{"id":21291,"date":"2018-11-01T08:00:13","date_gmt":"2018-11-01T05:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=21291"},"modified":"2020-05-14T23:11:11","modified_gmt":"2020-05-14T20:11:11","slug":"donden-bugune-kerkuk-musul-meselesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=21291","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnden Bug\u00fcne Kerk\u00fck-Musul Meselesi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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  1. K\u0131sa tarihi hat\u0131rlatmalar:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00c7e\u015fitli yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem kaynaklar\u0131nda \u201c\u015earezor\u201d, \u201c\u015eehrizor\u201d, \u201c\u015eehriz\u00fbr\u201d, \u201c\u015eehrezur\u201d, \u201c\u015eehrezor\u201d gibi telaffuzlarla tan\u0131mlanan b\u00f6lgenin idari merkezi olarak bilinen Kerk\u00fck; sahip oldu\u011fu co\u011frafik konum, yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc zenginlik kaynaklar\u0131, farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7, millet ve etnik topluluklar\u0131n bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mek\u00e2n olmu\u015ftur. Son y\u00fczy\u0131lda da b\u00f6lgede \u00e7ok zengin petrol yataklar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffiyle birlikte, uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu konumu nedeniyle, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kerk\u00fck \u015fehrinin de dahil oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lge, \u00e7ok eski bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olup, tarihin farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde yerli-yabanc\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7lerin hakimiyetinde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    D\u00fcz bir ovada ve bir h\u00f6y\u00fck \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015f olan Kerk\u00fck; \u015eimal-i garb\u00eede k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Zap vadisi, cen\u00fbb-\u00ee garb\u00eede Hamrin da\u011flar\u0131, cenubi \u015earkide Diy\u00e2la vadisi ve \u015fimali \u015eark\u00eede Za\u011fros da\u011flar\u0131yla hudutlanan bir memleketin ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015fehridir.\u201d[1]<\/a>\u00a0Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn kurulu\u015f tarihi, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak M. \u00d6. \u00fc\u00e7 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar gider. Bu kadim \u015fehrin ilk kurucular\u0131ndan olan Lulubiler, Gutiler, Huriler ve Mitani kavimleri, tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan K\u00fcrtlerin \u00f6nc\u00fclleri olarak kabul edilmektedirler. Onlar\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra Asur, Akad, B\u00e2bil, Med, Pers, S\u00e2s\u00e2n\u00ee, Emevi, Abasi, Eyyubi ve Osmanl\u0131lar da belli d\u00f6nemlerde b\u00f6lgeye h\u00fck\u00fcm etmi\u015fler. Kerk\u00fck \u015fehrinin ilk yerle\u015fim yeri olan kalenin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi, \u0130 \u00d6 III. y\u00fczy\u0131la dayan\u0131r. Kentin kale d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 ise 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na rastlar.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerden bu g\u00fcne kadar Kerk\u00fck \u015fehri farkl\u0131 isimler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; Sasaniler zaman\u0131nda \u201cGarmekan\u201d, S\u00fcryani kaynaklar\u0131nda \u201cB\u00e9th Garma\u201d ve yine bu kaynaklarda \u201cKarh\u00e2\u201d ve \u201cB\u00e9th Selox\u201d olarak ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en \u015fehrin Kerk\u00fck oldu\u011fu delilleri G. Hoffmann taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. As\u00fbr h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ilk kurulu\u015ftan sonra kaleye bir bur\u00e7 ilave etti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u015fehir Seleukos ismini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nuri Talabani\u2019nin aktar\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re de orta\u00e7a\u011f yazarlar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi \u201cGermiyan\u201d olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[2]<\/a>\u00a0Buradaki Hristiyanlar da \u015fehri \u201cKarx\u201d olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flar.\u00a0[3]<\/a>\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca Kerk, Erpeha, Gurgura, Kerhini, Kirkore vb. gibi adlar da farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc telaffuzuyla \u201cKerk\u00fck\u201d ismi, ilk olarak \u015earaf El-D\u00een Ali Yazdi\u2019nin Timur tarihinde ge\u00e7iyor.<\/p>\n

    Araplar\u0131n Kerk\u00fck b\u00f6lgesine geli\u015fi ve yerle\u015fmesi \u0130slamiyet\u2019in ilk yay\u0131lma d\u00f6nemi olan \u00d6mer bin Hatap zaman\u0131na denk gelir ve bu da yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 700-750 y\u0131llar\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eder. Daha sonrada b\u00f6lgede Emeviler, Abbasiler, Hamdaniler, Annaziler h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrer. \u015eehrezor b\u00f6lgesi 1185 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren de Selahaddin-i Eyyub\u00ee\u2019nin y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7er ve 1230\u2019larda tekrardan Abbasilerin h\u00e2kimiyetine girer. Bu d\u00f6nemde Erbil b\u00f6lgenin merkezi konumundad\u0131r. Abbasilerin iktidar\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fanan \u015fiddetli deprem ve ondan sonra da gelen Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131 (1245), \u015eehrezor\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tahribat meydan getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkmenler ise yo\u011funluklu olarak Sel\u00e7uklular d\u00f6neminde yani yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 1075-1100 y\u0131llar\u0131nda paral\u0131 asker ve meml\u00fbk olarak b\u00f6lgeye getirilmi\u015fler.\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>Orta Asya topluluklar\u0131, b\u00f6lgeye Abbasiler ve haleflerine k\u00f6le ve kiral\u0131k asker olarak getirilmi\u015fti. Zamanla bunlar \u0130slam dinini benimsediler; Arap\u00e7a ve Fars\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frendiler ve Ortado\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldiler.\u201d[4]<\/a>\u00a0Daha sonra b\u00f6lgenin Osmanl\u0131 idaresi alt\u0131na girmesiyle birlikte, kurulan garnizonlara g\u00f6nderilen idari ve askeri personelin de bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kendi iste\u011fiyle b\u00f6lgede kalm\u0131\u015f, m\u00fclk edinmi\u015f, ticarete giri\u015fmi\u015f ve evlilikler yoluyla yerli halkla akrabal\u0131k kurmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkmenlerin hem Irak genelinde ve hem de Kerk\u00fck ve Erbil gibi G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan \u015fehirlerde n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Irak ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da mevcut T\u00fcrkmen n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 \u015eii mezhebine mensuptur.<\/p>\n

