi bir hal\u00adka ve b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adye de, ar\u00adzu edil\u00adme\u00adyen bir ana\u00adya\u00adsa tas\u00adla\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131 red\u00addet\u00adme hak\u00adk\u0131 ver\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. \u0130s\u00adlam\u2019\u0131n ya\u00adsal il\u00adham kay\u00adnak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00addan yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca bir ta\u00adne\u00adsi ola\u00adrak g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcl\u00adme\u00adsi ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda\u00adki uz\u00adla\u015f\u00adma, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri bu de\u00adfa da \u0130s\u00adlam\u2019\u0131 si\u00adya\u00adset oyu\u00adnun\u00adda ye\u00adni bir alet ola\u00adrak kul\u00adla\u00adnan \u015eii \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fun\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fun eli\u00adne ge\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adcek, ye\u00adni ve kor\u00adku\u00adla\u00adcak bir ha\u00adki\u00admi\u00adyet t\u00fc\u00adr\u00fc\u00adne kul ol\u00admak\u00adtan kur\u00adta\u00adra\u00adbi\u00adlir. GYY\u2019da ay\u00adr\u0131n\u00adt\u0131\u00adl\u0131 bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde ta\u00adn\u0131m\u00adla\u00adnan az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019da\u00adki de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik de\u00adne\u00adyi\u00adme g\u00fc\u00e7 ka\u00adta\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r ve b\u00f6y\u00adle bir de\u00adne\u00adyim az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve bu hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ko\u00adru\u00adma al\u00adt\u0131\u00adna al\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019da stan\u00addart\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 da\u00adha da y\u00fck\u00adsel\u00adte\u00adcek ve b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adce K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi d\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131n\u00adda, \u00f6r\u00adne\u00ad\u011fin Ba\u011f\u00addat ve di\u00ad\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adler\u00adde ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adyan K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ko\u00adrun\u00adma al\u00adt\u0131\u00adna al\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ta\u00adle\u00adbi\u00adni de m\u00fcm\u00adk\u00fcn k\u0131\u00adla\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. GYY ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan ga\u00adran\u00adti al\u00adt\u0131\u00adna al\u0131\u00adnan dil hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, ge\u00adrek K\u00fcrt\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adyi res\u00admi dil yap\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan ge\u00adrek\u00adse de K\u00fcrt\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adnin K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsin\u00adde yay\u00adg\u0131n bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde kul\u00adla\u00adn\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan, fe\u00adde\u00adral bir Irak\u2019ta ilk de\u00adfa K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adre\u00adcek\u00adtir. Irak\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcm ek\u00adsik\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne ra\u011f\u00admen GYY, \u00e7ok mil\u00adli\u00adyet\u00adli, din\u00adsel a\u00e7\u0131\u00addan ho\u015f\u00adg\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adl\u00fc ve de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik bir fe\u00adde\u00adras\u00adyo\u00adnu ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in ge\u00adrek\u00adli olan ko\u00ad\u015fu\u00adlu ye\u00adri\u00adne ge\u00adtir\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. Her\u00adkes\u00ad\u00e7e ar\u00adzu edi\u00adle\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adcek b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi umut ve\u00adri\u00adci bir so\u00adnu\u00e7, bir\u00ad\u00e7ok el\u00adve\u00adri\u015f\u00adli ve zo\u00adrun\u00adlu ko\u00ad\u015ful ye\u00adri\u00adne ge\u00adti\u00adril\u00admek\u00adsi\u00adzin ko\u00adlay ko\u00adlay ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00adla\u00admaz.<\/p>\n<p>3. Her \u015fe\u00adye ra\u011f\u00admen, e\u011fer Ker\u00adk\u00fck ve Arap\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f di\u00ad\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adlerin so\u00adru\u00adnlar\u0131 ba\u00adr\u0131\u015f\u00ad\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adle\u00adnir\u00adse e\u011fer K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019\u0131n ver\u00adgi ka\u00adpa\u00adsi\u00adte\u00adsi bek\u00adle\u00adnen re\u00adfah prog\u00adram\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 fi\u00adnan\u00adse ede\u00adbi\u00adlir\u00adse e\u011fer se\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adler i\u00e7in K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ken\u00addi pay\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna d\u00fc\u00ad\u015fen g\u00f6\u00adrev ve mev\u00adki\u00adle\u00adri ala\u00adbil\u00addik\u00adle\u00adri nis\u00adpi tem\u00adsil sis\u00adte\u00admi esas al\u0131\u00adn\u0131r\u00adsa e\u011fer pay\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adlan ti\u00adca\u00adret g\u00fc\u00adc\u00fc K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi i\u00e7in fay\u00adda\u00adl\u0131y\u00adsa; e\u011fer ba\u015f\u00adkan\u00adl\u0131k kon\u00adse\u00adyi ya da ba\u015f\u00adba\u00adkan\u00adl\u0131k g\u00f6\u00adre\u00advi bir K\u00fcrt tem\u00adsil\u00adci\u00adye tah\u00adsis edi\u00adlir\u00adse; e\u011fer 1 Tem\u00admuz 2004 ile 31 Ocak 2005 ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adci y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim Ulu\u00adsal Mec\u00adlis se\u00ad\u00e7i\u00admi i\u00e7in ge\u00adrek\u00adli me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma ve s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adle\u00adri olu\u015f\u00adtur\u00adma\u00ady\u0131 ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131r\u00adsa; yu\u00adka\u00adr\u0131\u00adda da be\u00adlir\u00adtil\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi \u00fcze\u00adre GYY\u2019da ve\u00adri\u00adlen s\u00f6z\u00adle\u00adrin g\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcl\u00adl\u00fc\u00adl\u00fck \u00fcze\u00adri\u00adne ku\u00adru\u00adlu fe\u00adde\u00adral bir Irak\u2019\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adre\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi\u00adni umut et\u00admek i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok ne\u00adden var.