{"id":17704,"date":"2018-04-19T09:13:13","date_gmt":"2018-04-19T06:13:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/candname.com\/?p=17704"},"modified":"2018-04-19T13:09:03","modified_gmt":"2018-04-19T10:09:03","slug":"osmanlilardan-once-bati-anadoluda-devlet-kuran-menteseogullarinin-kurtlugu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/candname.com\/tr\/?p=17704","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131lardan \u00d6nce Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da Devlet Kuran Mente\u015feo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fcrtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Murad Ali Ciwan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, T\u00fcrklerin \u2018Mente\u015fe Beyli\u011fi\u2019<\/em>, \u2019Mente\u015feo\u011fullar\u0131\u2019<\/em>, ya da \u2018Mente\u015fe Emirli\u011fi\u2019<\/em> diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 beyli\u011fin kurucu ve y\u00f6netici hanedan\u0131n\u0131n etnik k\u00f6kenine bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lagelenden farkl\u0131 bir y\u00f6nden bakmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yaln\u0131z, ba\u015f\u0131ndan belirtmek gerekiyor; beyli\u011fin ve onun y\u00f6netici hanedan\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130slam, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda Mente\u015fa<\/em>, Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131<\/em>, Veled-i Mente\u015fa<\/em>, Ferzend-i Mente\u015fa<\/em> ya da \u0130bn Mente\u015fa<\/em> olarak ge\u00e7er. Ayr\u0131ca Bizans, Ceneviz, Venedik ve di\u011fer Avrupa kaynaklar\u0131nda da bunu esas alan Grek ve latinize edilmi\u015f formasyonlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r; Mandachias<\/em>, Mandasias<\/em>, Mantaxias<\/em> gibi. \u2018Mente\u015fe\u2019 ad\u0131, Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurulu\u015fundan sonra uydurulmu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda bundan sonra yeri geldik\u00e7e bu ad hep Mente\u015fa <\/em>olarak ge\u00e7ecek.[1]\n

MENTE\u015eAO\u011eULLARI<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce Rum Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin[2] bir sahil (Adalar Denizi\u2019nde\/Ege\u2019de) [uc] beyli\u011fi olan idari-co\u011frafi birim, bu devletin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti ve Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi, \u0130mareti Veled-i Mente\u015fa<\/em> ya da \u0130mareti \u0130bn Mente\u015fa<\/em> olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131, tarih kay\u0131tlar\u0131na \u00f6yle ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 Ahmed Efendi\u2019ye g\u00f6re Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n egemen olduklar\u0131 topraklar, pek \u00e7ok \u015fehri ve onlara ba\u011fl\u0131 nahiyeleri i\u00e7eriyordu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezleri Mu\u011fla\u2019yd\u0131. Balat, Boz\u00f6y\u00fck, Milas, Be\u00e7in (Pe\u00e7in), Marin (Maz\u0131n), \u00c7ine, Tavas (Avas da denirdi), Burnaz (Pirnaz, Pirtaz), Mekri (Fethiye) ve K\u00f6yce\u011fiz kasabalar\u0131 bu topraklar\u0131n i\u00e7ine d\u00e2hildi.<\/p>\n

Mente\u015fa Beyli\u011fi \u00fczerine ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 bulunan Avusturyal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Paul Wittek, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi Mente\u015fa vilayetinin co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 ve Evliya \u00c7elebi\u2019nin Mente\u015fa ili a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131ktan sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z beyli\u011fe ait Mente\u015fa topraklar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle belirler: Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, kuzeyde Menderes nehri kabul edilebilir. Her h\u00e2l\u00fck\u00e2rda bu nehrin g\u00fcney k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayan ovalar ve sahil kesimleri, Mente\u015fa Beyli\u011fi\u2019ne aitti. M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131\u2019ya dayanarak o da yukar\u0131daki \u015fehirleri say\u0131yor ve bunlara S\u00f6ke\u2019nin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n\u0131, Ka\u015f\u2019\u0131, Bozdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131 ve Karacasu\u2019yu ilave ediyor.[3] Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bodrum, Marmaris ve Fethiye, Mu\u011fla\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 kasabalar olarak Mente\u015fa Beyli\u011fi topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi.<\/p>\n

Mesaliki\u2019l Ebsar<\/em>, Mente\u015fa ilini Foke ad\u0131yla an\u0131yor, sahibi Orhan bin Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, elli kadar \u015fehre, iki y\u00fcz kadar kaleye ve y\u00fcz binden fazla askere sahip, Anadolu\u2019da Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131ndan sonra gelen en ileri emirlik oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131yor. Bu devletin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, bir iki ara d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, 15. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 150 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nem bu.<\/p>\n

Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131 hanedan\u0131n\u0131n ilk zamanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgiler azd\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu y\u00f6relere ne zaman geldikleri bilinmemektedir. \u015eikar\u00ee, Karamanname[4]<\/strong><\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde, Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgelere gelmeden \u00f6nce babas\u0131 Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi ile birlikte Sivas\u2019\u0131 y\u00f6netti\u011fini belirtir. Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 Sivas\u2019\u0131 kendilerinden al\u0131nca, Hac\u0131 Bahaddin ile o\u011flu Mente\u015fa Bey Karamanl\u0131lara tabi oldular ve ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine geldiler.<\/p>\n

\u0130bn Bibi, Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n Emir Bahaeddin Muhammed\u2019i M\u00fcluk\u00fc\u2019l sevahil (sahil beyi) olarak bu b\u00f6lgelere verdi\u011fini yazar[5]. Yaz\u0131c\u0131zade Ali de O\u011fuzname \/Sel\u00e7uk-name\u2019sinde,[6] Mente\u015fa, Germiyan, Ayd\u0131no\u011flu, Saruhano\u011fullar\u0131, Hamito\u011fullar\u0131 ve E\u015frefo\u011fullar\u0131 beylerini, sultanlar\u0131n eyalet ve beylik verdikleri, onlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak y\u00f6neticilik yapan hanedan soylular\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ilerleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi onlar\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri Sivas\u2019tan da \u00f6ncesine, Mara\u015f, Elbistan ve \u015eam-Halep i\u00e7lerine, oralardan da K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n Zozan, Musul, \u015earezor ve Germiyan b\u00f6lgesine, daha da \u00f6teye, Loristan; Kirman\u015fah\u2019a kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilir, ama bu konudaki ip u\u00e7ar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a zay\u0131ft\u0131r, \u00e7ok daha detayl\u0131 inceleme ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Uc ve sevahil beyliklerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmelerinin, Rum Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tam olarak da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla paralel ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, Mente\u015fa devletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n melik\u00fc\u2019l sevahilli\u011fi zaman\u0131nda, on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc as\u0131r sonlar\u0131 ya da on d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc as\u0131r ba\u015flar\u0131nda ilan edildi. \u0130bn Bibi\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu tarihlerden itibaren buralara Mente\u015fa ili denmi\u015ftir.[7]\n

Bizans \u0130mparatoru Michael Paleolog zaman\u0131nda, Salpakis (Sahil begi)Mantaxias(Mantchias, Mente\u015fa)<\/em>\u2019\u0131n, 1280\u2019de Tralle (Ayd\u0131n) \u015fehrini ve Nysa(Sultanhisar\u2019\u0131)\u2019y\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Bu, bize, Mente\u015fa \u00f6nc\u00fcllerinin daha Sel\u00e7uklular da\u011f\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce buralarda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, y\u00f6neticilik yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

1300 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mente\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, Romal\u0131lardan Rodos adas\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131, adada deniz ticareti, korsanl\u0131k faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc, fakat on sene sonra Sen-Jan \u015f\u00f6valyeleri Rodos\u2019u Mente\u015fal\u0131lar\u2019dan geri ald\u0131lar. Mente\u015fa beyi ile Ayd\u0131no\u011flu Mehmed Bey\u2019in karde\u015fi Osman Bey, aday\u0131 tekrar ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131lar, fakat ba\u015faramad\u0131lar. \u00d6zellikle Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131, aday\u0131 almak i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131lar ve bir ara \u015f\u00f6valyeleri yenip adaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar ise de, hemen yard\u0131m gelmesi \u00fczerine \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131lar.[8]\n

Mente\u015fa Bey\u2019in ne zaman \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bilinmemektedir. O \u00f6l\u00fcnce yerine o\u011flu Mesut Bey (kimi kaynaklarda Mesud Bey\u2019in ad\u0131 yok, Orhan Bey o\u011flu olarak ge\u00e7er MC), onun yerine de o\u011flu Orhan Bey[9] ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Orhan Bey 1312 ile 1319 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda hayatta idi. Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f gezgin \u0130bn Battuta, Orhan Bey\u2019le h\u00fck\u00fbmet merkezi olan Pe\u00e7in\u2019de, o\u011flu \u0130brahim Bey\u2019le de Mu\u011fla\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Orhan Bey de Rodos adas\u0131n\u0131 geri almak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015f ama ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Makrizi, 1364 senesinde K\u0131br\u0131s kral\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lacak sava\u015fta Meml\u00fbk sultan\u0131na yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in Orhan Bey\u2019in iki y\u00fcz kad\u0131rga haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yorsa[10] da bunun Orhan Bey de\u011fil, torunu Gazi Ahmed Bey olmas\u0131 gerekir.[11]\n

D\u00f6nemiyle ilgili pek bir \u015fey bilinmeyen Orhan\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu \u0130brahim Bey, 1354 ten \u00f6nce \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bundan sonra o\u011fullar\u0131 Musa, Ahmed ve Mehmed Beylerin aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Mente\u015fa Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131, anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mil\u00e2s\u2019ta bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir sikkesi ve M\u0131s\u0131r ile haberle\u015fmesi nedeniyle hanedan b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak Mente\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan Musa\u2019n\u0131n hangi tarihte \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belli de\u011fildir[12].<\/p>\n

Ondan sonra \u0130brahim Bey\u2019in ikinci o\u011flu Ahmed Bey, Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur; Mehmed Bey buna kar\u015f\u0131 koyarak kendisine Balat\u2019\u0131 (Palatia), Ahmed Bey de as\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcmet merkezi olan Pe\u00e7in\u2019i merkez yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1364 tarihli bir sikkesi olan Mehmed Bey, 1390 senesinde Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019le girdi\u011fi bir sava\u015fta ma\u011fl\u00fbp olarak \u00f6nce M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a, oradan da Sinop\u2019a; Candaro\u011flu \u0130sfendiyar Bey\u2019in yan\u0131na ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, memleketi Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Mehmed Bey, daha sonra Mo\u011fol \u0130lhanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Timurlenk\u2019n Osmanl\u0131lar \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferde, ona iltica etmi\u015f, Timur ile Birinci Bayezid aras\u0131ndaki Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Osmanl\u0131lar yenilince, Timur, karde\u015fi Ahmed Bey\u2019in memleketi de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere Mente\u015fa Beyli\u011fi\u2019ni kendisine vermi\u015ftir. Bu sava\u015ftan sonra, di\u011fer beylikler gibi Mente\u015fa Beyli\u011fi de tekrar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Muhtemelen 1402 sonlar\u0131nda \u00f6len Mehmed Bey\u2019den sonra o\u011flu \u0130lyas Bey\u2019i Mente\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. 1425 senesine kadar h\u00fckmeden \u0130lyas Bey\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ge\u00e7mi\u015f, 1410\u2019dan sonra yeniden Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n vasall\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lyas Bey\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fbmetinin ilk y\u0131l\u0131na(1402 ) ait bir g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sikkesi, 1415 tarihinde de Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u00c7elebi Mehmed nam\u0131na bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f di\u011fer bir paras\u0131 var. \u0130lyas Bey\u2019in Frenklerle ticari anla\u015fma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00f6nemli belgeler var. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1421\u2019dir. \u0130lyas Bey\u2019den sonra o\u011flu Leys Mente\u015fa emiri oldu. Bir sikkesinin de bulundu\u011funu, mesk\u00fbk\u00e2t kataloglar\u0131 yazarlar. [13]\n