    Araplar ve T\u00fcrkmenler bu b\u00f6lgeye geldikleri zaman buralar sahipsiz de\u011fildi, yerli sahipleri vard\u0131 ve onlar da K\u00fcrt\u2019t\u00fc. Kerk\u00fck, Erbil ve onlara ba\u011fl\u0131 di\u011fer \u015fehirleri de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere \u015eehrezor b\u00f6lgesi, Abbasi iktidar\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda (1250) Irak\u2019a d\u00e2hil olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    1514\u2019te K\u00fcrdler ile Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda imzalanan antla\u015fmayla Kuzey K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa iltihak eder. Daha sonra 1517\u2019de Diyarbak\u0131r eyaleti, 1534 y\u0131llar\u0131nda K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere Irak, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun h\u00fckm\u00fc alt\u0131na girer. Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran \u00e7eki\u015fmesi s\u00fcrecinde, b\u00f6lge birka\u00e7 kez k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine Sefavilerin eline ge\u00e7tiyse de genellikle Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonuna kadar Osmanl\u0131 idaresi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

    B\u00f6lgedeki siyasi iktidarlar s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fse de, yerel ve b\u00f6lgesel y\u00f6netimin as\u0131l n\u00fcfus ve kudreti s\u00fcrekli K\u00fcrt emirliklerinin elindeydi, b\u00f6lge n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.\u00a0 Tarihsel olarak bu b\u00f6lgede Hesnveyhler, Annaziler, Erdelanlar, Babanlar, Soranlar ve kimi d\u00f6nemlerde de k\u0131smi olarak Behdinaniler h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler.<\/p>\n

    1.1Osmanl\u0131 idari yap\u0131lanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

    B\u00f6lge Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu h\u00fckm\u00fc alt\u0131na girdikten sonra, buralarda peyderpey Osmanl\u0131 idare sistemi kurulur. Bu yeni sisteme g\u00f6re Irak-\u0131 Arap ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi, di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde oldu\u011fu gibi buralarda da idari olarak \u201cEyalet\u201d sistemi kurulur.\u00a0\u0130slam Ansiklopedisi<\/em>nin aktar\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, K\u00e2tip \u00c7elebi\u2019nin 1732 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan\u00a0Cihann\u00fcm\u00e2<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 eserinde, b\u00f6lgenin o g\u00fcnk\u00fc idari taksimat\u0131yla ilgili olarak \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: \u201cBiri Kerk\u00fck olmak \u00fczere, 32 sancak ihtiva eden \u015eehrizor eyaletinde \u015eehrizor isimli \u015fehir harap olduktan sonra, Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn bu eyalete merkez oldu\u011funu kaydeder.\u201d 1560 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0Tahrir Defterine<\/em>\u00a0g\u00f6re idare merkezi Zalm olan \u015eehrizor eyaleti 10 sancak, 7 nahiye ve 204 k\u00f6yden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Eyaletteki toplam hane say\u0131s\u0131 5010 olarak tespit edilmi\u015f; bunlar\u0131n 4952\u2019si M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, 58\u2019i de Yahudi hanesiydi ve eyaletin toplam n\u00fcfusu da 25.000 olarak tespit edilmi\u015ftir. XVII y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru \u015eehrizor eyaletine on bir sancak ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Kerk\u00fck \u015fehri, XVII y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karak eyaletin idari merkezi olur.[5]<\/a>\u00a0Tarih\u2019\u00fcl Irak el \u0130dari we\u2019l \u0130ktisadi Fi\u2019l Ahdi\u2019l Osmani es-Sani\u00a0<\/em>adl\u0131 eserde, \u015eehrizor Eyaletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle belirtilmi\u015ftir: \u201cG\u00fcneyde Ba\u011fdat Eyaleti\u2019yle, bat\u0131da Musul ve Amedi\u2019ye h\u00fck\u00fcmetiyle, kuzeyde Hakkari ve Azerbaycan\u2019la ve do\u011fuda da Fars b\u00f6lgesine ula\u015f\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin 1870\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Eyaletler \u0130daresi Yasas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle b\u00f6lge Ba\u011fdat ve Musul olmak \u00fczere iki eyalete (vilayete) ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin sonucu olarak, 1879\u2019da Eyalet merkezi Kerk\u00fck\u2019ten Musul\u2019a ge\u00e7ti. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan, Hanekin ve ba\u011fl\u0131 birimler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak Musul, Kerk\u00fck ve S\u00fcleymaniye sancaklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan Musul eyaletine ba\u011fland\u0131. Ondan sonra Musul, G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n merkezi idari birimi oldu ve Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131ran Mondros Ate\u015fkes Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131na kadar b\u00f6lge Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu idaresi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