<\/p>\n<p>4. G\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcl\u00adl\u00fc\u00adl\u00fck \u00fcze\u00adri\u00adne ku\u00adru\u00adlu bir fe\u00adde\u00adras\u00adyon do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adsun\u00adda Irak\u2019ta or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131k\u00admak\u00adta olan si\u00adya\u00adsal ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adme\u00adnin ge\u00adtir\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi bu olum\u00adlu un\u00adsur\u00adla\u00adra ra\u011f\u00admen, GYY bir\u00adka\u00e7 \u00e7e\u00adkin\u00adce\u00adye de yer b\u0131\u00adrak\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. Do\u00ad\u011fal kay\u00adnak\u00adlar ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda, GYY\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00ad\u00e7ik ol\u00adma\u00adyan di\u00adlin\u00adden do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131, za\u00adma\u00adn\u0131 gel\u00addi\u00ad\u011fin\u00adde \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adlar ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adna\u00adbi\u00adlir. B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel tem\u00adsil i\u00e7in, an\u00adlam\u00adl\u0131 bir fe\u00adde\u00adral sis\u00adtem ya\u00adra\u00adta\u00adbil\u00admek \u00fcze\u00adre, ikin\u00adci mec\u00adlis so\u00adru\u00adnu\u00adna hi\u00e7 de\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnil\u00adme\u00admi\u015f. Bu so\u00adru\u00adnun, \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adyi olu\u015f\u00adtu\u00adran bel\u00adli ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131 halk\u00adlar ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan ka\u00adbul edi\u00adle\u00adcek bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adde \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adlen\u00adme\u00adsi ge\u00adrek\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. Bu ise ka\u00adl\u0131\u00adc\u0131 ana\u00adya\u00adsa g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri es\u00adna\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ba\u00adz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u00admaz\u00adla\u00adra d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcl\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adne yol a\u00e7a\u00adbi\u00adlir. Za\u00adman i\u00e7in\u00adde a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00ad\u00e7ik me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma\u00adlar olu\u015f\u00adtu\u00adru\u00adla\u00admaz\u00adsa, ba\u015f\u00adkan\u00adl\u0131k kon\u00adse\u00adyin\u00adde\u00adki ve ba\u00adkan\u00adlar kon\u00adse\u00adyin\u00adde\u00adki K\u00fcrt tem\u00adsi\u00adli me\u00adse\u00adle\u00adsi ve ba\u015f\u00adba\u00adka\u00adn\u0131n ko\u00adnu\u00admu me\u00adse\u00adle\u00adsi, ge\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adte\u00adki bir h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet\u00adte, K\u00fcrt\u00adler ile di\u00ad\u011fer grup\u00adlar ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ge\u00adri\u00adli\u00admin y\u00fck\u00adsel\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adne yol a\u00e7a\u00adbi\u00adlir. K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan B\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel H\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti, ken\u00addin y\u00f6netimindeki bu\u00adlu\u00adnan b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adler\u00adde uygulanan s\u0131\u00adn\u0131r de\u00adne\u00adti\u00admi \u00fcze\u00adrin\u00adde\u00adki oto\u00adri\u00adte\u00adsi\u00adnin fark\u00adl\u0131 bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adler\u00adde yo\u00adrum\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131 kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adya ka\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlir. Ker\u00adk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn ni\u00adhai sta\u00adt\u00fc\u00ads\u00fc, \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcm\u00adlen\u00adme\u00adsi bek\u00adle\u00adnen\u00adden \u00e7ok da\u00adha zor bir so\u00adrun ola\u00adrak or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131\u00adka\u00adbi\u00adlir; he\u00adle de d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adler, ya d\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131\u00adkar\u00adla\u00adra hiz\u00admet et\u00admek ya da de\u00advam et\u00admek\u00adte, olan g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri has\u00adsas d\u00f6\u00adne\u00adme\u00e7\u00adler\u00adde bal\u00adta\u00adla\u00admak \u00fcze\u00adre fark\u00adl\u0131 grup\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ma\u00adnip\u00fc\u00adle et\u00adme\u00adyi ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131r\u00adlar\u00adsa. \u00c7o\u00ad\u011fun\u00adluk oyu\u00adnu\u00adnu oy\u00adna\u00admak \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli \u015eii po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00adc\u0131\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n elin\u00adde g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc bir kar\u00adta d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u00ad\u015fe\u00adbi\u00adlir ve bu, \u015ei\u00adile\u00adrin de san\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00addan da\u00adha az po\u00adp\u00fc\u00adler ol\u00adduk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131\u00adka\u00adbi\u00adlir. Ba\u00adz\u0131 \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcn za\u00adman\u00adlar\u00adda \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fun\u00adluk oyu\u00adnu li\u00adbe\u00adral hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adce\u00adle\u00adri bal\u00adta\u00adla\u00adya\u00adcak bi\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adde kul\u00adla\u00adn\u0131\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlir ve bu du\u00adrum, \u0130s\u00adlam\u2019\u0131n po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00adda\u00adki ro\u00adl\u00fc ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli ku\u015f\u00adku\u00adlar ya\u00adra\u00adta\u00adrak, i\u00e7e\u00adri\u00adde\u00adki na\u00adzik g\u00fc\u00e7 den\u00adge\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni boz\u00admak \u00fcze\u00adre d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adle\u00adri da\u00advet ede\u00adbi\u00adlir. Fe\u00adde\u00adral h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet\u00adte\u00adki g\u00fc\u00e7 pay\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adm\u0131 ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda\u00adki d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adle\u00adrin be\u00adlir\u00adsiz\u00adli\u00ad\u011fin\u00adden do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131 ba\u015f\u00adka so\u00adrun\u00adlar da or\u00adta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131\u00adka\u00adbi\u00adlir. (Da\u00adha b\u00fc\u00adt\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fck\u00adl\u00fc bir de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addir\u00adme i\u00e7in ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adn\u0131z \u201cO\u2019Leary, McGarry ve di\u011ferleri- 2004\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011f\u00adru\u00adsu\u00adnu s\u00f6y\u00adle\u00admek ge\u00adre\u00adkir\u00adse, dev\u00adle\u00adtin ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adla\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131 uzun ve kar\u00adma\u00ad\u015f\u0131k bir s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adte bun\u00adlar an\u00adcak ilk ad\u0131m\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Bu\u00adg\u00fc\u00adne ka\u00addar ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f olan\u00adlar bu \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adri\u00adlip de\u00adrin\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adri\u00adle\u00adrek sa\u011f\u00adlam\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlir. T\u00fcm bun\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ha\u00adya\u00adta