\u0130lyas Bey\u2019in Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan rehin olarak al\u0131konan Uveys ve Ahmed isimlerinde iki o\u011flu, babalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc duyunca hapiste olduklar\u0131 Tokat Kalesi\u2019nden ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flarsa da Uveys yakalanarak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, Ahmed Bey ise Akkoyunlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131na iltica etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131ndan, Milas, Pe\u00e7in, Mu\u011fla taraflar\u0131na sahip olan Ahmed Bey\u2019e gelince; babas\u0131 \u0130brahim Bey\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ard\u0131ndan, Musa\u2019dan sonra Mente\u015fa beyli\u011fine ge\u00e7mi\u015f, fakat karde\u015fi Balat Emiri Mehmed Bey kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca Mente\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fbmeti ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Evliya \u00c7elebi\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa Ahmed Gazi, 1345\u2019te Romal\u0131lardan Milas\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusundaki Eski Hisar\u2019\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bilgi do\u011fruysa Ahmed Gazi\u2019nin daha bu tarihten \u00f6nce ve babas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda faaliyette bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.[14]\n

Ahmed Gazi, m\u00fckemmel bir donanmaya sahipti. Bu sayede 1391 Temmuz\u2019unda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Kitabelerdeki \u2019\u2019Emir\u00fc\u2019l kebir m\u00fcrabit Sultan-\u00fcs\u2019sevahil\u2019\u2019<\/em> tabiri kendisinin s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele ve ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olabilir.<\/p>\n

Ahmed Bey\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Mil\u00e2s ve Pe\u00e7in\u2019i Osmanl\u0131lar ald\u0131. Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Timur taraf\u0131ndan buras\u0131 da Mente\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Mehmed Bey\u2019e verildi. Gazi Ahmed Bey\u2019in Mil\u00e2s ve Pe\u00e7in\u2019de \u00e7e\u015fitli eserleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131, m\u00fckemmel donanmalar\u0131 sayesinde etrafa ak\u0131nlar yapm\u0131\u015flar ve Rodos adas\u0131n\u0131 bile bir ara ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi. Bunlar, donanmalar\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r ve Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmetlerine de yard\u0131m etmi\u015fler. Meml\u00fbk h\u00fck\u00fbmetinin K\u0131br\u0131s \u00fczerine yapaca\u011f\u0131 deniz harek\u00e2t\u0131na Mente\u015fao\u011flu\u2019nun iki y\u00fcz gemi ile kat\u0131lmas\u0131, deniz g\u00fc\u00e7leri hakk\u0131nda bir fikir verebilir. Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131, ticaret gemileri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Frenk \u00fclkeleri, M\u0131s\u0131r ve civar adalar\u0131yla da al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fte bulunmu\u015flar. Venedik ile ticaret anla\u015fmalar\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin belgeler var. On d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc as\u0131rda, Balat\u2019\u0131n (Palatia), Avrupa\u2019ya ihra\u00e7 edilen Anadolu e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131da birinci derece pazarlar\u0131ndan oldu\u011funu bat\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar yazar.<\/p>\n

Venedikliler son zamanlara kadar bu devletle ticari ili\u015fkilerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Ticaret anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemlileri 1403 ve 1414 tarihli iki anla\u015fmad\u0131r. Anla\u015fmalar, \u0130lyas Bey\u2019le Venedikliler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131, Balat ve Milas limanlar\u0131 sayesinde \u00f6nemli gelirler elde etmi\u015flerdir. Bunlardan Balat, XIV. as\u0131rda Anadolu\u2019da birinci derecede pazar merkeziydi; sonra \u00f6nemini yitirdi ve i\u015f Hristiyan gemicilere terkedildi.<\/p>\n

Mente\u015fa h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Milas, Mu\u011fla, Pe\u00e7in ve Balat\u2019ta zaman\u0131na g\u00f6re fak\u00fclte derecesinde y\u00fcksek medreseleri vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Balat h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Mehmed Bey, Bar\u00e7\u0131nl\u0131 (Pe\u00e7ini Mehmed o\u011flu Muhmud\u2019a B\u00e2zn\u00e2me<\/em> ad\u0131nda avc\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili Fars\u00e7a bir eseri T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evirtti\u011fi gibi\u2019 o\u011flu \u0130lyas Bey nam\u0131na da \u0130lyasiye<\/em> isminde biyolojiyle ilgili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir eser daha vard\u0131r. Bunlardan B\u00e2zn\u00e2me<\/em>\u2019nin Mil\u00e2no\u2019daki Ambrozyana K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde bulunan yeg\u00e2ne n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131 Hammer, 1840 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanca \u00e7evirisi ile birlikte yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[15]\n

BATI VE ORTA ANADOLU\u2019NUN M\u00dcSL\u00dcMANLA\u015eTIRILMASINDA K\u00dcRTLER\u0130N YER\u0130<\/p>\n

Resmi ideolojiye ba\u011fl\u0131 T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ileri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Anadolu ya da T\u00fcrkiye olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fma s\u00fcrecini tamam\u0131yla T\u00fcrk \/T\u00fcrkmen topluluklar\u0131n fetihlerine dayand\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131, ba\u015fka etnik topluluklar\u0131 ink\u00e2r ettikleri i\u00e7in Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 da hi\u00e7bir ciddi kaynak ya da belge g\u00f6stermeden T\u00fcrk\/T\u00fcrkmen<\/em> sayarlar. Oysa tarihte, Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemden beri gelen yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u0130slam, Roma ve Avrupa kaynaklar\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\/T\u00fcrkmen k\u00f6kenli de\u011fil, Pers\/ \u0130rani topluluklardan say\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda K\u00fcrt olarak bilinip tan\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenir, hatta adlar\u0131n\u0131n etimolojik anlamlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da K\u00fcrtl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli yaz\u0131l\u0131 belge ve anlat\u0131mlar var.<\/p>\n

Belirtilen a\u00e7\u0131lardan Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n etnik kimliklerine sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6nce ortas\u0131 ve bat\u0131s\u0131yla bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Anadolu\u2019nun islamla\u015fmas\u0131nda K\u00fcrtlerin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fc belirtmekte yarar var.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam, K\u00fcrtlerin g\u00fcney kom\u015fusu Araplar aras\u0131nda do\u011fdu. Arap olmayan b\u00fct\u00fcn di\u011fer kavimlerden \u00f6nce kuzeydeki kom\u015fular\u0131 K\u00fcrtler \u0130slamiyet\u2019i kabul ettiler.<\/p>\n

\u0130slam do\u011fdu\u011funda K\u00fcrtlerin \u00fclkesi Sasani ve Roma devletleri aras\u0131nda ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Arap islamla\u015fma s\u00fcreci, kuzeyinde ve kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda K\u00fcrtlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131, bazen zorla, bazen de isteyerek onlar\u0131 islamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. En erken islamla\u015fan K\u00fcrtler, kuzey ve bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u00f6n cephesinde buldular kendilerini. Serhatlarda, uc boylar\u0131nda islamla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyayla (dar\u00fc\u2019l harp) kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmada m\u0131zrak ucu gibi en \u00f6nde oldular. Azerbaycan, Ermenistan ve Kafkas b\u00f6lgelerine yay\u0131ld\u0131lar, kuzeydo\u011fuda Gilan ve Horasan\u2019a uzand\u0131lar. Bu nedenle daha sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda do\u011fudan gelen O\u011fuz, Harezm ve Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131nda daha ilk ba\u015flarda bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda kal\u0131p kuzeyde G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a, Ermenistan\u2019a, Kafkasya\u2019ya, bat\u0131da Roma egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131ndaki topraklara g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiler. Bu arada bir k\u0131s\u0131m K\u00fcrt beyleri, komutanlar\u0131 \u0130slam ad\u0131na ba\u015far\u0131 ve zaferlerinden dolay\u0131 \u00f6nemli mevzi, makam ve stat\u00fcler elde ettiler. \u015eeddadi, Revadi (Rewad\u00ee), Mervani (Merwan\u00ee) ve Eyyubi gibi \u00f6nemli K\u00fcrt devletleri bunun sonucuydu. Devletle\u015fme, onlar\u0131n \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki rollerini y\u00fckseltti, egemenlik alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n

Sonradan O\u011fuz-T\u00fcrkmenleri, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 istila edip yay\u0131l\u0131nca K\u00fcrtlere de \u00e7arp\u0131p ciddi zararlar verdiler, ama son tahlilde ancak \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Roma diyar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f en bat\u0131s\u0131nda tutunabildikleri i\u00e7in, ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri en kuzey ve en bat\u0131daki K\u00fcrtlerle yan yana geldiler, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7tiler. Bu durumda, K\u00fcrtlerle T\u00fcrkler bazen birbirleriyle rekabet ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara girdiler, bazen de birlikte cihada kat\u0131ld\u0131lar, yeni yeni topraklar fethettiler, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 yayd\u0131lar. Tarih\u00e7iler, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 T\u00fcrklere Araplardan ziyade \u0130ran\u00ee kavimlerin \u00f6\u011frettiklerinde hemfikirdirler. Hem yerli, yerle\u015fik, daha k\u0131demli olduklar\u0131ndan hem de en uc ve serhat boylar\u0131nda daha uzun s\u00fcre i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkmenler \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 en \u00e7ok K\u00fcrtlerden \u00f6\u011frendi. T\u00fcrk dini ve tasavvufi geleneklerinde, ortodoks ve heterodoks dini geleneklerin bi\u00e7imlenmesinde K\u00fcrtlerin etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu.<\/p>\n

Tabi O\u011fuz T\u00fcrkmenlerinden sonra Harezm\u00eeler, ard\u0131ndan Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131 geldi ve bunlar da en sonunda ancak bat\u0131da; Roma topraklar\u0131yla serhat boylar\u0131nda tutunabildiler. Araplardan sonra islamla\u015fan topluluklar\u0131n aras\u0131nda sadece \u0130ranl\u0131lar, K\u00fcrtler ve T\u00fcrkler yoktu. Harezm\u00eeler de M\u00fcsl\u00fcmand\u0131. Bat\u0131y\u0131 istila ve i\u015fgal eden Mo\u011fol \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131 da sathi de olsa b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda islamla\u015ft\u0131lar. Ayr\u0131ca Rum, Ermeni, Asuri-S\u00fcryani ve Keldanilerden m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklar da Anadolu\u2019nun m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde yer ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

En bat\u0131da cihad, istila ve fetihlerde b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6steren topluluklardan biri de Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n ilk atalar\u0131 Kutalm\u0131\u015f ve etraf\u0131ndaki yak\u0131n insanlar\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck\/\u0130ran Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin kurucusu Tu\u011frul Bey\u2019in amca \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, \u00fcvey karde\u015fleri idiler. Bunlar \u0130ran Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin iktidar merkezinde yer al\u0131p y\u00fckselemediler. Bazen, iktidar odaklar\u0131, onlar\u0131 merkezden uzakla\u015ft\u0131ran serhad boylar\u0131nda, periferilerde tuttu. Bazen de kendileri merkezde yer bulamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in isteyerek \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n en bat\u0131s\u0131nda dar\u00fc\u2019l harple temas\u0131 sa\u011flayan serhad boylar\u0131na yerle\u015ftiler ve buradan Roma topraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine cihad ve fetihler yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Kutalm\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra, o\u011flu S\u00fcleyman \u015eah ve ard\u0131ndan Birinci K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan, \u00f6nce Suriye\u2019ye geldiler, orda tam tutunamay\u0131nca ya da daha \u00f6nce yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan \u0130slam emirliklerinden dolay\u0131 bo\u015fluk bulamay\u0131nca, hen\u00fcz Hristiyan olan Antakya\u2019ya, Mara\u015f\u2019a, Malatya\u2019ya, Sivas\u2019a, Konya\u2019ya, Kayseri\u2019ye y\u00f6neldiler. Buralar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Daha S\u00fcleyman \u015eah zaman\u0131nda ta Bursa ve \u0130znik\u2019e kadar kale ve \u015fehirler fethettiler, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019na dayand\u0131lar. Ancak Roma \u0130mparatoru, Papal\u0131\u011f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi ve Birinci Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferinin ba\u015flamas\u0131na arac\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Birinci Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi, \u00e7ok erken S\u00fcleyman \u015eah komutas\u0131ndaki \u0130slam fetih\u00e7ilerini geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Konya\u2019ya, Sivas\u2019a, Malatya\u2019ya kadar geri \u00e7ekildiler. Antakya ve pek \u00e7ok Ak Deniz kaleleri \u0130slam emirlerinin elinden geri al\u0131nd\u0131. Mara\u015f ve Elbistan y\u00f6releri pek \u00e7ok kez el de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Bu olaylar 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu ile 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda oldu.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcleyman \u015eah, kendisiyle beraber olan emirlerle birlikte Suriye\u2019ye y\u00f6neldi, Halep ve \u015eam topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Tutu\u015f ve emirleri olan ba\u015fka \u0130ran Sel\u00e7uklu bey ve komutanlar\u0131ndan almak istedi. Aralar\u0131nda sava\u015flar oldu. S\u00fcleyman \u015eah bu sava\u015flarda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve Halep yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Caber Kalesi\u2019ne defn edildi.[16]\n

Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu S\u00fcleyman \u015eah bin Kutalm\u0131\u015f\u2019t\u0131r. \u00d6nce \u0130znik, ard\u0131ndan Konya bu devletin y\u00f6netim merkezi oldu. Birinci Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferlerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geri \u00e7ekilmeden sonra yeniden toparlanmalar oldu. S\u00fcleyman \u015eah \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcnce yerine hen\u00fcz bulu\u011f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ermemi\u015f o\u011flu Birinci K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan tahta ge\u00e7irildi. Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 toparland\u0131lar, ama yeniden yay\u0131lma ve geni\u015fleme d\u00f6nemine ge\u00e7ebilmek bir y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci yay\u0131lma, d\u00f6rt bir yana oldu. Bat\u0131da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mu\u011fla, Ayd\u0131n, Karahisar, Manisa, Isparta, Ankara\u2019y\u0131, kuzeyde K\u00fctahya, Denizli, Kastamonu, Tokat ve Amasya\u2019y\u0131 i\u00e7ine ald\u0131. Sinop ve Samsun\u2019a kadar uzand\u0131, Erzincan\u2019a dayand\u0131. Kayseri, Sivas, Malatya, Mara\u015f ve Elbistan do\u011fuda bu devletin topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Kuzeydo\u011fuda Ahlat\u2019a, do\u011fuda Amid\u2019e, Meyafarkin\u2019e kadar uzand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 Eyyubilerle bazen \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, yenildikleri de yendikleri de oldu. Bazen de Harezm\u00eelere ve Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 bu iki devlet birle\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n

Daha bat\u0131da yay\u0131lmaya elveri\u015fli alanlardaki Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc, Mo\u011fol bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 daha ge\u00e7 hissettikleri i\u00e7in do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fudaki Eyyubilerden daha uzun oldu. Eyyubiler, Harezm\u00eelerle girilen \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalarda ger\u00e7i galip \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar ama y\u0131prand\u0131lar. Taht kavgalar\u0131, Selahattin Eyyubi\u2019nin birinci ve ikince derece miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki rekabetler ve ard\u0131ndan gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 nedeniyle erken \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc. Mumluklular bu devletin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7tiler. Memluk devletinin de Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131yla daha \u00e7ok kavgalar\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 kendileriyle beraber olan, tabiiyetlerini kabullenen beylerin de zaferleriyle geni\u015fleyip yay\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a bu beylerini boyuna Ak Deniz ve Ege (Adalar Denizi) sahillerinden ta Sinop, Canik (Samsun), Giresun ve Trabzon yak\u0131nlar\u0131na kadar uzanan Kara Deniz sahillerinde uc beyleri (serhad beyleri) olarak yerle\u015ftirdiler. Bunlar Karamanl\u0131lar, Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131, Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131, Saruhano\u011fullar\u0131, E\u015frefo\u011fullar\u0131, Hamido\u011fullar\u0131, Candaro\u011fullar\u0131, Osmano\u011fullar\u0131, Pervaneo\u011fullar\u0131, \u0130nan\u00e7o\u011fullar\u0131 vs. idiler. Bu beyler ele ge\u00e7irdiklerinden ya da sonradan farkl\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde sultanlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdikleri yararl\u0131l\u0131klar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde buralar\u0131n y\u00f6neticili\u011fini onun ferman\u0131yla al\u0131yor, m\u00fclk ediniyor ve y\u00f6netiyorlard\u0131. Daha sonra Harezm\u00eeler, Mo\u011follar geldi, onlar da bir tak\u0131m beylikler kurdular ya da var olan beyliklere serpilip g\u00f6revler \u00fcstlendiler.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkl\u00fckleri a\u00e7\u0131k olmayan, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fan Ermeni k\u00f6kenden gelen ve aslen g\u00fcney do\u011fu \u0130ran topraklar\u0131ndan olan Dani\u015fmendiler daha Sel\u00e7uklulardan \u00f6nce Anadolu\u2019da Dani\u015fmendi devletini kurdular. Eretnal\u0131lar sonradan gelen Mo\u011fol-T\u00fcrkmen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir devletti. Onlar\u0131n miras\u0131n\u0131 Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed ele ge\u00e7irdi ve kendi devletini kurdu. Evlilik ili\u015fkileri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n son sultan\u0131 II. Mesut\u2019la akraba olan Emir Bahaeddin K\u00fcrd ve ard\u0131ndan gelen o\u011fullar\u0131 Kutlu \u015eah, ondan sonra gelen Hac\u0131 \u015eadgeldi Pa\u015fa ve Emir Ahmed de Amasya K\u00fcrt Beyli\u011fi\u2019ni kurdular, y\u00f6nettiler. Bu anlamda daha pek \u00e7ok irili ufakl\u0131 emirlik say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Elbette ki bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc T\u00fcrk de\u011fildi. T\u00fcrk\/T\u00fcrkmen olanlar, sonradan t\u00fcrkle\u015fenler \u00e7o\u011funluktayd\u0131 ama yan\u0131 s\u0131ra K\u00fcrtler, Harezmiler, Mo\u011follar, k\u00f6lemen (memluk) k\u00f6kenliler, az da olsa Arap ve Farslar vard\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fan Rum, Ermeni, Asuri-S\u00fcryani, G\u00fcrc\u00fc hanedanlar\u0131n\u0131n kurduklar\u0131 beylikler, emirlikler vard\u0131. Dinlerini terk etmeyen Rum ve Ermeniler ku\u015fkusuz yayg\u0131n bir n\u00fcfusu olu\u015fturuyordu. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri ve bat\u0131dan gelen ticari filolarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak Anadolu\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f Latin topluluklar\u0131 da bu yap\u0131ya katmak gerekir. Kar\u015f\u0131 cephede Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 vasallar, Pontuslular, Ermeniler ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, bizzat Roma\u2019n\u0131n kendi g\u00fcc\u00fc vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tabi, bunlar bazen ittifak, akrabal\u0131k ve ortakl\u0131k ili\u015fkileri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, sultan\u0131n ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131 emirlerin ordular\u0131n\u0131n saflar\u0131nda bulunabiliyorlar, bazen de bizzat sultanlar ya da emirler, ordular\u0131yla \u0130slam olmayan olu\u015fumlar\u0131n saflar\u0131nda yer al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bunlar g\u00f6r\u00fclen ola\u011fan olaylard\u0131.<\/p>\n

13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Mo\u011fol yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve etkinli\u011fi art\u0131k Rum Sel\u00e7uklu devletini de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z nefes alamaz hale getirdi. 1243 K\u00f6se Da\u011f\u0131 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Mo\u011fol\/\u0130lhanl\u0131lara yenilmesiyle, da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6nce ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 siyaset, ard\u0131ndan vasall\u0131k benzeri ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkileri ve yar\u0131m as\u0131rdan bile k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra; 14 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcreci geldi.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 peki\u015ftik\u00e7e de eskiden Rum Sel\u00e7uklu devletine ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u00e7 ve uc beylikleri, emir sevahiller (Ak Deniz, Ege ve Kara Deniz\u2019deki sahil emirleri) ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bu arada bat\u0131 ve orta Anadolu\u2019daki beylikler, kendi i\u00e7lerinde rekabet ve \u00e7eki\u015fmelerle birbirlerini y\u0131prat\u0131rlarken, en bat\u0131daki Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi, Trakya ve Balkanlara yay\u0131lman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck olanaklarla k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede en b\u00fcy\u00fck beylik haline geldi. Ve tek tek di\u011fer beylikleri bazen sava\u015farak, bazen s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak, bazen sat\u0131n alarak, bazen da ailevi, ticari ya da askeri ili\u015fki ve ittifaklarla ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ele ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n

15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ta Bursa ve \u0130zmir\u2019e kadar giden Mo\u011fol Han\u0131 Timurlenk\u2019in Ankara\u2019da Birinci Bayezid\u2019i yenmesi ve Osmanl\u0131 devletinde iktidar kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015fluklarla bu beylikler yeniden dirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda beylikler kendi saf\u0131nda yer al\u0131nca Timur b\u00fct\u00fcn eski beylik topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lardan alarak beylere geri verdi ve bunlar yeniden kuruldular. Fakat \u00f6m\u00fcrleri, kimisinin iki on y\u0131l\u0131, kimisinin de yar\u0131m asr\u0131 ge\u00e7medi. Art\u0131k tamam\u0131yla da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

ANADOLU\u2019NUN \u0130SLAMLA\u015eMASI S\u00dcREC\u0130NDE RUM SEL\u00c7UKLULARININ SAFLARINDAK\u0130 K\u00dcRTLER<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u0130slam, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Bizans kaynaklar\u0131 ta ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri K\u00fcrtlerin bat\u0131 ve orta Anadolu\u2019nun m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer bir rol oynad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Asl\u0131nda K\u00fcrtler daha T\u00fcrkler m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fmadan ve \u0130slam diyar\u0131na gelmeden \u00f6nce Arap \u0130slam komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6nettikleri bat\u0131ya do\u011fru geni\u015fleme seferlerinde yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu nedenle onlar\u0131n kuzey Suriye; Halep, Antakya, Mara\u015f, Malatya ve Sivas y\u00f6relerindeki varl\u0131klar\u0131 T\u00fcrklerden \u00f6ncedir.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu seferler tek bir kereye \u00f6zg\u00fc de\u011fildir. O\u011fuz T\u00fcrkmenlerinin yay\u0131lma ve istilalar\u0131, Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131, Harezm\u00eelerin istilalar\u0131, \u0130slam devlet ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmeler sonucu, bat\u0131ya do\u011fru K\u00fcrt geni\u015fleme ve yay\u0131lmalar\u0131 birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki birka\u00e7 dalgaya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemiyle gelenler, O\u011fuz-T\u00fcrkmen istilalar\u0131ndan sonra gelenler, Mo\u011follardan ka\u00e7arak gelenler. Bir de cihad\u0131 ya\u015fam ve k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131 bularak hep uc boylar\u0131na do\u011fru sefer edip gelenleri saymak gerekir. Bu seferler bazen kendi K\u00fcrt beylerinin ve komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi, bazen de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar halinde, daha \u00f6nce giden komutanlara ve askeri seferlere kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in de olmu\u015ftur. Bazen de ulufeli askerlik (sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k) denen paral\u0131 asker amac\u0131yla da olmu\u015ftur. Tabi seferler genellikle orta \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan ailesiyle, maiyetiyle, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r varl\u0131klar\u0131yla yap\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130bn Bibi\u2019den anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re daha Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde, yani 11. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sel\u00e7uklu emir ve sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir K\u00fcrt g\u00fcc\u00fc var. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130bn Bibi, daha \u00e7ok erken bir d\u00f6nemi, Rum Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin kurucusu S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n, Halep yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda \u0130ran Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin \u015eam emiri Tutu\u015f Bey\u2019in ordular\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi olay\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131rken, onun yan\u0131nda sava\u015fan ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yerine kimin ge\u00e7ece\u011fi konusunda karar verme yetki ve g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olan emirler aras\u0131nda K\u00fcrtlere de i\u015faret etmektedir:<\/p>\n