    1.2.B\u00f6lgesel ve yabanc\u0131 seyyahlar\u0131n Kerk\u00fck notlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Tarih\u00e7iler ve co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ge\u00e7mi\u015ften yak\u0131n d\u00f6neme kadar b\u00f6lgeyi gezen seyyahlar\u0131n, \u015eehrezor eyaleti ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019le ilgili olarak bize aktard\u0131klar\u0131 bilgiler, bu konuyu \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nleriyle ayd\u0131nlatmak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr kaynaklardan b\u00f6lgenin tarihi, co\u011frafik ve sosyolojik \u00f6zellikleri, demografik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve etnik yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bilgiler edinmekteyiz. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle konuyu ayd\u0131nlatmak i\u00e7in burada birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek vermekle yetinece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

    Buldan\u2019\u00fcl Hilafet\u2019\u015f \u015earkkiye<\/em>\u00a0eserinin yazar\u0131,\u00a0Mustavfi<\/strong>\u2019nin sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda yaz\u0131lan eserinden aktararak \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: \u201c\u015eehrezur, sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda parlak bir \u015fehirdi ve sakinleri K\u00fcrt\u2019t\u00fc.\u201d\u00a0Seyyah \u0130bn Muhehil<\/strong>\u00a0de ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde b\u00f6lgeyi gezmi\u015f ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019le ilgili \u015fu tespitte bulunmu\u015ftur:\u201c\u015eehrezur b\u00f6lgesi baz\u0131 il ve il\u00e7elerden meydana gelir, bu b\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrdlerin say\u0131s\u0131 60 bin evden olu\u015fuyordu.\u201d[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Yak\u00fbt El- Hamevi<\/strong>, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak W\u00fcstenfeld taraf\u0131ndan 1866\u20131873 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 6 cilt halinde Leipzig\u2019te bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan\u00a0Mu\u2019cem\u00fc\u2019l B\u00fcld\u00e2n\u00a0<\/em>adl\u0131 ansiklopedik eserinde \u201cErbil\u201dden bahsederken; \u201cAhalisinin ekserisi K\u00fcrt\u2019t\u00fcr\u201d demektedir. O d\u00f6nem Erbil \u015eehrezor b\u00f6lgesinin merkezi konumundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Osmanl\u0131 son d\u00f6nemi \u00f6nemli vakan\u00fcvislerinden olan\u00a0\u015eemseddin Sami\u00a0<\/strong>de 1896 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131lan\u00a0Kam\u00fbs\u2019l Alem<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 alt\u0131 ciltlik ansiklopedik eserinin be\u015finci cildinde, Kerk\u00fck\u2019le ilgili \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler vermektedir. Yazar eserinde \u015fehrin co\u011frafik konumundan, n\u00fcfus nispeti ve etnik bile\u015fenlerinden, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hizmet veren kurumlardan, tarihi eserler ve ticari hayattan, tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden, \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc madden kaynaklar\u0131ndan bahsederek \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: \u201cKerk\u00fck<\/strong>: K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n Musul vilayetinde ve Musul\u2019un 160 km G\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda ve bir s\u0131ra tepelerin alt\u0131nda, geni\u015f bir ovan\u0131n kenar\u0131nda ve (Edhem vadisi) \u00fczerinde bulunan \u015eehrezor sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n merkezi bir \u015fehri olup\u2026 do\u011fuda S\u00fcleymaniye, kuzeyinde K\u00f6ysancak ve Erbil kazalar\u0131 ile bat\u0131da Musul sanca\u011f\u0131 ile g\u00fcneyi Ba\u011fdat vilayeti ile g\u00fcneydo\u011fusu Selahaddin kazas\u0131 ile \u00e7evrilidir. M\u0131lha, Tuzhumarto, Alt\u0131n K\u00f6pr\u00fc, Kil, ve \u015eivan isimlerinde 5 nahiyesi ve toplam 352 K\u00f6y\u00fc mevcut olup 30.000 n\u00fcfusu, kalesi, 36 cami ve mescidi, 7 medresesi 15 teke ve zaviyesi, 12 han, 1272 ma\u011faza ve d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131, 8 hamam\u0131, nehrin \u00fczerinde bir K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, bir r\u00fc\u015ftiye ve 18 \u00e7ocuk okulu, 3 kilisesi ve 1 Havras\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bir tepe \u00fczerinde bulunan Kalesi ile Kalenin alt\u0131ndaki mahallelerden ve nehrin sa\u011f taraf\u0131ndaki k\u0131s\u0131mdan m\u00fcrekkep oldu\u011fu halde, ahalisinin d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc (3\/4) K\u00fcrd ve kalan\u0131 da T\u00fcrkmen, Arap ve di\u011ferleridir, 760 \u0130srailli ve 460 Keldani dahi vard\u0131r.\u201d[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u00dcnl\u00fc co\u011frafyac\u0131\u00a0Prof. Besim Derkot<\/strong>\u2019ta Kerk\u00fck ve Musul\u2019dan bahsederken \u015fu tespitte bulunmaktad\u0131r: \u201cIrak\u2019tan pek farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, n\u00fcfusunun yap\u0131s\u0131 ve ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f tarz\u0131 ile de daha \u00e7ok Diyarbekir b\u00f6lgesine benzemekteydi. Esasen Musul havalisi, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonlar\u0131na kadar, Bat\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafya eserlerinde genellikle Irak\u2019tan ayr\u0131 olarak Yukar\u0131 Elcezire b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7inde say\u0131l\u0131yordu.\u201d[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Bu t\u00fcr tespitlerde bulunan ve benzer bilgileri aktaran bir\u00e7ok kaynak daha s\u0131ralanabilir ancak uzatmadan yukar\u0131daki aktar\u0131mlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Kerk\u00fck, tarihsel kaynaklarda genel olarak K\u00fcrdistan co\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde ve bir K\u00fcrd \u015fehri olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Bununla birlikte Kerk\u00fck merkezli \u015eehrezor b\u00f6lgesinin tarihi \u00e7ok eskilere dayanmaktad\u0131r, bu b\u00f6lge tarih boyunca farkl\u0131 kavimlere yurtluk yapm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc ve \u00e7ok milletli bir ortak ya\u015fam \u015fehridir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde burada \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturan K\u00fcrdlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Arap, T\u00fcrkmen, As\u00fbr\u00ee-Keldan\u00ee-S\u00fbryani, Yahudi ve Ermeniler de ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Irak Devletinin kurulu\u015fu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda yenik d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, b\u00f6lge \u00fczerindeki yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 y\u0131ll\u0131k egemenli\u011finin de sonunu getirdi. Taraflar\u0131n imzalam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Mondros Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (30 Ekim 1918) 7. maddesine g\u00f6re, itilaf devletleri \u201cg\u00fcvenliklerine y\u00f6nelik bir durumda\u201d sorunlu b\u00f6lgeyi i\u015fgal etme hakk\u0131na sahipti. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede petrol kaynaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok zengin rezervlere sahip olan Irak ve G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan, \u0130ngiltere devleti taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edildi. \u0130ngiliz askeri g\u00fc\u00e7leri 7 Nisan 1918\u2019de Kerk\u00fck ve S\u00fcleymaniye \u015fehirlerine girerek G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015fgal ettiler. Zaten 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda gizli olarak imzalanm\u0131\u015f olan Sykes-Picot anla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fince de bu b\u00f6lge \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130ngilizler bu b\u00f6lgede petrol\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1890\u2019larda ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