ge\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adbil\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in, \u00f6zel\u00adlik\u00adle Irak K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri ve ge\u00adnel ola\u00adrak Irak\u2019\u0131n ge\u00adri ka\u00adlan k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131\u00adn\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 dip\u00adlo\u00adma\u00adtik, si\u00adya\u00adsal ve ka\u00admu\u00adsal des\u00adte\u00ad\u011fe ge\u00adrek\u00adsi\u00adni\u00admi var\u00add\u0131r. Bu s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adte \u00f6zel\u00adlik\u00adle uz\u00adman\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n yar\u00add\u0131\u00adm\u0131\u00adna, ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00adma yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna, dip\u00adlo\u00adma\u00adtik ta\u00adn\u0131n\u00adma\u00adya, di\u00adya\u00adlog se\u00admi\u00adner\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne, kon\u00adfe\u00adrans\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna, yar\u00add\u0131m prog\u00adram\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna, g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adler\u00adde bu\u00adlu\u00adnan\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n iyi ni\u00adye\u00adti\u00adne ve ge\u00adni\u015f kay\u00adnak\u00adla\u00adra sa\u00adhip de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin, b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adle\u00adrin ve \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct\u00adle\u00adrin yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7 var\u00add\u0131r. Av\u00adru\u00adpa dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin par\u00adla\u00admen\u00adto\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet\u00adle\u00adri, Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve si\u00adya\u00adsal \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct\u00adle\u00adri, ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00adma ve uz\u00adla\u015f\u00adma\u00adn\u0131n ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adri\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi kar\u00adma\u00ad\u015f\u0131k s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci ak\u00adtif bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde des\u00adtek\u00adle\u00adye\u00adbi\u00adlir. Av\u00adru\u00adpa\u2019da\u00adki pek \u00e7ok \u00fcl\u00adke, \u0130kin\u00adci D\u00fcn\u00adya Sa\u00adva\u00ad\u015f\u0131n\u00addan \u00e7\u0131k\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00adma ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda bi\u00adrin\u00adci el\u00adden de\u00adne\u00adyi\u00adme sa\u00adhip\u00adtir. Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ve NA\u00adTO\u2019nun Av\u00adru\u00adpa\u00adl\u0131 \u00fcye\u00adle\u00adri, Av\u00adru\u00adpa ve ba\u015f\u00adka yer\u00adler\u00adde ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00addik\u00adle\u00adri mis\u00adyon\u00adlar sa\u00adye\u00adsin\u00adde de\u00adne\u00adyim sa\u00adhi\u00adbi ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Bun\u00adlar hep bir\u00adlik\u00adte Irak\u2019\u0131n fark\u00adl\u0131 halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ve b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne, ye\u00adni alt\u00adya\u00adp\u0131 sis\u00adtem\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin in\u00ad\u015fa\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ve si\u00adya\u00adsal di\u00adya\u00adlog ala\u00adn\u0131n\u00adda ge\u00adni\u015f kap\u00adsam\u00adl\u0131 yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adlar sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adya\u00adbi\u00adlir\u00adler.<\/p>\n<p>Bek\u00adle\u00adnen\u00adden da\u00adha so\u00adrun\u00adlu ha\u00adle ge\u00adlen bir kur\u00adtu\u00adlu\u015f ve i\u015f\u00adgal s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci\u00adnin ya\u00ad\u015fan\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 Ba\u00adas son\u00adra\u00ads\u0131 Irak\u2019ta halk\u00adla\u00adra yar\u00add\u0131m et\u00adme ko\u00adnu\u00adsu, mo\u00adral ve nor\u00adma\u00adtif bir y\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcm\u00adl\u00fc\u00adl\u00fck ola\u00adrak de\u00ad\u011fer\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir. Ko\u00adalis\u00adyon g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adle\u00adri, Sad\u00addam H\u00fc\u00adse\u00adyin re\u00adji\u00admi\u00adni or\u00adta\u00addan kal\u00add\u0131r\u00admak \u00fcze\u00adre ba\u015f\u00adlat\u00adt\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 sa\u00adva\u00ad\u015f\u0131n ge\u00adrek\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adsi ola\u00adrak sun\u00adduk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 kit\u00adle im\u00adha si\u00adlah\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 hak\u00adk\u0131n\u00adda ka\u00adn\u0131t\u00adlar bul\u00adma\u00ady\u0131 ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adra\u00adma\u00adsa\u00adlar bi\u00adle, sa\u00adva\u015f son\u00adra\u00ads\u0131 d\u00f6\u00adnem\u00adde ba\u00adr\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131 sa\u011f\u00adla\u00admak, bek\u00adle\u00adnen\u00adden da\u00adha zor gi\u00adbi g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc\u00adyor ol\u00adsa bi\u00adle, hi\u00e7 kim\u00adse, Irak halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n bir kit\u00adle\u00adsel im\u00adha re\u00adji\u00admin\u00adden kur\u00adta\u00adr\u0131l\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00addan \u015f\u00fcp\u00adhe et\u00adme\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir. Irak halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, s\u00fcr\u00adg\u00fcn\u00adler, kay\u00adbet\u00adme\u00adler, kit\u00adle\u00adsel kat\u00adli\u00adam\u00adlar, soy\u00adk\u0131\u00adr\u0131m\u00adlar, sa\u00adva\u015f\u00adlar ve am\u00adbar\u00adgo\u00adlar\u00adla ge\u00ad\u00e7en on\u00adlar\u00adca y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n ar\u00add\u0131n\u00addan \u00e7ok da\u00adha iyi bir ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi hak et\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. De\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik, par\u00adla\u00admen\u00adter, \u00e7o\u00ad\u011ful\u00adcu, ho\u015f\u00adg\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u00adl\u00fc ve fe\u00adde\u00adral bir si\u00adya\u00adsi sis\u00adte\u00admin ku\u00adru\u00adla\u00adbil\u00adme\u00adsi ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan, \u00f6n\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcz\u00adde\u00adki ay\u00adlar ve y\u0131l\u00adlar, Irak i\u00e7in, Irak\u2019ta\u00adki halk\u00adlar i\u00e7in, Irak\u2019\u0131n kom\u00ad\u015fu\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 i\u00e7in ve ge\u00adnel ola\u00adrak t\u00fcm Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019ya is\u00adtik\u00adrar ge\u00adtir\u00adme ar\u00adzu\u00adsuy\u00adla \u00e7a\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u015fan her\u00adkes i\u00e7in ha\u00adya\u00adti bir \u00f6ne\u00adme sa\u00adhip\u00adtir.