\u0130bn Bibi\u2019ye g\u00f6re, Sultan R\u00fckneddin S\u00fcleyman \u015eah \u00f6l\u00fcnce, daha \u00f6nce mahruse-i Tokat\u2019tan (Tokat eyaletinden) gelmi\u015f ve saltanat b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinin hizmetine girmi\u015f, padi\u015fah\u0131n s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck makamlar\u0131n sahibi Nuh Alp, Emir Mende<\/em> ve T\u00fcz Bey gibi devlet beyleri (\u00fcmera-y\u0131 devlet) ve saltanat b\u00fcy\u00fckleri (ek\u00e2bir-i saltanat), hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocuk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmam\u0131\u015f, bulu\u011f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f, fakat mutluluk ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k aln\u0131nda parlayan, y\u00f6neticilik ve padi\u015fahl\u0131k \u00f6zellikleri hal ve hareketlerine h\u00e2kim olan Sultan\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu \u0130zzeddin K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan\u2019\u0131 etraf\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatan bir hilal gibi tahta oturttular.[17]\n

Burada ad\u0131 ge\u00e7enlerden en az birinin daha sonra Mente\u015fa ad\u0131n\u0131n etimolojisi \u00fczerinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ele alaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z nedenlerle K\u00fcrt emiri oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir; Emir Mende\u2026<\/p>\n

15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131 Sultan II. Murat d\u00f6neminde \u0130bn Bibi\u2019nin Sel\u00e7ukname\u2019sini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, ekleyip \u00e7\u0131kararak, hatta ba\u015fka vakan\u00fcvis ve tarih\u00e7ilerden bilgileri de ekleyerek Osmanl\u0131caya \u00e7eviren Ali Yaz\u0131c\u0131zade, O\u011fuzname<\/em> de denenen Tarih-i<\/em> Ali Sel\u00e7uk\u2019<\/em>unda[18] K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan\u2019\u0131n, babas\u0131 S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra tahta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131nda karar veren daha fazla emirden bahsetmektedir.[19] Burada Emir Mende\u2019den ayr\u0131ca bir K\u00fcrt emirinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. Yaz\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu \u00e7ocuk ya\u015ftaki \u015fehzadenin tahta ge\u00e7irili\u015f olay\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

Nas\u0131l R\u00fckneddin S\u00fcleyman \u015eah \u00f6ld\u00fc (\u00f6. 1086), ta Tokat\u2019tan Sultan\u2019\u0131n yol boyu hizmetince beraber gelmi\u015f olan, en olmaz s\u0131rlara ve m\u00fc\u015faverelere vak\u0131f, gelece\u011fin in\u015fas\u0131nda yetkili olan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, saltanat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckleri ve beyleri Nuh Alp, Ayd\u0131n Alp, Kend\u00fczi (G\u00fcnd\u00fcz?) Alp, Mende Beg<\/strong>, T\u00fcze Beg, Bedreddin Mahmud Beg, \u015eahabeddin Lu\u2019lu Beg ve \u015eemseddin K\u00fcrd Beg,<\/strong> hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocukluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan erginlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na eri\u015fmemi\u015f (7 ya\u015f\u0131nda) \u2026 Sultan\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu \u0130zzeddin K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan\u2019\u0131 (I. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Arslan 1079-1127) dolunay gibi padi\u015fahl\u0131k taht\u0131na ge\u00e7irdiler.[20]\n

Bu iki a\u00e7\u0131klamadan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli baz\u0131 bilgilere ula\u015f\u0131yoruz. S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n en yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan emirlerin aras\u0131ndan en az\u0131ndan ikisi K\u00fcrt; Emir Mende (Mende Bey)<\/em> ve \u015eemseddin K\u00fcrd Bey<\/em>. Bunlar S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019a o kadar yak\u0131nlar ki devletinin en y\u00fcksek makam\u0131nda, divan\u0131nda onunla beraber bulunuyorlar. Tokat\u2019tan Halep dolay\u0131na beraber gelmi\u015fler, yol, sefer ve sava\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131, en g\u00fcvendiklerinden, s\u0131rda\u015flar\u0131ndand\u0131rlar. Bu bilgiler, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131n daha \u00f6nceleri Tokat\u2019a ve daha ba\u015fka y\u00f6relere y\u00f6nelik sefer ve fetihlerde birlikte olduklar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Bunlar a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yeni kurulan Rum Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin en \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticileri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yorlar. O kadar yetkilidirler ki S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin ba\u015f\u0131na kimin ge\u00e7ece\u011fine karar vermeye g\u00fc\u00e7leri yetiyor, onlar\u0131n istedikleri Birinci K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta olsa bile tahta ge\u00e7iyor. Bu, ayn\u0131 zamanda bundan sonra bu emirlerin birlikte Sel\u00e7uklu devletini belli bir s\u00fcre \u00e7ocuk sultan ad\u0131na y\u00f6nettikleri anlam\u0131na da geliyor.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcleyman \u015eah 1086 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Yani daha 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan beri K\u00fcrtler Anadolu\u2019nun m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda belirleyici bir \u00f6ge olan Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin y\u00f6neticileri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Tabi burada adlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olanlar\u0131n K\u00fcrtl\u00fckleri, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya K\u00fcrt olarak an\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ya da adlar\u0131n\u0131n etimolojisinde K\u00fcrt toplumuna aidiyetleri ortaya kondu\u011fu i\u00e7in biliniyor. Do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kavimlerine ya da etnik k\u00f6kenlerine vurgu yap\u0131lmayan normal M\u00fcsl\u00fcman adlar\u0131yla an\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok K\u00fcrt emir, bey, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve y\u00f6neticinin de bu saflarda oldu\u011fu ku\u015fku g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez. En az\u0131ndan devletin ve toplumun hiyerar\u015fisinin her d\u00fczeyinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir K\u00fcrt varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmasa ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en y\u00f6neticiler, o yerlere gelemezler ve o kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olamazlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lgin\u00e7tir, daha 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda devletin kurucusu Sultan S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131nda, \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revlerde K\u00fcrt emirlerini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, ayn\u0131 devletin 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tam \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda da Sel\u00e7uklu hanedan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131nda, hatta yak\u0131n akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7inde K\u00fcrt beylerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da rastl\u0131yoruz. Sultan II. Mesut bilindi\u011fi gibi en son sultand\u0131r. Ondan sonra devlet tamam\u0131yla da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amasya Emiri Bahaeddin K\u00fcrd, Sultan II. Mesut\u2019un o\u011flu \u015eehzade Altunba\u015f\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131yla evliydi. Ka\u00e7 kez, Mesut\u2019un \u015fehzadeleri Mo\u011follar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na maruz kald\u0131, her seferinde Emir Bahaeddin K\u00fcrd onlar\u0131 korudu.<\/p>\n

Emir Bahaeddin K\u00fcrd\u2019\u00fcn yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu Hac\u0131 Kutlu \u015eah, emirli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde Konya\u2019y\u0131 Karamanl\u0131lardan al\u0131rken onlara kar\u015f\u0131 yeniden Sel\u00e7uklu hanedan\u0131n\u0131 iktidara getirmek i\u00e7in dedesi Altunba\u015f\u2019\u0131 Amasya\u2019da sultan ilan ettirip tahta ge\u00e7irdi. Bu \u00e7aba ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmad\u0131 ama Amasya K\u00fcrt emirleri m\u00fccadelelerden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar ve daha sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettiler.[21] Bu, bize, kurulu\u015fundan \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne de\u011fin K\u00fcrt emirlerinin Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin iktidar merkezinde \u00f6nemli konumlara sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere ili\u015fkin anlat\u0131lan olaylarda, Sel\u00e7uklu saray\u0131nda Sultan\u2019\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel korumalar anlam\u0131na gelen candar r\u00fctbeli K\u00fcrt emirlerinin adlar\u0131 da veriliyor. \u0130bn Bibi\u2019nin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir olaydan bu K\u00fcrt emirlerinden birinin ad\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Sultan II. Giyaseddin Keyh\u00fcsrev zaman\u0131nda (ki sultan \u00e7ok gen\u00e7ti ve \u00fclke atabeyler ve emirler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu), emiri \u015fik\u00e2r iken sarayda sultan\u0131n \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131na kadar girmeyi ve onu yak\u0131ndan etkilemeyi, y\u00f6nlendirmeyi ba\u015faran b\u00fcy\u00fck fesat Emir Saadeddin K\u00f6pek bin Muhammed, pek \u00e7ok emir, vezir ve komutan\u0131 hileyle \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc. Bunlardan biri de \u00c7e\u015fnigir Atabeg (ergenlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f sultan\u0131n lalas\u0131, onun ad\u0131na \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten) Emir \u015eahabeddin Altunaba\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrtmesidir. Bu cinayet s\u0131ras\u0131nda sarayda bulunan bir K\u00fcrt emir candar\u0131ndan yard\u0131m alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130bn Bibi \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: Saltanat divan\u0131n\u0131n devlet b\u00fcy\u00fckleri ve memleket ileri gelenleriyle s\u00fcslendi\u011fi bir s\u0131rada [Atabeg Emir] \u015eemseddin Altunaba, divan fermanlar\u0131 \u00fczerine ni\u015fan (emsile) koyarken, Sultan\u2019\u0131n huzurundan \u00e7\u0131kan Taceddin Pervane ile [Saadeddin] K\u00f6pek oraya geldiler. K\u00f6pek ileri at\u0131ld\u0131. Parma\u011f\u0131nda Sultan\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011fu halde \u015eemseddin\u2019in aksakal\u0131ndan tutarak onu b\u00fcy\u00fcklerin aras\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekti ve muhaf\u0131z Candar K\u00fcrd\u2019e teslim etti. Candar da onu \u015fehrin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek \u015fehitlik derecesine \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Devlet b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinden ve emirlerden hi\u00e7biri onun sebebini soramad\u0131.[22]\n

Ba\u015fka ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00f6rnek de Zengi Atabeyleri\u2019nin Musul valisi Bedreddin Lu\u2019lu\u2019nun Musul ve \u015eengal\u2019deki Yezidilere kar\u015f\u0131 bir katliama giri\u015fmesinden ve \u015eeyh Hasan bin Adi\u2019yi (Adi bin M\u00fcsafir\u2019in karde\u015fi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan olan II. \u015eeyh Adi) 644\/1246 y\u0131l\u0131nda Musul Kalesi\u2019nde idam ettirmesinden (ya da bo\u011fdurtmas\u0131ndan) sonra geli\u015fen olaylard\u0131r. Ter\u00f6r ve \u015fiddetin devam etmesi nedeniyle, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Yezidi toplulu\u011fu \u00f6nce Halep\u2019in kuzeyindeki Yezidi K\u00fcrtlerin aras\u0131na gitti ve \u015eeyh Hasan\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu \u015eerafeddin Muhammed burada \u015feyh ve emirlik makam\u0131na geldi. Bu arada Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131yla yak\u0131n ili\u015fki ve i\u015fbirli\u011fine giri\u015fti. \u00d6nemli say\u0131da K\u00fcrt Yezidi b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Rum Sel\u00e7uklu diyar\u0131na giderek devletin \u00f6nemli kademelerinde g\u00f6rev ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k bir on y\u0131l sonra, gen\u00e7 ya\u015ftaki Sel\u00e7uklu \u015fehzadeleri aras\u0131ndaki rekabette, IV. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan karde\u015fi II. \u0130zzeddin Keykavus\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 Mo\u011follar\u0131n deste\u011fiyle sava\u015fa giri\u015fti. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan Tokat\u2019tan Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerini, II. \u0130zzeddin Keykavus ise Konya\u2019dan geri kalan yerleri y\u00f6netiyordu, fakat K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan \u0130zzeddin\u2019in yerine ge\u00e7mek istiyordu.<\/p>\n