      \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin mandas\u0131 alt\u0131nda H\u00fcseyin \u015eerif\u2019in o\u011flu Melik Faysal y\u00f6netiminde 28 A\u011fustos 1921\u2019de Irak devletinin kurulu\u015fu ilan edildi. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin petrol siyaseti \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde izledi\u011fi Arap yanl\u0131s\u0131 politikan\u0131n sonucu olarak, Musul ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019le birlikte, G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak Irak devletinin siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na d\u00e2hil etti.<\/p>\n

      K\u00fcrtler asla Irak Arap y\u00f6netimine tabi olmay\u0131 kabul etmedi. Yeni durum de\u011ferlendirmesi yapmak \u00f6zere, b\u00f6lgenin ileri gelen a\u015firet reisleri, din adamlar\u0131 ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 \u015eeyh Mahmut Berzenci\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde topland\u0131lar. Bu toplant\u0131da al\u0131nan ortak karar gere\u011fince, Kerk\u00fck\u2019te bulanan \u0130ngiliz askeri yetkilisine, \u201cK\u00fcrdistan h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kurulmas\u0131 ve bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015f\u0131na da \u015eeyh Mahmud\u2019un getirilmesi\u201d talebinde bulunulur. K\u00fcrtlerin bu talebi olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r ve \u015eeyh Mahmud 1919 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda ilk K\u00fcrt h\u00fck\u00fcmetini olu\u015fturarak kendini K\u00fcrdistan kral\u0131 ilan eder. Ancak \u0130ngilizlerle var olan \u00e7eli\u015fkiler nedeniyle \u015eeyh Mahmud h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00f6mr\u00fc \u00e7ok k\u0131sa olur. 19 Haziran 1919\u2019da b\u00f6lgede bulunan Kemalist subaylar\u0131n da k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz kuvvetleriyle K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flar. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u015eeyh Mahmud\u2019un 19.06.1919 tarihinde \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan yaral\u0131 yakalanmas\u0131yla son bulur.<\/p>\n