<\/p>\n<p>Irak\u2019ta ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131 ya da ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131z\u00adl\u0131k, Irak halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ba\u011f\u00adl\u0131 ola\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r ama, bir o ka\u00addar da uluslararas\u0131 top\u00adlu\u00admun ve dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin ye\u00adrin\u00adde ve za\u00adma\u00adn\u0131n\u00adda, bu \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adde\u00adki sis\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adte\u00admin ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131n do\u00ad\u011fur\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adla\u00adma, ya\u00adk\u0131n ge\u00e7\u00admi\u00ad\u015fin ge\u00adri\u00adde b\u0131\u00adrak\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 de\u00adrin ya\u00adra\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 sar\u00adma ve bu su\u00e7\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 i\u015f\u00adle\u00adyen Ba\u00adas\u00ad\u00e7\u0131 su\u00e7\u00adlu\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, ada\u00adlet \u00f6n\u00fc\u00adne \u00e7\u0131\u00adkar\u00adma ar\u00adzu\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ba\u011f\u00adl\u0131 ola\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019da\u00adki de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik de\u00adne\u00adyi\u00admin ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131z ol\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna izin ver\u00adme\u00admek ha\u00adya\u00adti bir \u00f6nem arz ede\u00adcek\u00adtir, en az\u0131n\u00addan Irak\u2019\u0131n ge\u00adri ka\u00adlan k\u0131\u00ads\u0131m\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki g\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcl\u00adl\u00fc ye\u00adni\u00adden en\u00adteg\u00adras\u00adyon ve de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u015f\u00adme \u00e7a\u00adba\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 e\u015fi ben\u00adze\u00adri g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcl\u00adme\u00admi\u015f zor\u00adluk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ge\u00adtir\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi po\u00adtan\u00adsi\u00adyel risk\u00adler ve bu s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adcin bal\u00adta\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ola\u00ads\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u00addan do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131. De\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler ve \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct\u00adler, b\u00f6l\u00adge h\u00e2l\u00e2 is\u00adtik\u00adra\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131, re\u00adfa\u00adh\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ve da\u00adha par\u00adlak bir ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fe ili\u015f\u00adkin umut\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ko\u00adrur\u00adken, K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addir\u00admek \u00fcze\u00adre ak\u00adtif bir \u015fe\u00adkil\u00adde mo\u00adral ve nor\u00adma\u00adtif g\u00f6\u00adrev\u00adler \u00fcst\u00adlen\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir\u00adler. Ola\u00ads\u0131\u00adl\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ve ih\u00adti\u00adya\u00e7\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi\u00adne ale\u00adni, kap\u00adsam\u00adl\u0131 ve \u00e7a\u00adba ge\u00adrek\u00adti\u00adrir ni\u00adte\u00adlik\u00adte ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu bir d\u00f6\u00adnem\u00adde, ben\u00adzer\u00adsiz bir imk\u00e2n\u0131n ka\u00ad\u00e7\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00adya ve ar\u00add\u0131n\u00addan da s\u0131z\u00adlan\u00adma\u00adya hi\u00e7 mi hi\u00e7 za\u00adman yok.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130ran: \u201cK\u00fcrtlere Y\u00f6nelik Sistematik Ay\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k Yava\u015f Yava\u015f De\u011fi\u015fmektedir.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>K\u0131s\u00admen ora\u00adda\u00adki K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre ili\u015f\u00adkin bil\u00adgi ek\u00adsik\u00adli\u00ad\u011fin\u00adden do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131, k\u0131s\u00admen de 1979 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00addan be\u00adri \u0130ran po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adnan k\u00f6k\u00adl\u00fc de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fim\u00adler\u00adden dolay\u0131, \u0130ran ile Ba\u00adt\u0131 ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki ge\u00adri\u00adlim\u00adler\u00adden ve ay\u00adr\u0131\u00adca \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n (Ha\u00adte\u00admi\u2019nin ik\u00adti\u00adda\u00adra gel\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi) 1997 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00adna ka\u00addar ken\u00addi ken\u00addi\u00adsi\u00adne uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00add\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 izo\u00adlas\u00adyon\u00addan do\u00adla\u00ady\u0131, \u0130ran\u2019da\u00adki K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin du\u00adru\u00admu hak\u00adk\u0131n\u00adda y\u0131llard\u0131r d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcn\u00adya\u00adda \u00e7ok az \u015fey bi\u00adlin\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130ran K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin sta\u00adt\u00fc\u00ads\u00fcn\u00adde ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adnan belli ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131 de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fim, \u015eii \u0130s\u00adlam\u2019\u0131n ide\u00adolo\u00adjik si\u00adya\u00adsal bir sis\u00adtem ola\u00adrak da\u00adya\u00adt\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla ba\u011f\u00adlan\u00adt\u0131\u00adl\u0131 ol\u00admu\u015f\u00adtur. B\u00f6y\u00adle bir sis\u00adte\u00admin da\u00adya\u00adt\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 iki an\u00adlam\u00adda; ya\u00adni hem ulu\u00adsal an\u00adlam\u00adda, hem de \u015fim\u00addi\u00adler\u00adde \u015eii Fars\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ha\u00adki\u00admi\u00adye\u00adti al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda olan si\u00adya\u00adsi bir sis\u00adtem i\u00e7in\u00adde din\u00adsel bir az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k ol\u00adma an\u00adla\u00adm\u0131n\u00adda, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri bir az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011fa d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fcr\u00adm\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fcr. 1997\u2019den bu ya\u00adna ise umut\u00adlar ve bek\u00adlen\u00adti\u00adler Ha\u00adte\u00admi\u2019nin \u00e7ev\u00adre\u00adsin\u00adde\u00adki re\u00adform\u00adcu\u00adla\u00adra ba\u011f\u00adlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Bu re\u00adform\u00adcu\u00adlar, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adte\u00admin\u00adde ba\u00adz\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00adl\u00fc de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fim\u00adle\u00adrin ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adnin ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ko\u00adlay\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00adra\u00adbi\u00adlirler. Bu s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adte K\u00fcrt\u00adler, ken\u00addi ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 iyi\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme ve b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adce re\u00adfor\u00adme edil\u00admi\u015f si\u00adya\u00adsi bir sis\u00adte\u00admin mey\u00adve\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adden bir par\u00ad\u00e7a ya\u00adrar\u00adlan\u00adma im\u00adk\u00e2\u00adn\u0131 el\u00adde ede\u00adbi\u00adlirler. Bir\u00ad\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt, re\u00adform s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci\u00adne ka\u00adt\u0131l\u00adma\u00adya ha\u00adz\u0131r\u00add\u0131. Ge\u00e7\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi\u00admiz y\u0131l\u00adlar\u00adda \u0130ran K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne bel\u00adli bir y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim so\u00adrum\u00adlu\u00adlu\u00ad\u011fu, s\u0131\u00adn\u0131r\u00adl\u0131 bir k\u00fcl\u00adt\u00fcr ve dil \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcr\u00adl\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc ve\u00adril\u00admi\u015f ve bun\u00adla\u00adra ek ola\u00adrak ga\u00adze\u00adte ve der\u00adgi\u00adle\u00adrin ya\u00ady\u0131m\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131, rad\u00adyo ve te\u00adle\u00adviz\u00adyon ya\u00ady\u0131n\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ala\u00adn\u0131n\u00adda ba\u00adz\u0131 olum\u00adlu ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adlar sa\u011f\u00adlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. An\u00adcak t\u00fcm bun\u00adlar so\u00adnu\u00e7 ola\u00adrak, ha\u00adkim \u015eii Fars elit\u00adler ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan \u00e7i\u00adzi\u00adlen \u0130s\u00adla\u00admi po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n \u00e7er\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adve\u00adsi i\u00e7in\u00adde, oto\u00adri\u00adte\u00adle\u00adrin izin ver\u00addi\u00ad\u011fi \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7\u00fc\u00adde ve on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n an\u00adla\u00ady\u0131\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adsun\u00adda ger\u00ad\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015f\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. Ya\u00adk\u0131n bir za\u00adma\u00adna (\u015eu\u00adbat 2004 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki Par\u00adla\u00admen\u00adto Se\u00ad\u00e7im\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne) ka\u00addar, \u0130ran Mec\u00adli\u00adsin\u00adde (Par\u00adla\u00admen\u00adto\u00adsun\u00adda) K\u00fcrt\u00adler\u00adden olu\u00ad\u015fan bir ya\u00adsa\u00adma blokoji K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli kay\u00adg\u0131\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 di\u00adle ge\u00adti\u00adre\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adyor\u00addu; fa\u00adkat bu du\u00adrum K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik Fars ha\u00adki\u00admi\u00adyet po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131n te\u00admel ko\u00adnu\u00admu\u00adnu de\u00ad\u011fi\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir (Blua 2003).<\/p>\n<p>Ya\u00adk\u0131n bir ge\u00adle\u00adcek\u00adte, in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve ulu\u00adsal az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 \u00fcze\u00adrin\u00adde yo\u00ad\u011fun\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131; hu\u00adku\u00adkun \u00fcs\u00adt\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi; bu\u00adna ek ola\u00adrak K\u00fcrt vi\u00adla\u00adyet\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin mi\u00adli\u00adta\u00adrizm\u00adden ar\u0131n\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131, \u0130ran K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin du\u00adru\u00admu\u00adnu iyi\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00admek \u00fcze\u00adre \u0130ran h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti\u00adne ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adla\u00adcak bas\u00adk\u0131\u00adlar ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan en \u00f6nem\u00adli \u00f6\u011fe\u00adler ola\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r. AB\u2019nin stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adsi \u0131l\u0131m\u00adl\u0131 K\u00fcrt par\u00adti\u00adle\u00adriy\u00adle di\u00adya\u00adlog ku\u00adrul\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ve ay\u00adr\u0131\u00adca K\u00fcrt b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin do\u011f\u00adru\u00addan ya\u00adrar\u00adla\u00adna\u00adcak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsel ve vi\u00adla\u00adyet ba\u00adz\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 kap\u00adsa\u00adya\u00adbi\u00adlir. K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan va\u00adli\u00adsi Ab\u00addul\u00adlah Ra\u00adma\u00adzan\u00adza\u00adde K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019\u0131n po\u00adtan\u00adsi\u00adye\u00adli ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda olum\u00adlu bir ta\u00adv\u0131r ser\u00adgi\u00adli\u00adyor\u00addu, zi\u00adra o \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adlik sis\u00adte\u00adma\u00adtik ay\u0131\u00adr\u0131m\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ya\u00adva\u015f ya\u00adva\u015f de\u00ad\u011fi\u015f\u00admek\u00adte ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu\u00adna ina\u00adn\u0131\u00adyor\u00addu. Ra\u00adma\u00adzan\u00adza\u00adde on y\u0131l gi\u00adbi bir s\u00fc\u00adre i\u00e7in\u00adde K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan\u2019\u0131n yal\u00adn\u0131z\u00adca mut\u00adlu bir vi\u00adla\u00adyet ol\u00admak\u00adla kal\u00adma\u00ady\u0131p, ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda zen\u00adgin bir vi\u00adla\u00adyet ha\u00adli\u00adne ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne de ina\u00adn\u0131\u00adyor\u00addu (Economist 2000). Ra\u00adma\u00adzan\u00adza\u00adde\u2019nin i\u015fa\u00adret et\u00adti\u00ad\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00adge, ge\u00adle\u00adnek\u00adsel ola\u00adrak bi\u00adli\u00adnen \u0130ran K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adsi\u00adnin s\u0131\u00adn\u0131r\u00adl\u0131 bir k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131 ol\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna ra\u011f\u00admen, de\u00adsant\u00adra\u00adli\u00adzas\u00adyon ve yet\u00adki da\u00ad\u011f\u0131t\u00adma s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci hi\u00e7 ku\u015f\u00adku\u00adsuz K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adre ya\u00adrar sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adya\u00adcak\u00adt\u0131r; t\u0131p\u00adk\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n fark\u00adl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00adven\u00adlik, ti\u00adca\u00adret ve eko\u00adno\u00admik me\u00adka\u00adniz\u00adma\u00adlar, s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adler ve ku\u00adrum\u00adsal d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adler ara\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131y\u00adla Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi, ABD ve BM ile ge\u00adri\u00adlim\u00adle\u00adri d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcr\u00adme gi\u00adri\u00ad\u015fim\u00adle\u00adri gi\u00adbi.