665\/1254\u2019te, Rum Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 \u0130zeddin Keykavus, karde\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 kendisine yard\u0131m etmeleri i\u00e7in \u015eerafeddin Muhammed\u2019in yard\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fvurdu. Karde\u015fi K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7aslan\u2019la Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendisine Harput emirli\u011fi, komutanlar\u0131ndan Hakk\u00e2rili Balbas o\u011flu \u015eerafeddin Ahmed\u2019e de Malatya emirli\u011fi verildi.<\/p>\n

Bu anla\u015fma \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u015eerafeddin Muhammed Harput\u2019a ge\u00e7ti, fakat orada Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 verilen sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Yezidi Tarihi<\/em>\u2019nin yazar\u0131 John S. Guest, olaylar\u0131 Eb\u00fc\u2019l Farac\u2019dan ve bat\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklardan detayl\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Mo\u011follar\u0131n K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na gelmesiyle ilk \u00f6nce \u0130zzeddin Keykavus\u2019un Roma ba\u015fkenti Konstantin\u2019e ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fakat \u015fartlar gerektirdi\u011finden erken Konya\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtir: \u2018\u2019Lidersizlikten ve k\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan hareket edemez bir durumda kalan [Mo\u011fol] Baycu\u2019nun ordusu ileti\u015fim hatlar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Zira \u0130zzeddin\u2019in adamlar\u0131 yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat kesiminde yer alan anahtar niteli\u011findeki Malatya ve Harput kalelerini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi. Malatya Hakk\u00e2rili bir K\u00fcrt a\u015firet reisinin (Hakk\u00e2rili Balbas o\u011flu \u015eerafeddin Ahmed\u2019in) elindeydi. Harput ise \u015eerafeddin Muhammed\u2019e emanet edilmi\u015fti. Fakat Hulagu\u2019nun generali Alighaq \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Mo\u011fol kuvveti Erzincan\u2019da T\u00fcrk direni\u015fini k\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra \u015eerafeddin Ahmed\u2019in ordusunu akarsu a\u011fz\u0131ndan 53 km uzakl\u0131ktaki Kemah bo\u011faz\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131. Talihsiz Adavi\u2019yi (kas\u0131t \u015eerafeddin Muhammed\u2019dir) yenip katletti.[23]\n

Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re, Malatya\u2019ya giden \u015eerafeddin Ahmed Mo\u011fol savunmas\u0131nca \u015fehre sokulmad\u0131, \u015fehir kap\u0131lar\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. Sava\u015fta 300 askerini kaybeden Hakk\u00e2rili Balbas o\u011flu \u015eerafeddin Ahmed, Diyarbekir dolaylar\u0131na giderek oradaki kale ve \u015fehirleri ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131r. Kuvvetlerinin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle herhangi bir ba\u015far\u0131 elde edemez ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.[24]\n

Yezidi K\u00fcrtlerin \u015feyhi ve emiri \u015eerafeddin Muhammed\u2019in Harput\u2019ta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine, yerine o\u011flu Zeynuddin Ebu\u2019l Mehasin Yusuf bin \u015eerefeddin Muhammed bin Hasan bin Adi ge\u00e7ti. Zeynuddin\u2019in sonradan idareyi o\u011fluna b\u0131rakarak M\u0131s\u0131r; Kahire\u2019ye gitti\u011fi ve orada bir zaviye kurdu\u011fu belirtilir. Mezar\u0131 Kahire\u2019deki Yezidi Zaviyesi\u2019ndedir. Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re, \u015eerefeddin Muhammed\u2019in yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu Zeynuddin de\u011fil, karde\u015fi Fahreddin\u2019dir. Fahreddin, Mo\u011fol bir k\u0131zla evliydi ve onlarla daha yumu\u015fak ili\u015fkilere sahip oldu\u011fundan bu makama uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.[25]\n

K\u00fcrtlerin Rum Sel\u00e7uklu idaresindeki \u00f6nemli rollerini g\u00f6steren ba\u015fka bir bilgi de Baba \u0130lyas ayaklanmas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak bize ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130bn Bibi\u2019de anlat\u0131lan Baba \u0130lyas olay\u0131nda, 1240 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Malatya serle\u015fkeri (suba\u015f\u0131s\u0131) M\u00fcbarezeddin ibn Ali\u015fir Germiyani\u2019nin isyan halindeki Baba \u0130lyas taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n (asl\u0131nda Amasya\u2019daki Baba \u0130lyas\u2019\u0131n halifesi olan Baba \u0130shak\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu ve ta Ad\u0131yaman\u2019\u0131n Kefersud b\u00f6lgesinden beri isyan halinde yay\u0131l\u0131p gelen m\u00fcritlerin) kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, gelip Germiyan ve K\u00fcrd askerlerinden yeniden bir ordu kurarak tekrar kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ama tekrar yenildi\u011fini anl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Germiyan, ba\u015fkenti K\u00fctahya olan, L\u00e2dik(Denizli)\u2019i, Honas\u2019\u0131, Tav\u015fanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131, Simav\u2019\u0131, Emet (E\u011frig\u00f6z)\u2019i, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Afyon Karahisar\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan bir Sel\u00e7uklu uc beyli\u011fi (eyaleti idi). Sadece \u0130bn Bibi\u2019den de\u011fil, d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fka kaynaklar\u0131ndan da bu hanedan\u0131n K\u00fcrt oldu\u011funu ve Germiyani olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz.<\/p>\n

1330\u2019lu y\u0131llarda seyahati s\u0131ras\u0131nda bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya da u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olan \u0130bn Battuta, Germiyanlar\u0131 Yezid bin Muaviye\u2019nin kavmi aras\u0131nda saymakta ve Hambeli bir S\u00fcnni olarak korumas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde onlar\u0131n y\u00f6resinden (Ladik\u2019ten , \u015fimdiki Denizli\u2019den) ge\u00e7meye cesaret edemedi\u011fini anlatmaktad\u0131r. Frans\u0131z T\u00fcrkolog ve do\u011fu bilimcisi Claude Cahen buradan hareketle Germiyani K\u00fcrtlerin Yezidi inanc\u0131na sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.<\/p>\n

Germiyan ba\u015fkenti K\u00fctahya\u2019n\u0131n ilk al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131 Kutalm\u0131\u015f o\u011flu S\u00fcleyman \u015eah zaman\u0131nda olmal\u0131. Onun zaman\u0131ndan o\u011flu Birinci K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan\u2019\u0131n Bizansl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dorile \u00a0 ma\u011flubiyetine kadar K\u00fctahya Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n elindeydi. Tabi Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n elindeydi derken, buray\u0131 fetheden ve y\u00f6neten Sel\u00e7uklulara tabi bir emir anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu bey, T\u00fcrkmen de K\u00fcrt de olabilir. Bu ilk fethi kimin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda herhangi bir bilgiye sahip de\u011filiz.<\/p>\n

Birinci Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Sel\u00e7uklular, Bizans \u0130mparatoru Aleksi taraf\u0131ndan bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da ele ge\u00e7irdikleri kale ve \u015fehirlerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fcklerinde, K\u00fctahya da elden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, ancak y\u00f6re, defalarca Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n, daha do\u011fru bir deyimle onlara ba\u011fl\u0131 beylerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130kinci kez bir daha elden \u00e7\u0131kmamak \u00fczere al\u0131nmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Birinci Alaeddin zaman\u0131nda; 631\/1233 tarihinden \u00f6nceye rastlar.[26]\n

K\u00fctahyal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olan tarihi bir s\u00f6ylenceye g\u00f6re \u015fehri Bizansl\u0131lardan fetheden komutan Sel\u00e7uklu emirlerinden \u0130mad\u00fcddin Hezardinar\u00ee\u2019dir<\/em>. Hezardinar\u00ee lakab\u0131, bu komutan\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fte k\u00f6le oldu\u011fu, bin alt\u0131n dinara sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi ihtimalini akla getirmektedir. Bu durumda, onun k\u00f6le olarak ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kariyerini, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131yla emirlik r\u00fctbesine, askeri komutanl\u0131\u011fa ve vezirlik makam\u0131na dek y\u00fckseltti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131labilir. K\u00fctahya\u2019daki baz\u0131 mezar ve yap\u0131tlardan Hezardinar\u00ee adl\u0131 birinin orada y\u00f6neticilik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesindir. Yani b\u00f6yle bir zat tarihte ger\u00e7ekten de var, 1200\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, bizzat kendisinin in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi H\u0131d\u0131rl\u0131k Mescidi ile Bal\u0131kl\u0131 Camii kitabelerinden, onun Giyaseddin Keyh\u00fcsrev b. Keykubad d\u00f6neminde (634\/1236-644\/1246), K\u00fctahya\u2019y\u0131 y\u00f6netti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Evliya \u00c7elebi, seyahatnamesinde, K\u00fctahya\u2019yla ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, \u0130mad\u00fcddin Hezardinar\u00ee\u2019nin K\u00fctahya emiri Germiyan Beyi Birinci Yakub bin Ali\u015fir\u2019in veziri oldu\u011funu belirtir. Hatta Ankara\u2019n\u0131n (Eng\u00fcr\u00fc) ve Beypazar\u0131 Kalesi\u2019nin, Germiyan Emiri Yakub \u015eah ile veziri Hezardinar\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan fethedildiklerini, bu fetihten dolay\u0131 halk aras\u0131nda Beypazar\u0131\u2019na Germiyan Hazar\u0131 ad\u0131 verildi\u011fini belirtir.[27]\n

Bu bilgilerden hareket ederek K\u00fctahya\u2019n\u0131n bir daha elden \u00e7\u0131kmamak \u00fczere ikinci kez Rum Sel\u00e7uklu beyi Germiyan emiri Ali\u015fir o\u011flu Birinci Yakub Bey ve onun kumandan\u0131 ve veziri olan \u0130mad\u00fcddin Hezardinar\u00ee taraf\u0131ndan fethedildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir[28].<\/p>\n

M\u00fckrimin Halil Yinan\u00e7\u2019\u0131n Desturnameyi Enveri<\/em>\u2018ye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 giri\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131ndaki incelemeye g\u00f6re, Bizans tarih\u00e7isi Nik\u00e9tas Choniates, Sultan \u0130kinci K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan\u2019\u0131n, sonralar\u0131 Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 olacak b\u00f6lgeye, daha 1186\u2019da (yani 1200\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce) Sam\u00e9s (\u015eems)<\/em> ad\u0131ndaki emiri gaza ve fetih i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderdi\u011fini belirtir. \u00c7ok yayg\u0131n ve kutsal bir Yezidi ad\u0131 olan \u015eems (\u015eemseddin\u2019in k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131) ad\u0131n\u0131n bir K\u00fcrt Germiyan emirine ait olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a do\u011fald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Emir \u015eems, \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7le Lidya\u2019ya girdi, Cilbianus (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes) nehrinin sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ovay\u0131 ya\u011fmalayarak pek \u00e7ok esir ald\u0131. [29]\n

Daha sonra Ahmed Eflak\u00ee\u2019nin, Ariflerin Menk\u0131beleri<\/em>\u2018nde belirtti\u011fi gibi, Ayd\u0131no\u011flu Mehmet Bey o y\u00f6rede Germiyanilerin serle\u015fkerli\u011fini (suba\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) yapan bir komutan oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, \u015eems onun \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc bir Germiyano\u011flu\u2019ydu. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131, Germiyan serle\u015fkeri Ayd\u0131no\u011flu Mehmet Bey ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmeden \u00f6nce Germiyanlar\u0131n egemenli\u011findeki topraklard\u0131, o beyli\u011fin bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u00fctahya\u2019y\u0131 fethetti\u011fi i\u00e7in de geleneksel i\u015fleyi\u015f takip edilerek, \u015fehir, Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 Birinci Alaeddin taraf\u0131ndan Germiyani emire ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onun ilk kez orada Germiyan emirli\u011fini kurdu\u011fu, bu andan itibaren de K\u00fctahya\u2019n\u0131n Germiyan ismiyle an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 akla hi\u00e7 de uzak de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