      Daha sonralar\u0131 tekrar ba\u015flayan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda, \u015eeyh Mahmud 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakalanarak Hindistan\u2019a s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilir. 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kerk\u00fck de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere Musul Vilayeti, Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 bir komisyonun verdi\u011fi bir inceleme raporuna dayan\u0131larak Irak devletine ba\u011fland\u0131. Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019nin bu karar\u0131n\u0131n uygulamas\u0131, Irak\u2019\u0131n mandater g\u00fcc\u00fc olan \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan \u015fu \u015fartlara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cK\u00fcrtlere iyi davran\u0131lmas\u0131, mahkeme ve okullarda y\u00f6neticilerin K\u00fcrtlerden olmas\u0131 ve K\u00fcrt\u00e7e\u2019nin resmi dil kabul edilmesi.\u201d \u0130ngiltere de 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeyi Irak-Arap y\u00f6netimine ba\u011flar. Milletler Cemiyeti taraf\u0131ndan K\u00fcrtlerle ilgili al\u0131nan kararlar da pratikte uygulanmaz. Daha sonralar\u0131 \u0130ni\u015fli-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 da olsa, K\u00fcrtlerle \u0130ngilizlerin y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 hi\u00e7 bar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ilk y\u0131llarda K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 yumu\u015fak bir politika uygulasa da, sonradan gelen h\u00fck\u00fcmetler sistematik olarak Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar ve Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetinden en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 da Kerk\u00fck alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma siyaseti:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Yeni Irak devletinin kurulmas\u0131yla G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan, Elcezire ya da o zaman\u0131n deyimiyle \u201cMusul Vilayeti\u201d meselesi, Irak\u2019\u0131n mandater devleti \u0130ngiltere ve yeni T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda bir probleme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u201cMusul vilayetinin\u201d gelece\u011fini belirlemek i\u00e7in taraflar\u0131n 1922-1924 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, mesele Milletler Cemiyetine ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019nin 1925\u2019te verdi\u011fi bir kararla G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan ya da di\u011fer ad\u0131yla \u201cMusul Vilayeti\u201d yeni kurulan Irak devletine eklemlendi. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten sonra G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan, Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verdikleri bir alana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu nedenle ard\u0131l Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri b\u00f6lgede Arap etnik n\u00fcfusunu art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in siyasi ve idari tedbirlerle yeni d\u00fczenlemeler yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Milletler Cemiyeti taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan ve Irak\u2019\u0131n da tan\u0131may\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haklar gere\u011fince uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bu y\u00f6ndeki bask\u0131 ve yasaklamalar da gitgide art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu ko\u015fullarda 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Kerk\u00fck\u2019te ya\u015fayan etnik gruplar\u0131n nispeti \u015f\u00f6yleydi: K\u00fcrdler %48.3, Araplar %28.2, T\u00fcrkmenler %21.4.<\/p>\n

        14 Temmuz 1958\u2019de yap\u0131lan askeri darbeyle Irak\u2019taki monar\u015fi y\u00f6netimi devrildi, General A. Kerim Kas\u0131m K\u00fcrdlerin deste\u011fini alabilmek i\u00e7in Sovyetler Birli\u011finde s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde bulunan KDP genel ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mustafa Barzani ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Irak\u2019a ve K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a d\u00f6nmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Yap\u0131lan yeni Anayasa\u2019da, \u201cIrak devleti: K\u00fcrdistan ve Irak\u2019\u0131 Arap olmak \u00fczere iki b\u00f6lgeli; Arap ve K\u00fcrd milleti olmak \u00fczere iki milletli bir devlettir.\u201d denilmesine ra\u011fmen, bir m\u00fcddet sonra yap\u0131lan Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin aksine hareket edilmi\u015f ve K\u00fcrdler Eyl\u00fcl 1961\u2019de yeniden silah\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi ba\u015flatmaya mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1963\u2019te \u015foven milliyet\u00e7i kanat\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri darbeyle Kas\u0131m iktidardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

        Bu d\u00f6nemden itibaren iktidara gelen Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, demografik m\u00fchendislik \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, \u00f6zellikle Kerk\u00fck ve \u00e7evresinde Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetini sistematik olarak uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Farkl\u0131 yol ve y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131larak; tehdit, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, idari de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, i\u015ften kovma, n\u00fcfus k\u00fct\u00fcklerine i\u015flememe vb. bask\u0131larla \u00f6zellikle de Kerk\u00fck\u2019teki K\u00fcrd n\u00fcfusu azalt\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00fc\u00e7 ettirilen K\u00fcrdlerin yerine, r\u00fc\u015fvet ve te\u015fviklerle Necef ve Basra\u2019dan Araplar getirilip yerle\u015ftirildi. Baas Partisi 1968\u2019de askeri bir darbeyle tamamen y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, \u00f6zellikle de Kerk\u00fck \u015fehri ve di\u011fer stratejik b\u00f6lgelerde Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetini, daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir strateji \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, yeni uygulama ve tedbirlerle geni\u015fleterek s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

        1970\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin de etkisiyle Araplar tekrardan K\u00fcrdlerle masaya oturmak durumunda kald\u0131. Mustafa Barzani\u2019nin liderli\u011findeki K\u00fcrd ulusal hareketiyle Irak y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131nda 11 Mart 1970\u2019te \u201cMuhtariyet\u201d antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Muhtariyet anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n uygulamaya konuldu\u011fu birka\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetinde k\u0131smi bir duraklama oldu. Ancak Arap ve K\u00fcrd taraf\u0131 Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle ilgili bir anla\u015fmaya varamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, Irak Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015fimdiki 140. maddesi gibi, o zaman da Kerk\u00fck meselesinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc 3-4 y\u0131l sonras\u0131na ertelenmi\u015fti. Fakat taraflar bir anla\u015fmaya sa\u011flayamad\u0131. Muhtariyet antla\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n bozulmas\u0131ndan sonra, Kerk\u00fck ve di\u011fer stratejik b\u00f6lgelere y\u00f6nelik Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma siyaseti kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fcrmeler ve Enfal uygulamalar\u0131yla \u00e7ok daha vahim bir \u015fekilde devam ettirildi.<\/p>\n