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130ran\u2019\u0131n sos\u00adyal, k\u00fcl\u00adt\u00fc\u00adrel ve lin\u00adgu\u00adis\u00adtik \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli\u00adlik\u00adle\u00adri, bel\u00adli bir d\u00fc\u00adzey\u00adde res\u00admi ola\u00adrak in\u00adk\u00e2r edil\u00adme\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. Sa\u00adnan\u00addaj\u2019da\u00adki \u00fcni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adte\u00adye ve\u00adri\u00adlen isim gi\u00adbi, K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adtan ad\u0131y\u00adla bir \u00fcni\u00adver\u00adsi\u00adte kur\u00adma d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00adce\u00adsi h\u00e2l\u00e2 T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye ve Irak\u2019ta si\u00adya\u00adsal bir ay\u00adk\u0131\u00adr\u0131\u00adl\u0131k ol\u00adma\u00adn\u0131n \u00f6te\u00adsi\u00adne ge\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adme\u00admi\u015f\u00adtir. Av\u00adru\u00adpa \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct\u00adle\u00adri, par\u00adla\u00admen\u00adto\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, si\u00adya\u00adsi par\u00adti\u00adle\u00adri ve ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131, s\u0131\u00adra\u00addan in\u00adsan\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ya\u00ad\u015fam ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 iyi\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00admek ama\u00adc\u0131y\u00adla, ya \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli pro\u00adje\u00adle\u00adri s\u00fcr\u00add\u00fc\u00adren \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcn grup\u00adlar\u00adla ku\u00adra\u00adcak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 do\u011f\u00adru\u00addan ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adler ara\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131y\u00adla, ya da bir\u00adka\u00e7 ala\u00adn\u0131 ve b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adyi kap\u00adsa\u00adyan kar\u00adma prog\u00adram\u00adlar ara\u00adc\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131y\u00adla, K\u00fcrt okul\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ku\u00adrul\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna, bi\u00adlim\u00adsel ve k\u00fcl\u00adt\u00fc\u00adrel pro\u00adje\u00adle\u00adrin ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adne yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adc\u0131 ola\u00adbi\u00adlir. G\u00fc\u00e7 pay\u00adla\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adm\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ve \u0130ran halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n an\u00adlam\u00adl\u0131 bir tem\u00adsi\u00adli\u00adnin, \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adnin si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adte\u00admi\u00adne dam\u00adga\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 vu\u00adra\u00adca\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ye\u00adni bir d\u00fc\u00adzen\u00adle\u00adme\u00adyi sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adya\u00adcak bir si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adte\u00adme ili\u015f\u00adkin bel\u00adli ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131 ge\u00adli\u015f\u00adme\u00adle\u00adri g\u00f6s\u00adte\u00adren her\u00adhan\u00adgi bir i\u015fa\u00adret \u015fim\u00addi\u00adlik g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcl\u00adme\u00admek\u00adte\u00addir. Bu\u00adnun\u00adla bir\u00adlik\u00adte, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ve di\u00ad\u011fer az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fck ya\u00ad\u015fam\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 iyi\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adsun\u00adda k\u00fc\u00ad\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131m\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n at\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 m\u00fcm\u00adk\u00fcn\u00add\u00fcr ve b\u00f6y\u00adle\u00adsi ad\u0131m\u00adlar a\u00e7\u0131k\u00ad\u00e7a des\u00adtek\u00adlen\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir. \u0130ran \u00e7al\u00adkan\u00adt\u0131\u00adl\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adde\u00adki ha\u00adya\u00adti bir \u00fcl\u00adke\u00addir. \u0130ran, halk\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n po\u00adtan\u00adsi\u00adyel\u00adle\u00adri, \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adnin do\u00ad\u011fal kay\u00adnak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve co\u011f\u00adra\u00adfi ko\u00adnu\u00admu, t\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adyi olum\u00adlu y\u00f6n\u00adde de\u00ad\u011fi\u015f\u00adti\u00adre\u00adrek, i\u00e7 re\u00adform s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin ama\u00e7\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ula\u00ad\u015fa\u00adrak si\u00adya\u00adsal sis\u00adte\u00admi ve onun do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtu\u00adsu\u00adnu ye\u00adni\u00adden ya\u00adp\u0131\u00adlan\u00add\u0131r\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 sa\u011f\u00adla\u00adya\u00adbi\u00adlir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Suriye: Kapsaml\u0131 Reformlar \u0130\u00e7in Bast\u0131rma<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin sa\u00ady\u0131\u00adsal az\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131, on\u00adlar\u00adca y\u0131l\u00add\u0131r s\u00fc\u00adren Ale\u00advi az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k ha\u00adki\u00admi\u00adye\u00adti, ye\u00adni dev\u00adlet ba\u015f\u00adka\u00adn\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ko\u00adnu\u00admu- nun g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi ve Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019nin s\u00f6\u00adz\u00fc\u00admo\u00adna Bar\u00adce\u00adlo\u00adna s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adci\u00adne ka\u00adt\u0131\u00adl\u0131\u00adm\u0131, Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019den da\u00adha kap\u00adsam\u00adl\u0131 re\u00adform ta\u00adlep\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adde bu\u00adlu\u00adnul\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 i\u00e7in iyi bir im\u00adk\u00e2n sa\u011f\u00adla\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. K\u00fcrt\u00adler tek ba\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna t\u00fcm si\u00adya\u00adsal sistem\u00adde ra\u00addi\u00adkal de\u00ad\u011fi\u00ad\u015fik\u00adlik\u00adler ya\u00adp\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ta\u00adlep ede\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adcek bir ko\u00adnum\u00adda de\u00ad\u011fil\u00adler\u00addir ve hi\u00e7\u00adbir za\u00adman da b\u00f6y\u00adle bir ko\u00adnum\u00adda ol\u00adma\u00adm\u0131\u015f\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Ale\u00advi az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011fa da\u00adya\u00adl\u0131 h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet, res\u00admi pe\u00adri\u00adyo\u00addik re\u00adform g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fc\u015f\u00adme\u00adle\u00adriy\u00adle, Irak\u2019ta Sad\u00addam re\u00adji\u00admi\u00adnin ik\u00adti\u00addar\u00addan uzak\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131y\u00adla ve bir\u00adka\u00e7 di\u00ad\u011fer fak\u00adt\u00f6r ne\u00adde\u00adniy\u00adle iv\u00adme ka\u00adzan\u00adm\u0131\u015f olan re\u00adform bek\u00adlen\u00adti\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u00adla\u00admak\u00ads\u0131\u00adz\u0131n, \u00fcl\u00adke hal\u00adk\u0131\u00adn\u0131 da\u00adha uzun bir s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adne de\u00adne\u00adtim alt\u0131n\u00adda tu\u00adta\u00admaz.