\u0130bn Bibi de 1240 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Baba \u0130lyas (asl\u0131nda Baba \u0130shak) isyan\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya giden M\u00fcbarezeddin bin Ali\u015fir Bey\u2019in birinci sava\u015fta yenildi\u011fini, Germiyan ve K\u00fcrt askerlerinden yeniden asker toplayarak ikinci kez sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti\u011fini, ikincisinde de yenildi\u011fini belirtmektedir. Germiyan ve K\u00fcrt askeri toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, demek ki Baba \u0130shak isyan\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Germiyan emirli\u011fi vard\u0131 ve Ali\u015fir Bey oradan asker toplayacak yetkinlikte bir emirdi. Ta \u015earezor\u2019daki (\u015eehrizur, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan) Germiyan\u2019a gidip asker getirmi\u015f olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle bizim kan\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re, Rum Sel\u00e7uklu yay\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00f6neminde K\u00fctahya\u2019n\u0131n ikinci kez fethi Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n emiri Ali\u015fir Bey o\u011flu Birinci Yakup Bey ile veziri \u0130mad\u00fcddin Hezardinari taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir, Sultan, \u015fehri ona ba\u011f\u0131\u015flam\u0131\u015f, o da Germiyan beyli\u011fini kurmu\u015ftur. En az\u0131ndan K\u00fctahya \u015fehrinin Germiyanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan fethedildi\u011fi ve ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri onlar\u0131n bu \u015fehrin (ard\u0131ndan beyli\u011fin) emirli\u011fini yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ve ona adlar\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha sonraki \u00f6nemlerde, Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131 1243\u2019teki sava\u015fta Mo\u011follara yenilip gerilemeye ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n Konya\u2019y\u0131 ge\u00e7ici ele ge\u00e7irmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve Cimri olay\u0131nda Germiyani Ali\u015firo\u011flu Yakup Bey\u2019in \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Germiyanl\u0131lar, Yakub Bey\u2019in komutas\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 ad\u0131na Karamano\u011flu Mehmet Bey\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Lakab\u0131 Cimri olan ve Sel\u00e7uklu \u015fehzadesidir diye Karamano\u011flu Mehmet Bey taraf\u0131ndan tahta ge\u00e7irilen ama Sel\u00e7uklu ordusunun gelmesiyle Konya\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren sahte \u015fehzade Siyavu\u015f (Cimri), Germiyani Yakub Bey\u2019in askerleri taraf\u0131ndan tutuklanarak sultana teslim edildi.<\/p>\n

Germiyan Beyli\u011fi de di\u011fer bat\u0131 ve orta Anadolu beylikleri gibi, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n

Beylikler d\u00f6neminin en b\u00fcy\u00fckleri Karamanl\u0131lard\u0131. Ondan sonra Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131 geliyordu. Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi de daha \u00f6nce Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Ayd\u0131no\u011flu Mehmet Bey hem Germiyan beyli\u011finin Birgi\u2019deki serle\u015fkeri (suba\u015f\u0131s\u0131) hem de evlilik ba\u011f\u0131yla akrabas\u0131yd\u0131. Daha sonra g\u00fc\u00e7lenince Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131larak Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z beyli\u011fini kurdu. T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ileri d\u00e2hil genel olarak tarih\u00e7ilerce kabul g\u00f6ren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 gibi Saruhano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n, Hamido\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n, E\u015frefo\u011fulllar\u0131n\u0131n vs. \u00f6nce Germiyanl\u0131lara ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131, daha sonra kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z beyliklerini kurduklar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n geni\u015f bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, \u015eikar\u00ee\u2019nin Karamanname\u2019sinde Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi ve \u0130bn Bibi\u2019nin Sel\u00e7ukname\u2019sinde M\u00fcluk\u00fc\u2019l Sevahil Emir Bahaeddin Muhammed olarak bahsettikleri bir beyin ve onun ard\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n Sel\u00e7uklu devletinde ve bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda oynad\u0131klar\u0131 role ayr\u0131ca de\u011finilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkentleri \u00f6nceleri Kastamonu, sonra Sinop olan Candariler (Candaro\u011fullar\u0131\/\u0130sfendiyaro\u011fullar\u0131) da K\u00fcrt as\u0131ll\u0131d\u0131rlar ve bunlar da Rum Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n\u0131n uc beylerindendirler. Sel\u00e7uklu devleti da\u011f\u0131l\u0131nca onlar da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015flerdir. Di\u011fer T\u00fcrkmen, Mo\u011fol, Harezm, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f beylikler gibi K\u00fcrt beylikleri olan Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131, Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131, Candariler, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131, Hamido\u011fullar\u0131 ve E\u015frefo\u011fullar\u0131, biraz daha sonraki d\u00f6neme rastgelen Amasya K\u00fcrdo\u011fullar\u0131 Emirli\u011fi, Anadolu\u2019da varl\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler ve b\u00f6lgenin m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck rol alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6yleyse ta 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan beri Roma topraklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik cihad ve fetihlerde, pek \u00e7ok kale, \u015fehir ve y\u00f6renin ele ge\u00e7irilmesinde K\u00fcrtlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7 de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde, Bizans\u2019\u0131n o d\u00f6nem tarih\u00e7ileri ve vakan\u00fcvisleri bu K\u00fcrt beylerinin yapt\u0131klar\u0131na de\u011finirlerken onlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk ya da T\u00fcrkmen de\u011fil Persi\/\u0130rani beyler ve topluluklar olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin olaylar\u0131 anlatan Bizans tarih\u00e7isi Georges Pachym\u00e9res, Nichephorus Gregoras ve Ephesus\u2019un Johannes Kilisesi katiplerinden olan Paulus Aeginete, Mente\u015fa Bey\u2019in, Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131\u2019ndan Sasa Bey\u2019in, Germiyani Ali\u015firo\u011flu\u2019nun d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu olaylar\u0131 anlat\u0131rlarken Persler(\u0130ranl\u0131lar) kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yorlar. Paul Wittek\u2019in Mente\u015fa Beyli\u011fi adl\u0131 eserinde zaman zaman verdi\u011fi eski Grek tekstlerinden bu tarih\u00e7ilerin \u2019 Pers\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kulland\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Eski Rumcalar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130ngilizce ya da Frans\u0131zcaya \u00e7eviren bat\u0131l\u0131lar da \u2018Persler\u2019 diye, onlardan da d\u00fcr\u00fcst\u00e7e \u00e7eviren Osmanl\u0131 ya da T\u00fcrk \u00e7evirmenler Pers\/\u0130raniler diye \u00e7evirmi\u015fler, d\u00fcr\u00fcst davranmayanlar T\u00fcrk\/T\u00fcrkmen diye sallay\u0131p gitmi\u015fler.<\/p>\n

Romal\u0131lar, do\u011frudan kom\u015fu olduklar\u0131, daha yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131, tarih boyunca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 do\u011fu kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenleriyle adland\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6nemsemi\u015fler; Pers, T\u00fcrkmen, Tatar(Mo\u011fol) vs. diye ay\u0131rt etmi\u015flerdir. Ancak o d\u00f6nemin Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131, Ceneviz ve Venedik t\u00fcccarlar\u0131, Frenkleri, Sel\u00e7uklu y\u00f6netici hanedan\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkmen k\u00f6kenden gelmi\u015f olmas\u0131ndan hareketle, bu devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn bey ve topluluklar\u0131 T\u00fcrk\/T\u00fcrkmen diye adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin resmi ideolojiye ba\u011fl\u0131 tarih\u00e7ileri de buradan hareketle b\u00fct\u00fcn beyliklerin, hanedanlar\u0131n ve topluluklar\u0131n T\u00fcrkmen etnik k\u00f6kene sahip olduklar\u0131 gibi bir iddiaya sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar. Bu, elbette ki Anadolu\u2019yu ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme siyasetinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak b\u00f6yle gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tabi kendi eserlerinde Bizans tarih\u00e7ilerinden al\u0131nt\u0131 al\u0131rken onlar\u0131n Persler dediklerini a\u00e7\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6sterip buna ra\u011fmen bu ayr\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 bir tarafa atan Avrupal\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f tarih\u00e7i ve T\u00fcrkologlar da var. Avusturyal\u0131 Paul Wittek de ne yaz\u0131k ki bazen bu yola ba\u015fvurmaktad\u0131r. Pachym\u00e9res\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k \u2018Persler\u2019 dedi\u011fini yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, \u2018onu bir tarafa at, bunlar T\u00fcrkmenlerdi\u2019 demeye getirmektedir. Onun gibi meselelerde \u00e7ok detayl\u0131 ve duyarl\u0131 davranan birinin bu konuda \u00f6yle savurgan davranmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015fla Emir Sevahil Hac\u0131 Bahaeddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi\u2019yi bildi\u011fi, \u2018Mente\u015fa\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131p \u2019Mente\u015fe\u2019nin \u00e7ok yeni bir kelime oldu\u011funu belirtti\u011fi halde, K\u00fcrtl\u00fcklerini bir yana atarak, T\u00fcrkmen\u2019dirler demi\u015f olmas\u0131 da ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n

Bir noktay\u0131 belirtmekte yarar var. \u2018T\u00fcrkmen\u2019, O\u011fuzlar kendi topraklar\u0131ndan kovulup bat\u0131ya; \u0130ran, Azerbaycan, K\u00fcrdistan, Acem ve Arap Irak\u0131\u2019na geldiklerinde, m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fan O\u011fuzlara dendi\u011fi[30] halde, orta ve bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki Roma topraklar\u0131n\u0131n fethedilip \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde, yani yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz- y\u00fcz elli y\u0131l sonra farkl\u0131 bir anlama da b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7ebe a\u015firet anlam\u0131, tan\u0131mda daha \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7ebe n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da kendilerine T\u00fcrkmen denenlerin, t\u00fcm\u00fc de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u2019t\u00fc. Az\u0131nl\u0131ktaki etnik olarak T\u00fcrk olmayan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe topluluklara da T\u00fcrkmen deniyordu.[31]\n

Eb\u00fc\u2019l Fida (\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1331) kendi co\u011frafya kitab\u0131nda 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda (1204\u2019ten itibaren) art\u0131k M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarca fethedilmi\u015f olan Sinop\u2019un bat\u0131 noktas\u0131ndan, Kastamonu, K\u00fctahya ve Denizli (Ladik, Laodikea)\u2019y\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan, Akdeniz\u2019de Mekri(Fethiye)\u2019ye kadar uzanan topraklardaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131na ili\u015fkin, \u0130bn Said ad\u0131nda Arap bir yazar\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 iletiyor.[32] Eb\u00fc\u2019l Fida\u2019ya g\u00f6re, \u0130bn Said \u015f\u00f6yle bir kay\u0131t d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor bu y\u00f6renin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7in: \u2018\u2019Halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun T\u00fcrk neslinden olanlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu T\u00fcrkmenler<\/em>, Sel\u00e7uklular zaman\u0131nda Rum beldelerini fethettiler. Haraita\u2019ya (Xeraite\u2019ye)[33] mensup sahil yerle\u015fimcilerine bask\u0131n yaparak \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131p M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara satmay\u0131 adet edindiler. Onlarda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelere yollanan T\u00fcrkmen hal\u0131lar\u0131 var. K\u0131y\u0131da ad\u0131 Mekri (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Fethiye) olan, seyyahlarca olduk\u00e7a tan\u0131nan bir k\u00f6rfez var. Oradan \u0130skenderiye\u2019ye ve ba\u015fka yerlere kereste yollan\u0131r. Bu k\u00f6rfeze b\u00fcy\u00fck ve derin bir nehir d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Battal nehri diye tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir.[34] Bu ad\u0131n (Battal) Emeviler d\u00f6neminde Rum\u2019a pek \u00e7ok gazalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Nehrin \u00fczerinde s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr-\u00e7ekilir bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc var, bar\u0131\u015f zamanlar\u0131nda indirilir, sava\u015f zamanlar\u0131nda kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Hristiyanlar aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r. Antalya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde Ta\u011furla (Denizli) da\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Burada ve havalisinde T\u00fcrkmenlerin 200\u00a0000 kadar \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Uc diye adland\u0131r\u0131lanlar bunlard\u0131r.\u2019\u2019 [35]\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u0130slam yazarlar\u0131 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrkmenleri buran\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusunun bir k\u0131sm\u0131 saym\u0131\u015flar ve t\u00fcm\u00fc de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7ebeleri kastetmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6yleyse o d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkmen denen g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk olmayan, ba\u015fka etnik k\u00f6kenlerden gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar da vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bizans tarih\u00e7isi Georges Pachym\u00e9res, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan ve bahsimize konu olan bat\u0131 ve orta Anadolu\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-Roma sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, olay ve ili\u015fkilerini anlatan bir tarih\u00e7idir.<\/p>\n