        Ard\u0131s\u0131ra gelen Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri Kerk\u00fck\u2019te ba\u015fta K\u00fcrtler olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer etnik topluluklar\u0131n da n\u00fcfusunu azaltmak i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik siyasi ve sosyal hilelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra idari de\u011fi\u015fikliklere de ba\u015fvurmu\u015flar, baz\u0131 il\u00e7eleri Kerk\u00fck\u2019ten ay\u0131r\u0131p di\u011fer illere ba\u011flam\u0131\u015flar. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda Duzhurmatu il\u00e7esi Tikrit\u2019e ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f,\u00a0<\/strong>\u00c7em\u00e7emal ve Kelar il\u00e7eleri S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019ye, K\u0131fri de Diyala iline ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla da yetinilmemi\u015f, 1972\u2019de Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn ismi de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek Te\u2019m\u00eem [Millile\u015ftirme] yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

        6 Mart 1975\u2019te Irak ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda imzalanan Cezayir Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra, ayn\u0131 zamanda K\u00fcrdlerle imzalanan muhtariyet antla\u015fmas\u0131 da rafa kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Baas y\u00f6netimi b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcyle K\u00fcrdlere y\u00f6neldi ve y\u00fczbinlerce K\u00fcrd yerini yurdunu terk ederek kom\u015fu devletlere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

        B\u00f6ylece 1977\u2019de yap\u0131lan n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, ard\u0131l Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetinin demografik yap\u0131da meydana \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar, durumu daha net bir \u015fekilde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. 1977\u2019nin n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Kerk\u00fck\u2019teki etnik n\u00fcfus da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: K\u00fcrdler %37,53, Araplar %44,1, T\u00fcrkmenler %16,3 ve di\u011ferleri de %2,4\u2019t\u00fcr. Bu sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re 20 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Kerk\u00fck\u2019teki K\u00fcrd n\u00fcfusu 10.77, T\u00fcrkmen n\u00fcfusu da 4.9 oran\u0131nda azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Arap n\u00fcfus da %16.21 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Arapla\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetinin Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn demografik yap\u0131s\u0131nda meydana getirdi\u011fi tahribat ve de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibidir. Nuri Talabani\u2019nin deyimiyle: \u201cKerk\u00fck ve \u00e7evresini Arapla\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyen Irak rejimi, \u015fiddet ve vah\u015fet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uluslararas\u0131 ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin eylemlerinden daha beter sonu\u00e7lar veren bu korkun\u00e7 siyasetini hem b\u00f6lgesel hem de uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7evrelerin sustuklar\u0131 ve umursamad\u0131klar\u0131 bir ortamda uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

        B\u00f6ylece Kerk\u00fck meselesi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeden, ABD\u2019nin m\u00fcdahalesiyle 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Baas rejimi y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Irak bile\u015fenlerinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir referandumla yeni Irak Anayasas\u0131 kabul edildi. Yine 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Kerk\u00fck \u0130l Meclisi se\u00e7imlerde, K\u00fcrtler \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu elde ederek; 41 ki\u015filik il meclisinin 26 \u00fcyesini K\u00fcrtler, 9\u2019unu T\u00fcrkmenler, 6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 da Araplar kazand\u0131. 2005 Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 140. Maddesi gere\u011fince, ba\u015fta Kerk\u00fck olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn \u201cihtilafl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin\u201d gelece\u011fi ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn stat\u00fcs\u00fc, en ge\u00e7 31 Aral\u0131k 2007 tarihine kadar yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir referandumla belirlenecekti. Belirtilen tarih \u00fczerinden on y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen, Irak\u2019\u0131n \u015eii h\u00fck\u00fcmeti halen de Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n gere\u011fini yerine getirmemi\u015ftir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n gere\u011finin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, K\u00fcrd Federe H\u00fck\u00fcmeti bir\u00e7ok giri\u015fimde bulundu ancak Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n \u015eii Arap h\u00fck\u00fcmeti her seferinde bir gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek s\u00f6z konusu referandumu yapt\u0131rmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte Haziran 2014\u2019teki DAI\u015e (I\u015e\u0130D) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Irak ordusu Musul\u2019u savunmadan terk etti\u011fi gibi Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fc de savunamad\u0131. Kerk\u00fck de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn \u201cihtilafl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler\u201d K\u00fcrdistan pe\u015fmergeleri kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti ve korundu.<\/p>\n