<\/p>\n<p>Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi, AB-Ak\u00adde\u00adniz Or\u00adtak\u00adl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 pa\u00adra\u00admet\u00adre\u00adle\u00adri \u00e7er\u00ad\u00e7e\u00adve\u00adsin\u00adde, ti\u00adca\u00adret ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adle\u00adri\u00adni ve sek\u00adt\u00f6\u00adrel program\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda\u00adki iyi\u00adle\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adler\u00adle ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adlen\u00addi\u00adre\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adcek bir do\u00adna\u00adn\u0131\u00adma sa\u00adhip\u00adtir. AB ku\u00adrum\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet\u00adle\u00adri, (Mart 1963 ta\u00adri\u00adhin\u00adden be\u00adri uy\u00adgu\u00adlan\u00admak\u00adta olan) as\u00adke\u00adri ya\u00adsa\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ve ola\u00ad\u011fa\u00adn\u00fcs\u00adt\u00fc ha\u00adli kal\u00add\u0131r\u00adma\u00ads\u0131, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ve on\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00adge\u00adle\u00adrin Arap\u00adla\u015f\u00adt\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 dur\u00addur\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ve sa\u00ady\u0131\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ne\u00adre\u00addey\u00adse \u00e7ey\u00adrek mil\u00adyo\u00adnu bu\u00adlan, yurt\u00adta\u015f\u00adl\u0131k\u00adtan mah\u00adrum b\u0131\u00adra\u00adk\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f, dev\u00adlet\u00adsiz K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin sta\u00adt\u00fc\u00ads\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc de\u00ad\u011fi\u015f\u00adtir\u00adme\u00adsi i\u00e7in, Su\u00adri\u00adye h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00adme\u00adti\u00adne ve yet\u00adki\u00adli\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne bas\u00adk\u0131 ya\u00adpa\u00adbi\u00adlir. Ay\u00adr\u0131\u00adca, K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin top\u00adrak sa\u00adhi\u00adbi olmalar\u0131n\u0131, ya\u00adsal ev\u00adli\u00adlik\u00adler yap\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131, K\u00fcrt\u00ad\u00e7e di\u00adlin\u00adde e\u011fi\u00adtim al\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ve K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adrin ka\u00admu sa\u011f\u00adl\u0131k hiz\u00admet\u00adle\u00adrin\u00adden ya\u00adrar\u00adlan\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131 ya\u00adsak\u00adla\u00adyan bir\u00ad\u00e7ok ka\u00adrar\u00adna\u00adme\u00adnin y\u00fc\u00adr\u00fcr\u00adl\u00fck\u00adten kal\u00add\u0131\u00adr\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda da \u00e7e\u00ad\u015fit\u00adli ta\u00adlep\u00adler di\u00adle ge\u00adti\u00adri\u00adle\u00adbi\u00adlir (Ru\u00adbin). Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ay\u00adn\u0131 za\u00adman\u00adda, Mart 2004 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131 or\u00adta\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n\u00adda Su\u00adri\u00adye K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri Irak\u2019ta\u00adki Ge\u00ad\u00e7i\u00adci Y\u00f6\u00adne\u00adtim Ya\u00adsa\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131n im\u00adza\u00adlan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 kut\u00adla\u00add\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 s\u0131\u00adra\u00adda ya\u00ad\u015fa\u00adnan \u00e7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adlar ve ra\u00adpor edi\u00adlen in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ih\u00adlal\u00adle\u00adri hak\u00adk\u0131n\u00adda ba\u00ad\u011f\u0131m\u00ads\u0131z ve ta\u00adraf\u00ads\u0131z hu\u00adku\u00adki ara\u015f\u00adt\u0131r\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ya\u00adp\u0131l\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adn\u0131 da ta\u00adlep ede\u00adbi\u00adlir. Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u2019nin ile\u00adri s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adbi\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi bir o ka\u00addar \u00f6nem\u00adli di\u00ad\u011fer bir ta\u00adlep de, BM ve uluslararas\u0131 in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fct\u00adle\u00adri\u00adnin, in\u00adsan hak\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 ih\u00adlal\u00adle\u00adri ko\u00adnu\u00adsun\u00adda alan\u00adda ara\u015f\u00adt\u0131r\u00adma yap\u00adma\u00ads\u0131\u00adna izin ve\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi\u00addir. Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019ye ve\u00adri\u00adlen yar\u00add\u0131m\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n, Av\u00adru\u00adpa yurt\u00adta\u015f\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 nez\u00addin\u00adde\u00adki g\u00fc\u00adve\u00adni\u00adlir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adm\u0131n\u00addan bun\u00adlar \u00f6nem\u00adli ad\u0131m\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r. Ay\u00adr\u0131\u00adca Or\u00adta\u00addo\u00ad\u011fu\/Ba\u00adt\u0131 As\u00adya\u2019da uzun va\u00adde\u00adli ba\u00adr\u0131\u015f ve is\u00adtik\u00adra\u00adr\u0131n cid\u00addi\u00adye al\u0131n\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00addan ve Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fe \u00fcye ol\u00adma prog\u00adram\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna sa\u00adhip \u00fcl\u00adke\u00adler\u00adde\u00adki ya\u00ad\u015fam ko\u00ad\u015ful\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n iyi\u00adle\u015f\u00adti\u00adril\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adne kat\u00adk\u0131\u00adda bu\u00adlun\u00adma ar\u00adzu\u00adsun\u00adda ol\u00addu\u00ad\u011fu\u00adnu res\u00admen du\u00adyu\u00adran Av\u00adru\u00adpa Bir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnin, bu du\u00adyu\u00adru\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adn\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u00addan da bun\u00adlar ol\u00adduk\u00ad\u00e7a \u00f6nem\u00adli ad\u0131m\u00adlar\u00add\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0130ngilizce\u2019den \u00c7eviren:<strong>\u00a0Cemal Atila<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kovara B\u00eer<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>* G\u00fcney Danimarka \u00dcniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi K\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00d6\u011fretim G\u00f6revlisi<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcney Danimarka \u00dcniversitesi Taraf\u0131ndan 26 May\u0131s 2004 Tarihinde Kopenhag\u2019da D\u00fczenlenen \u201cK\u00fcrtler: Bir Halk &amp; D\u00f6rt Devlet &amp; Nas\u0131l Bir Gelecek?\u201d Konulu Konferansa Sunulan Rapor<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) Dev\u00adlet stra\u00adte\u00adji\u00adle\u00adri\u00adne ili\u015f\u00adkin ge\u00adnel bir tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma i\u00e7in ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adn\u0131z O\u2019Le\u00adary 2001.