Birinci Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi sonucunda Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar 1204 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma (Bizans) \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015fkenti Konstantin\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irerek Latin \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu kurdular. Bizansl\u0131lar, gerileyerek ba\u015fkentlerini \u0130znik yapt\u0131lar, topraklar\u0131 da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Bizans devletlerine b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu durum, yar\u0131m as\u0131rdan fazla s\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1261 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizansl\u0131lar Latinleri yenerek Konstantin\u2019i kurtard\u0131lar ve ba\u015fkentlerini tekrar bu \u015fehre ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Georges Pachym\u00e9res adl\u0131 Bizans tarih\u00e7isi de \u0130znik\u2019ten Konstantin\u2019e(\u0130stanbul\u2019a) ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Zamanla \u0130mparatorluk i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli yerlere geldi. Patriklik mahkemesinde g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131, imparatorluk ailesine ve y\u00fcksek devlet b\u00fcrokrasisine olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n oldu. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Relations Historikes<\/em> adl\u0131 eseriyle 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l tarih\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Bu eserde 1255-1308 olaylar\u0131na de\u011finir. Anlat\u0131lanlar bizzat onun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde meydana gelmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zenle yazm\u0131\u015f, ciddiyeti, verdi\u011fi bilgilerin de\u011ferini artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pachym\u00e9res, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri ele al\u0131rken g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Akdeniz ve Ege k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki y\u00f6relerde Mente\u015fa ve Germiyano\u011fullar\u0131na da de\u011finmekte ve onlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk olarak de\u011fil, Pers olarak tan\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin \u00fczerinde de biraz durmak laz\u0131m. Daha \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten \u00f6nce Pers-Grek ve Pers-Roma ili\u015fkileri yo\u011fundu. Persi topluluklar Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun do\u011fu kom\u015fular\u0131yd\u0131. Sava\u015flarda bazen Romal\u0131lar ta Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan\u2019a kadar ilerliyor, bazen da Persler ilerleyip orta Anadolu\u2019ya, Kapadokya ve Kilikya\u2019ya kadar olan yerleri ele ge\u00e7iriyorlard\u0131. \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Sasaniler ta Ye\u015fil \u00a0Irmak\u2019a kadar olan topraklar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fler ve bu nehri Romal\u0131larla kendi aralar\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r edinmi\u015flerdi. Asl\u0131nda bu a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, bat\u0131 ve orta Anadolu\u2019daki Pers ve do\u011fal olarak K\u00fcrt varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten \u00f6ncesine dek g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Bu d\u00f6nem, bizim konumuz de\u011fil, ayr\u0131ca mesele daha derin ve detayl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve incelemelerle ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ama en az\u0131ndan Romal\u0131lar\u0131n Avrupal\u0131lara (Frenk, Venedikliler, Cenevizliler vs. ) nazaran kendi do\u011fu kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenleri, tarihleri ve y\u00f6netimleriyle daha yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131, bunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk, Pers, Arap, Ermeni, S\u00fcryani vs. \u00f6zelliklerini daha a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri ve o d\u00f6nemdeki en ba\u015ftaki egemen y\u00f6neticilerle yetinmeyip alt d\u00fczeydeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da sunduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Latinler gibi toptanc\u0131 davranarak t\u00fcm\u00fcne T\u00fcrk\/T\u00fcrkmen dememi\u015fler, \u00f6rne\u011fin bahsetti\u011fimiz alanlardaki m\u00fccadelelerde T\u00fcrk olmayan unsurlar\u0131n Pers k\u00f6kenlerini belirtmi\u015flerdir. K\u00fcrtler de bilindi\u011fi gibi \u0130ranilerin\/Perslerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kabul edilirler.<\/p>\n

Bizansl\u0131lar 1261\u2019de Konstantin\u2019i kurtar\u0131nca politikalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi Balkanlara y\u00f6neldi. Do\u011fal olarak Latinler onlar\u0131 \u00e7ok korkutmu\u015flard\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlike olarak bat\u0131da, Trakya\u2019da, yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda duruyorlard\u0131. Bat\u0131ya y\u00f6nelme politikas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan, yani M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n gelmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 orta ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019dan asker \u00e7ekilerek Balkanlara g\u00f6nderildi. Bu, birden bire \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun do\u011fu topraklar\u0131ndaki Hristiyan halk\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ak\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korumas\u0131z b\u0131rakt\u0131, \u00fcstelik vergiler de artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca halk aras\u0131nda hem b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6fke patlamas\u0131, hem de korku ve panik ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 \u015fey biraz \u00f6nce Eb\u00fc\u2019l Fida\u2019dan aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z olaylar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde de oldu ki bu b\u00f6lgenin sahil kesimlerinde Mente\u015fal\u0131lar, onun kuzeyinde Denizli ve K\u00fctahya\u2019da Germiyanlar vard\u0131. Ve bunlar beraberce ta Menderes ovas\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinde, Roma askeri \u00e7ekilince yeni alanlar M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti. Pachym\u00e9res, s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi Bizans halk\u0131n\u0131n, kendi yerlerini terk ederek Perslerin taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fini, onlarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, k\u0131lavuzluk ettiklerini belirtir ve \u2018\u2019 d\u00fc\u015fmanlar (M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar; Mente\u015fal\u0131lar ve Germiyanlar MC) \u015fimdiye kadar ya\u011fma ak\u0131nlar\u0131yla yetiniyorlard\u0131, \u015fimdi yerli ahalinin [Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n] bu ilgilerini kesmeleri sayesinde Bizans topraklar\u0131na ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam bast\u0131lar\u2019\u2019 der.[36] Eserinde T\u00fcrkmenleri de s\u0131k s\u0131k anan Pachym\u00e9res buralar\u0131 T\u00fcrkmen topra\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, Pers topra\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r. Bunun elbette ki bir anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc buray\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar T\u00fcrk\/T\u00fcrkmen de\u011fil, Persiya\/\u0130ran\u2019dan (A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki K\u00fcrdistan b\u00f6lgesinden) gelmi\u015f olan topluluklard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Georges Pachym\u00e9res\u2019e g\u00f6re \u0130mparator VIII. Michael 1269 (kaynakta yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla 1296 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) y\u0131l\u0131nda karde\u015fi Johannes\u2019in komutas\u0131nda bir ordu g\u00f6ndererek 1261 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7en Karia b\u00f6lgesini geri alabilmek i\u00e7in Perslerle bir anla\u015fma yapmay\u0131 denemi\u015fti.[37] \u0130mparator\u2019un kendisi siyasi ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 abartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 otobiyografisinde \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: Persler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 Karia ve Frigya\u2019y\u0131 kat eden Menderes kaynaklar\u0131 civar\u0131nda ve daha ba\u015fka yerlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Biz bunlar\u0131 yok etmedik, fakat tabi k\u0131ld\u0131k.[38]\n

Paul Wittek, Pachym\u00e9res\u2019e dayanarak \u0130mparator Michael VIII, 1278\u2019de tekrar, bu sefer o\u011flu Andronikos\u2019un komutas\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya bir ordu g\u00f6ndermeye nihayet karar verdi\u011fi zaman art\u0131k i\u015f i\u015ften ge\u00e7mi\u015fti demekte ve ondan \u015fu al\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131r: \u2018\u2019Menderes havalisi, Karia ve Antiochia\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7oktan sonu gelmi\u015fti. Kaystros m\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131 ve Priene, Milet, Magedon d\u00fc\u015fman taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tralles (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ayd\u0131n) ger\u00e7i yeni tahkim ve isk\u00e2n edilmi\u015fti, fakat i\u015f yeni bitmi\u015fti ki, 1282\u2019de Persler kendi dillerinde cesur manas\u0131na gelen Salpakis (Salpaxis, kaynakta yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla \u2018Salkapis\u2019 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) as\u0131l ad\u0131 Mentachias (Grek\u00e7e Mantaxias, Mente\u015fa) kumandas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcler ve \u015fehri muhasara ettiler. Korkun\u00e7 a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa, bilhassa susuzlu\u011fa ra\u011fmen Tralles, nihayet tamamen takatten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp muahede ile teslim olmak isteyinceye kadar dayand\u0131, vereni de Persliler (Wittek\u2019te buras\u0131 T\u00fcrkler diye \u00e7evirilmi\u015f, ancak ard\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 sayfa sonra (s. 38) tekrar Pachym\u00e9res\u2019in Salpakis\u2019e bir persli dedi\u011fi anlat\u0131lmatad\u0131r) kabul etmediler. Muhasaradakiler, bunun \u00fczerine galiplere geride ancak bir harabe b\u0131rakmak \u00fczere \u015fehirlerinin duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 kendileri y\u0131kt\u0131lar, bu sebeple de bunlar taraf\u0131ndan insafs\u0131zca k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkler ( do\u011frusu Persliler olmas\u0131 gerekir) bunun kom\u015fusu Nysa(Sultanhisar)\u2019\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Menderes vadisi b\u00f6ylece elden giderken Andronikos, Nymphaion (Nif)\u2019de bir \u015fey yapmadan durup duruyordu \u2019\u2019 [39]\n

1296\u2019da \u0130mparator\u2019un ba\u015f generali Phlanthrop Alexios Bizans h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Karia\u2019da yeniden tesis etmeyi bir kez daha denedi\u011fi s\u0131rada Persli Salpakis (\u03a3\u03b1\u03bb\u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9 \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5, burada yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla \u03a3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9 \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u2013Persli Salampakis diye yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f-) [Mantaxias] \u00e7oktan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Onun dul kar\u0131s\u0131, yani hareminin ilk kad\u0131n\u0131, hazinelerini alarak ku\u015fkusuz Latmos K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde aranmas\u0131 gereken Melanudion yak\u0131n\u0131nda bir kaleye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Alexios ona evlenme teklif ederek kaleyi ele ge\u00e7irmeyi umdu. Kad\u0131n ret edince kaleyi zorla ald\u0131.[40]\n

Persli Mantaxias kumandan\u0131 Sasa<\/em> deyimine ba\u015fka bir Bizans tarih\u00e7isi olan Nichephorus Gregoras\u2019ta da rastlan\u0131r. Sasa\u2019n\u0131n Menderes\u2019ten Ephesus\u2019a kadar sahil b\u00f6lgesine egemen oldu\u011funu belirtir. Ephesus\u2019u zapteden Persli diye not d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.[41]\n