        28 Mart 2017 tarihinde Kerk\u00fck \u0130l Meclisi\u2019nin yap\u0131lan oturumunda, 26 K\u00fcrt \u00fcyenin oy birli\u011fiyle Kerk\u00fck\u2019teki resmi kurulu\u015flara Irak bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yans\u0131ra K\u00fcrdistan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da as\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. Meclisin bu karar\u0131, asl\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat Arap y\u00f6netiminin uygulamay\u0131 istemedi\u011fi Anayasan\u0131n 140. maddesinin fiili uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra K\u00fcrdistan Federe B\u00f6lgesinde 25 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyunun g\u00f6zetiminde ve demokratik bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k referandumunda, Kerk\u00fck \u015fehri %78 evet oyuyla bir daha K\u00fcrdistani kimli\u011fini b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya duyurdu.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Petrol kenti Kerk\u00fck:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Britanya daha 1890\u2019larda b\u00f6lgede bulunan petrol rezervlerini ke\u015ffetmi\u015fti ve 1916\u2019da gizli olarak imzalanan Sykes-Picot anla\u015fmas\u0131yla Fransa\u2019y\u0131 da Irak\u2019tan d\u0131\u015flayarak tek ba\u015f\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve o g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne b\u00f6lgeyle ilgili izledi\u011fi siyaset, petrol endekslidir. Bug\u00fcn Kerk\u00fck\u2019te bulunan petrol ve gaz rezervleri, hem b\u00f6lge hem de bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleri enerji pazarlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Kurumu\u2019nun verilerine g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya petrol rezervlerinin %6\u2019s\u0131 ve mevcut Irak Petrol\u00fcn\u00fcn de %40\u2019\u0131 Kerk\u00fck\u2019tedir. Kerk\u00fck petrol\u00fc d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131na Yumurtal\u0131k-Ceyhan, Hayfa, Trablus-\u015eam ve Suriye\u2019nin Baniyas boru hatlar\u0131yla d\u00fcnyaya ak\u0131t\u0131labilir. 16 Ekim Kerk\u00fck i\u015fgalinden sonra, belki \u0130ran \u00fczeri bir hat daha buna eklenebilir. Bu nedenle herkesin ilgisi ve g\u00f6z\u00fc Kerk\u00fck\u2019te, Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn gelecekteki stat\u00fcs\u00fcndedir. K\u00fcrtler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda da bu muazzam zenginlik, m\u00fcstakbel ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z K\u00fcrdistan devletinin ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir kaynakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          Bu \u00f6neminden dolay\u0131 Kerk\u00fck, 16 Ekim 2017 tarihinde b\u00f6lge devletlerinin deste\u011fi ve uluslararas\u0131 baz\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin yakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131kla tekrardan Irak Arap ordusu ve \u0130ran destekli Ha\u015fti \u015eabi g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti. B\u00f6ylece yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde, G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hedefi izlenen petrol endeksli siyasetle \u015fimdilik akamete u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kerk\u00fck\u2019le ilgili iddialar\u0131:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu bakiyesi \u00fczerinde geli\u015fen Kemalist hareket, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara\u2019da yeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurdu. Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u00f6z\u00fcnde G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n bir stat\u00fcye sahip olmamas\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgenin petrol\u00fcnden pay alabilmek i\u00e7in, Musul ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn Misak-\u0131 Milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederek \u0130ngilizlerle bir pazarl\u0131k yapmak istiyordu. K\u00fcrd milletvekillerinin itirazlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, M. Kemal asl\u0131nda Musul\u2019un da d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu bir K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn zor olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m M. Kemal\u2019in Meclis gizli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uyar\u0131lardan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor: \u201cMusul\u2019u alman\u0131n kolay ama kontrol etmenin zor oldu\u011funu\u201d dile getiriyordu.<\/p>\n

            Bug\u00fcn Kerk\u00fck ve Musul\u2019la ilgili iddialar\u0131n temeli Misak-\u0131 Milli denilen belgeye dayand\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Peki bu belgenin uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ve anla\u015fmalarda bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 var m\u0131d\u0131r? Misak-\u0131 Milli denilen belge, Osmanl\u0131 Meclis-i Mebusan\u2019\u0131n 28 Ocak 1920\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gizli oturumda kabul edilmi\u015f ve daha sonra Ankara h\u00fck\u00fcmetince de benimsenmi\u015ftir. Bu belge, uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalardan kaynaklanan bir metin de\u011fil, sadece T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimini ilgilendiren tek yanl\u0131 bir vesikad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            Musul ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019le ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, Lozan konferans\u0131 esnas\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te T\u00fcrk heyeti ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc ve \u0130ngiliz heyetini temsil eden D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Lord Curzon aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 diyaloglar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Sonu\u00e7ta Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalan\u0131r ancak T\u00fcrk heyetinin Musul\u2019la ilgili iddialar\u0131 kabul edilmez. Lozan Konferans\u0131\u2019nda Musul meselesinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc bir sonuca ba\u011flanamay\u0131nca Britanya, Musul ve Kerk\u00fck meselesinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019ne devreder. Durumun incelenmesi i\u00e7in \u0130svi\u00e7reli diplomat Aff Wirsen ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015filik bir komisyon olu\u015fturulur. Yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz ay s\u00fcren bir inceleme-ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, konu hakk\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan rapor Miletler Cemiyeti\u2019ne sunulur. Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019nin 16 Aral\u0131k 1925 tarihinde yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131s\u0131nda, rapordaki \u00f6neriler de\u011ferlendirilip k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fczeltmelerden sonra onaylan\u0131r. Bundan sonra 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan Ankara Anla\u015fmas\u0131yla Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn de ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fu Musul vilayeti \u0130ngiltere mandas\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeni Kurulmu\u015f olan Irak devletine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

            Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen Milletler Cemiyeti raporuna g\u00f6re, Kerk\u00fck ve Musul petrol gelirlerinden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye %10\u2019luk bir pay verilecekti. Onaylanan anla\u015fman\u0131n sonuncu bendinde da \u015f\u00f6yle bir madde eklenmi\u015fti: \u201cT\u00fcrk taraf\u0131 isterse pay\u0131n\u0131 nakit paraya \u00e7evirebilir.\u201d Buna g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015fen petrol pay\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri de 500.000 pound olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[11]<\/a>\u00a0Bu anla\u015fma bir \u00f6nergeyle, 6 Haziran 1926\u2019da TBMM\u2019de oylamaya sunuldu:\u00a0\u0130ki red ve bir \u00e7ekimser oya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 143 oyla kabul edildi.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00d6demeler petrol \u00fcretiminin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 1951 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. K\u0131sa ve \u00f6z olarak s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti y\u00f6neticileri Musul ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fc \u00e7oktan satm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