<\/p>\n<p>2) Dev\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131z\u00adl\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131\u00adna ili\u015f\u00adkin kap\u00adsam\u00adl\u0131 tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma ve bel\u00adge\u00adler i\u00e7in ba\u00adk\u0131\u00adn\u0131z Golds\u00adto\u00adne, Gurr ve di\u00ad\u011fer\u00adle\u00adri, 2000.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ag\u00adra\u00adnoff, R. Ve J.A.R Gal\u00adla\u00adrin (1997). \u201c\u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya\u2019da fe\u00adde\u00adral de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adye do\u011f\u00adru: H\u00fc\u00adk\u00fc\u00admet\u00adler ara\u00ads\u0131 ili\u015f\u00adki\u00adler \u00fcze\u00adri\u00adne bir in\u00adce\u00adle\u00adme.\u201d Pub\u00adli\u00adus 27 (4): 138.<\/p>\n<p>An\u00adnan, K. (2002). \u201cBiz Halk\u00adlar.\u201d 21.Y\u00fcz\u00ady\u0131l\u00adda Bir\u00adle\u015f\u00admi\u015f Mil\u00adlet\u00adle\u00adrin Ro\u00adl\u00fc. New York, Bir\u00adle\u015f\u00admi\u015f Mil\u00adlet\u00adler.<\/p>\n<p>Ba\u00adume\u00adis\u00adter, A.T. (200). Li\u00adbe\u00adra\u00adlizm ve \u201cfark\u00adl\u0131\u00adl\u0131k po\u00adli\u00adti\u00adka\u00ads\u0131.\u201d Edin\u00adburgh, Edin\u00adburg Uni\u00adver\u00adsity Press.<\/p>\n<p>Blua, A. (2003). \u201cIrak: T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye, \u0130ran ve Su\u00adri\u00adye\u2019de\u00adki K\u00fcrt az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 il\u00adgiy\u00adle iz\u00adli\u00adyor.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ra\u00addio Free Eu\u00adro\u00adpe\/Ra\u00addio Li\u00adberty<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.rferl.org\/fe\u00adatu\u00adres\/2002\/10\/23102002154346.asp.<\/p>\n<p>Bo\u00adland, V. (2004). \u201cAB ge\u00adcik\u00adme\u00adden \u2018T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019yi ka\u00adbul et\u00adme\u00adli\u00addir\u2019.\u201d Fi\u00adnan\u00adci\u00adal Ti\u00admes, 5 Ma\u00ady\u0131s.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCe\u00adsa\u00adret\u201d (2004), So\u00adci\u00adal Re\u00adse\u00adarch 71 (1).<\/p>\n<p>Eco\u00adno\u00admist (2000). \u201c\u0130ran K\u00fcrt\u00adle\u00adri: \u015eans\u00adl\u0131 olan\u00adlar m\u0131?\u201d The Eco\u00adno\u00admist 357 (8202): 5657, 23 Ara\u00adl\u0131k 2000 &amp; 5 Ocak 2001.<\/p>\n<p>En\u00adcar\u00adna\u00adci\u00adon, G.O. (2001\/2002). \u201cFran\u00adko\u2019dan son\u00adra \u0130s\u00adpan\u00adya: De\u00admok\u00adra\u00adtik\u00adle\u015f\u00adme ders\u00adle\u00adri.\u201d World Po\u00adlicy Jo\u00adur\u00adnal 18 (4): 3544<\/p>\n<p>Av\u00adru\u00adpa Kon\u00advan\u00adsi\u00adyo\u00adnu (2003). Av\u00adru\u00adpa ana\u00adya\u00adsa\u00ads\u0131 i\u00e7in tas\u00adlak an\u00adla\u015f\u00adma. Av\u00adru\u00adpa Kon\u00advan\u00adsi\u00adyo\u00adnu ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131n\u00addan 13 Ha\u00adzi\u00adran ile 10 Tem\u00admuz 2003 ta\u00adrih\u00adle\u00adri ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda oy\u00adbir\u00adli\u00ad\u011fi ile be\u00adnim\u00adsen\u00addi. 18 Tem\u00admuz 2003 ta\u00adri\u00adhin\u00adde Ro\u00adma\u2019da Av\u00adru\u00adpa Kon\u00adse\u00adyi Ba\u015f\u00adka\u00adn\u0131\u00adna su\u00adnul\u00addu.<\/p>\n<p>Ge\u00ador\u00adgesPi\u00adcot, E. (2004). \u201cChi\u00adrac: T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye AB\u2019ye Gir\u00adme\u00adye Ha\u00adz\u0131r De\u00ad\u011fil.\u201d As\u00adso\u00adci\u00adated Press, 29 Ni\u00adsan.<\/p>\n<p>Golds\u00adto\u00adne, J.A., T.R. Gurr, ve di\u00ad\u011fer\u00adle\u00adri (200). Ba\u00ad\u015fa\u00adr\u0131\u00ads\u0131z Dev\u00adlet G\u00f6\u00adrev Kuv\u00adve\u00adti Ra\u00adpo\u00adru: III. A\u015fa\u00adma Bul\u00adgu\u00adlar, http:\/\/www.cidcm.umd.edu\/inscr\/stfa\u00adil\/<\/p>\n<p>Ham\u00adburg, D. A. (1995). \u201c\u00d6n\u00ads\u00f6z,\u201d Larry Di\u00adamond, 1995, 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131l\u00adlar\u00adda de\u00admok\u00adra\u00adsi\u00adyi yay\u00admak: Ak\u00adt\u00f6r\u00adler, ara\u00e7\u00adlar, ko\u00adnu\u00adlar ve zo\u00adrun\u00adlu\u00adluk\u00adlar (Car\u00adne\u00adgie \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00adc\u00fcl \u00c7a\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u00adma\u00adla\u00adr\u0131 \u00d6n\u00adle\u00adme Ko\u00admis\u00adyo\u00adnu\u2019na su\u00adnu\u00adlan bir ra\u00adpor, New York Car\u00adne\u00adgie Ku\u00adru\u00adlu\u00ad\u015fu) i\u00e7in\u00adde.<\/p>\n<p>McDo\u00adwall, D. (2000). Mo\u00addern K\u00fcrt ta\u00adri\u00adhi. Lond\u00adra, I.B. Ta\u00aduris.<\/p>\n<p>O\u2019Le\u00adary, B., J. McGarry &amp; K. Sa\u00adlih, der\u00adle\u00adyen\u00adler (2004). Irak K\u00fcr\u00addis\u00adta\u00adn\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ge\u00adle\u00adce\u00ad\u011fi. Phi\u00adla\u00addelp\u00adhia, Uni\u00adver\u00adsity of Pennsyl\u00adva\u00adnia Press.<\/p>\n<p>Oost\u00adlan\u00adder, A. M. (2004). T\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye\u2019nin ka\u00adt\u0131\u00adl\u0131m s\u00fc\u00adre\u00adcin\u00adde\u00adki iler\u00adle\u00adme\u00adsi\u00adni ko\u00adnu alan 2003 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131 Ko\u00admis\u00adyon ra\u00adpo\u00adru. Av\u00adru\u00adpa Par\u00adla\u00admen\u00adto\u00adsu: FI\u00adNAL A50204\/2004, 19 Mart 2004.<\/p>\n<p>Ru\u00adbin, M. (2003). \u201cK\u00fcrt\u00adler d\u0131\u015f\u00adlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f bir az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131k m\u0131\u00add\u0131r?\u201d So\u00adci\u00adal Re\u00adse\u00adarch 70 (1): 295331.<\/p>\n<p>So\u00adla\u00adna, J. (2002). \u201cT\u00fcr\u00adki\u00adye i\u00e7in Av\u00adru\u00adpa yo\u00adlu.\u201d In\u00adter\u00adna\u00adti\u00adonal He\u00adrald Tri\u00adbu\u00adne, 7 Ara\u00adl\u0131k.<\/p>\n<p>UGI (1994). K\u00fcrt\u00adler: Ulus\u00adla\u00adr\u0131n ara\u00ads\u0131n\u00adda ka\u00adla\u00adkal\u00adm\u0131\u015f. http:\/\/www.glo\u00adba\u00adlis\u00adsu\u00ades.co.uk\/tit\u00adles.php, ad\u00adre\u00adsin\u00adde mev\u00adcut\u00adtur, UGI.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Giri\u015f: Ba\u015fl\u0131k yaln\u0131zca K\u00fcrtlerin d\u00f6rt devlet aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini belirterek, olas\u0131 gelecek beklentileri hakk\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve politika y\u00f6nelimli bir soru ortaya atsa da,\u00a0\u201cK\u00fcrtler: Bir Halk &amp; D\u00f6rt Devlet &amp; Nas\u0131l Bir Gelecek?\u201d\u00a0konulu bir konferans d\u00fczenlemek cesurca bir karard\u0131r. Demokratik bir toplumda b\u00f6ylesi bir konferans, gruplar, siyasi partiler aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fanmadan ya da b\u00f6yle bir konferans\u0131n &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":21360,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1084],"tags":[108,137,1616,734],"class_list":["post-21359","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-arastirma","tag-kurdistan","tag-kurt","tag-manset","tag-osmanli"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21359","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=21359"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21359\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/21360"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=21359"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=21359"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=21359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}