            1922-1925 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Musul-Kerk\u00fck eksenli olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde, taktik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar bir tarafa b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, \u201cas\u0131l hedef o g\u00fcnlerde haz\u0131rlanan Irak Anayasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde K\u00fcrt sorununun siyasalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak geli\u015fmelere engel olmakt\u0131. En basitiyle otonomiye bile engel olmakt\u0131. Ve sonu\u00e7ta Musul sorunu da elde tutularak, Irak Anayasas\u0131\u2019nda K\u00fcrtlere siyasi anlamda hi\u00e7bir hak verilmedi. Musul sorunuyla Irak Anayasas\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 birbirine paralel ele al\u0131nan politikalard\u0131.\u201d[12]<\/a>\u00a0Bu nedenle, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonra T\u00fcrkiye y\u00f6neticileri ne gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterirse g\u00f6stersinler, Musul ve Kerk\u00fck\u2019le ilgili hak iddia etmeleri, ger\u00e7eklikten uzakt\u0131r. Her seferinde T\u00fcrkmen ya da soyda\u015f meselesinin g\u00fcndemle\u015ftirmesi ise, T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n iddialar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir karttan ibarettir.<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/a>
            \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u015eemsettin Sami, Kamus\u00fcl AlemSe\u00eed veroj-Kovarabir.com<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            <\/a><\/p>\n

            [1]<\/a>\u00a0\u0130slam Ansiklopedisi<\/em>, 6. Cilt, s. 589, MEB Eski\u015fehir Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi G\u00fczel Sanatlar Fak\u00fcltesi, 1997<\/p>\n

            [2]<\/a>\u00a0Nuri Talabani, Kerk\u00fck B\u00f6lgesinin Arapla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, s. 11, Avesta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2005<\/p>\n

            [3]<\/a>\u00a0\u0130slam Ansiklopedisi<\/em><\/strong>, 6. Cilt, s. 589, MEB Eski\u015fehir Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi G\u00fczel Sanatlar Fak\u00fcltesi, 1997<\/p>\n

            [4]<\/a>\u00a0Arthur Goldschmidt JR.-Lawrence Davidson, K\u0131sa Ortado\u011fu Tarihi<\/em>, s. 123, Doruk Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2008, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n

            [5]<\/a>\u00a0http:\/\/www.islamansiklopedisi.info\/dia\/pdf\/c38\/c380286.pdf (T\u00fcrkiye Diyanet Fakf\u0131 \u0130slam Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Merkezi)<\/p>\n

            [6]<\/a>\u00a0Kemal Mazhar Ahmed,\u00a0Kerk\u00fck: Tarih, politika ve etnik yap\u0131<\/em>, s. 37, Avesta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2005<\/p>\n

            [7]<\/a>\u00a0\u015eemsedd\u00een Sam\u00ee,\u00a0Kerk\u00fck, Kam\u00fbs\u2019\u00fbl Alem<\/em>, cild: 5, s. 3846, http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/kmsellmenise05emse<\/p>\n

            [8]<\/a>\u00a0Prof. Dr. Besim Darkot:\u00a0\u0130slam Ans. Musul mad.\u00a0<\/em>Cilt-8, MEB yay. \u0130st. 2. bas. 1971, s.743-744<\/p>\n

            [9]<\/a>\u00a0Nuri Talabani,\u00a0Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn Demografik Yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirme Siyasetinin D\u00fcn\u00fc Bug\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em>, Kovara War, h. 16, s. 19, Diyarbekir, Payiz-204<\/p>\n

            [10]<\/a>\u00a0Nuri Talabani,\u00a0Kerk\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn Demografik Yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirme Siyasetinin D\u00fcn\u00fc Bug\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em>, Kovara War, h. 16, s. 20, Diyarbekir, Payiz-204<\/p>\n

            [11]<\/a>\u00a0http:\/\/www.radikal.com.tr\/yazarlar\/ayse-hur\/musulu-neden-ve-kaca-sattik-1197140\/<\/p>\n

            [12]<\/a>\u00a0Hasan Y\u0131ld\u0131z, R\u00f6portaj:\u00a0Mustafa Barzani m\u00fccadelesi boyunca yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuka \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verirken, Araplar, K\u00fcrtlerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir anla\u015fmaya sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermemi\u015fler<\/em>, B\u00ceR, h. 11, r. 182, Diyarbekir, Hav\u00een-2009<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            K\u0131sa tarihi hat\u0131rlatmalar: \u00c7e\u015fitli yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem kaynaklar\u0131nda \u201c\u015earezor\u201d, \u201c\u015eehrizor\u201d, \u201c\u015eehriz\u00fbr\u201d, \u201c\u015eehrezur\u201d, \u201c\u015eehrezor\u201d gibi telaffuzlarla tan\u0131mlanan b\u00f6lgenin idari merkezi olarak bilinen Kerk\u00fck; sahip oldu\u011fu co\u011frafik konum, yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc zenginlik kaynaklar\u0131, farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7, millet ve etnik topluluklar\u0131n bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mek\u00e2n olmu\u015ftur. Son y\u00fczy\u0131lda da b\u00f6lgede \u00e7ok zengin petrol yataklar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffiyle birlikte, uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ilgi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":21292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1084],"tags":[3006,17],"class_list":["post-21291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-arastirma","tag-kerkuk","tag-slide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=21291"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21291\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/21292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=21291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=21291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=21291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}