Pachym\u00e9res de daha evvel Tire\u2019de (Ayd\u0131n) oldu\u011fu gibi Ephesus\u2019un a\u00e7l\u0131kla s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak teslim al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yor: Ephesus\u2019un teslimi her ne kadar anla\u015fmayla olduysa da Johannes Kilisesi ya\u011fma edildi, pek \u00e7ok insan korkudan eninde sonunda fetih\u00e7ilerin yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 tehlikelere du\u00e7ar olacaklar diye Tire\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fcler, di\u011fer bir\u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Olay, korkudan Ephesus\u2019tan Girit\u2019e ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan Ephesus\u2019un Johannes Kilisesi k\u00e2tiplerinden Paulus Aeginete\u2019n\u0131n yazmalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki notlarda da do\u011frulan\u0131yor. K\u00e2tip, do\u011fdu\u011fu yer olan Ephesus\u2019un Sasa<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n kumandas\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki Persliler<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan 24 Ekim 1304\u2019te zapt edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.[42]\n

Nickephorus Gregoras, \u015fu bilgileri de veriyor: \u2018\u2019Roma ordular\u0131n\u0131n bu m\u0131nt\u0131kadan \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra denize kadar olan b\u00fct\u00fcn arazi T\u00fcrk satrapl\u0131klar\u0131( yazarlar\u0131n Pers dedikleri bu b\u00f6lgenin fetih\u00e7ilerine \u00e7evirmenler gene T\u00fcrk demi\u015flerdir) hegemonyas\u0131na ge\u00e7ti. T\u00fcrkler Clerg\u00e9 ile anla\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra Asya\u2019da bir zamanlar Roma hegemonyas\u0131na girmi\u015f bulunan yerlere muhacirler yerle\u015ftirdiler. Karmanos Alisurios (Germiyanl\u0131 Ali\u015fir), i\u00e7 Frigya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ve Phladelphiya\u2019ya (\u015fimdiki Ala\u015fehir) kadar olan araziyi, Menderes \u00e7ay\u0131 civar\u0131nda bulunan Antiokyahia havalisini i\u015fgal etti. Oradan \u0130zmir\u2019e kadar uzanan b\u00f6lge ile \u0130yonia\u2019n\u0131n sahilden uzak k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Sarkhanes (Saruhan. Bunlar da ayr\u0131l\u0131p ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmeden \u00f6nce Germiyanlar\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 idi MC) ad\u0131 verilen bir di\u011feri ald\u0131. Sasan (Mente\u015fa\u2019l\u0131 Sasa Bey) adl\u0131 biri Manisa \u00e7evresini, Priene\u2019ye ve Ephesus\u2019a kadar uzanarak oralar\u0131 kendisine satrapl\u0131k yapt\u0131. Lydia\u2019dan, Eolia\u2019dan Hellespont Misias\u0131\u2019na kadar olan sahay\u0131 Kalames ve onun o\u011flunun o\u011flu Karase (Karesi, Karesio\u011fullar\u0131) ald\u0131. Olympos civar\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Bithynia\u2019y\u0131 Atman (Osman) ad\u0131nda bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 elde etti. Sakarya nehrinden Paphlagonia\u2019ya kadar Amurios\u2019un (Umur Beyin) o\u011fullar\u0131 aralar\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131lar.[43]\n

Pachym\u00e9res, ba\u015fka bir yerde de Roma\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyde; Ege ve Ak Deniz\u2019deki deniz g\u00fc\u00e7lerini rasyonalize edip pek \u00e7ok donanmay\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmas\u0131n\u0131n ilgin\u00e7 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n, tersaneleri kapatmalar\u0131 sonucunda, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar halinde Hristiyan gemici i\u015fsiz kald\u0131, Mente\u015fa y\u00f6neticileri bunlardan da istifade ederek bir donanma kurdu, bir yandan da denizde korsanl\u0131k faaliyetlerine ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Pachym\u00e9res, en az\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc pers denizciler olarak sunar. O genel olarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n deniz yoluyla adalara sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan bahsederken onlar\u0131n bir ara Pers denizcilerini Kyklat adalar\u0131na g\u00f6nderdiklerini ve bu korsanlar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131yla o adalar\u0131 insans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtir:<\/p>\n

Her g\u00fcn, yaln\u0131z bir taraftan de\u011fil, her taraftan fena haberler duyuluyordu. Yaln\u0131z karada de\u011fil, denizde de korsanl\u0131k ederek \u00f6nce Tenedos adas\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fccumla ald\u0131lar. Orada bir\u00e7ok i\u015fkenceler yap\u0131p yine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcler. O vakit ba\u015fkalar\u0131 da k\u00e2h korkutarak, k\u00e2h raz\u0131 ederek orada bulunan Pers gemicilerini Kyklatlar\u2019a g\u00f6nderdiler ve fena muamele ettiler; hem Sak\u0131z\u2019a, hem Sisam\u2019a, hem Kapathos\u2019a, hem de Rodos ve daha bir\u00e7ok yerlere gemileriyle h\u00fccumlar yaparak halk\u0131 yurtlar\u0131ndan ettiler.[44] Bu d\u00f6nemde, Rodos\u2019ta, K\u00fcrdo\u011flu denen bir korsan\u0131n nam sald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz.<\/p>\n

En az\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 Bizansl\u0131n\u0131n (tarih\u00e7iler Georges Pachym\u00e9res ile Nickephorus Gregoras ve Ephesus\u2019un Johannes Kilisesi k\u00e2tiplerinden Paulus Aeginete) yazd\u0131klar\u0131, bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcney bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun ta Menderes Ovas\u0131, Efes, Tire ve Birgi\u2019ye kadar olan yerleri ele ge\u00e7irenlerin Germiyanlar ile Mente\u015falar oldu\u011funu, bunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk olarak de\u011fil, Persliler olarak bilindiklerini ortaya koyuyor. Bu yaz\u0131lar, bildi\u011fimiz en eski, olaylara \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar olarak, Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131yla Germiyanl\u0131lar\u0131n K\u00fcrt olduklar\u0131na dair di\u011fer yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 destekliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z kendisini Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrtl\u00fckleri konusuyla s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n K\u00fcrtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getiren ve destekleyen di\u011fer bilgi ve belgelere de\u011finip noktay\u0131 koyaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

MENTE\u015eA BEYLER\u0130N\u0130N K\u00dcRTL\u00dc\u011e\u00dcN\u00dc A\u00c7IKLAYAN D\u0130\u011eER B\u0130LG\u0130LER<\/p>\n

Mente\u015fa, bir Rum Sel\u00e7uklu emir sevahili (sahil beyi)[45] idi. Atalar\u0131 Ege sahillerinde Rum Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131n\u0131n emir sevahilleri olarak g\u00f6rev yap\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ayd\u0131n ve Mu\u011fla y\u00f6relerine denk d\u00fc\u015fen alanlar\u0131na sahiplerdi. Mente\u015fa Beyli\u011fi\u2019inin kurucusu olan Mente\u015fa Bey\u2019in babas\u0131 \u015eikar\u00ee\u2019nin Karamanname<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi<\/em>[46], \u0130bn Bibi\u2019nin de Sel\u00e7ukname\u2019sinde\u00a0M\u00fcluk\u00fc\u2019l Sevahil Emir Bahaeddin Muhammed[47]<\/strong><\/em> olarak verdi\u011fi Emir Bahaeddin\u2019dir. Emir Bahaeddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi, Karamano\u011flu Mehmet Bey\u2019in Konya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek Cimri olay\u0131n\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyanda Sel\u00e7uklu ba\u015fkenti Konya\u2019y\u0131 savunmakla g\u00f6revliydi ve az bir kuvvetle \u015fehir i\u00e7indeydi. O s\u0131rada \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7iren Karamano\u011flu Mehmet Bey taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir iki Sel\u00e7uklu emiriyle birlikte \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bahaeddin\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine o\u011flu Mente\u015fa, babas\u0131 yerine emir sevahil oldu.<\/p>\n

\u015eikar\u00ee\u2019nin iddias\u0131na g\u00f6re, Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi, ilk ba\u015fta Sivas emiriydi. O\u011flu Mente\u015fa da o d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sefer s\u0131ras\u0131nda babas\u0131n\u0131n yerine Sivas\u2019\u0131 vek\u00e2leten y\u00f6netiyordu. \u015eikar\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re yaylak alanlar\u0131n\u0131n cazipli\u011fi nedeniyle Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n bilinen ilk atalar\u0131ndan Nureddin (sonradan beyli\u011fi o\u011flu Karaman\u2019a b\u0131rakarak Baba \u0130lyas\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcritlerinden oldu ve Nure Sofi olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131) Hac\u0131 Bahaeddin\u2019in Sivas\u2019ta olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gen\u00e7 Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n vek\u00e2leten y\u00f6netimde oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde, hile ile \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irdi. Mente\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 kendi taraf\u0131na kazand\u0131 ve onu kendine ba\u011fl\u0131 bey olarak tan\u0131d\u0131. Mente\u015fa babas\u0131na durumu kabul etmesini, bunun en hay\u0131rl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirince hac\u0131 Bahaeddin Sivas\u2019\u0131n Karamanl\u0131lara tabi\u2019 bir \u015fehir olmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Bundan sonra, \u015eikar\u00ee\u2019de Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi\u2019yi ve o\u011flu Mente\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 Ege sahillerinde Karamano\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

Ancak anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla \u015eikar\u00ee farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerdeki farkl\u0131 olay ve kahramanlarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f baz\u0131 geli\u015fmeleri kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak ve Karamano\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6vme, y\u00fcceltme amac\u0131yla abartarak anlat\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan kurgulam\u0131\u015f, ciddi yanl\u0131\u015flar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bizans kaynaklar\u0131na dayan\u0131larak bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcney bat\u0131daki Germiyan ve Mente\u015fa varl\u0131klar\u0131na de\u011finilirken de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, akla daha yatk\u0131n olan\u0131, Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi\u2019nin Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131[48] taraf\u0131ndan Ege Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce Melik\u00fc\u2019l sevahil olarak g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi ve onun Karamano\u011fullar\u0131na de\u011fil, do\u011frudan Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir emir oldu\u011fudur. Hatta Karamano\u011flu Mehmet Bey, Cimri olay\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131nca, Emir Bahaeddin Muhammed, Sel\u00e7uklu ba\u015fkenti Konya\u2019n\u0131n savunmas\u0131yla g\u00f6revliydi ve isyan s\u0131ras\u0131nda Karamano\u011fullar\u0131nca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (Cimri olay\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Emir Bahaeddin\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1277), yerine o\u011flu Mente\u015fa ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Ahmed Eflaki\u2019nin Ariflerin Menk\u0131beleri<\/em>\u2019nde Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi\u2019nin o\u011flu Sultan Veled\u2019in ve onun o\u011flu Arif \u00c7elebi\u2019nin Mente\u015fa, Germiyan ve Ayd\u0131no\u011fullar\u0131 beyleriyle ili\u015fkilerini anlatan menk\u0131beler, Mente\u015fa Bey, Ali\u015firo\u011flu Yakub (Birinci Yakub) Bey ve Ayd\u0131no\u011flu Mehmet Bey\u2019le ilgilidirler ve daha \u00e7ok Bizans kaynaklar\u0131yla uyu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n

Mente\u015fa beylerinin \u015fecereleriyle ilgili en titiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 Paul Wittek yapm\u0131\u015f,[49] Bizans kaynaklar\u0131na, hem \u015eikar\u00ee, M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131, Ahmed Eflaki ve benzeri kroniklere, menk\u0131belere hem de son d\u00f6nem Mente\u015fa beylerinin mezar ta\u015flar\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131tlara ve di\u011fer mimari eserlerdeki kitabelere dayanarak bir \u015fecere \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Wittek, kitabelerdeki yaz\u0131lar\u0131n okunamaz derecede a\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olduklar\u0131ndan, \u015fecere silsileleri ve adlar\u0131n birbirleriyle uyumlu olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u015fik\u00e2yet etmektedir. Daha sonraki okumalardan onun \u00fcst\u00fcnde karar k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00f6yle olmas\u0131 gerekir dedi\u011fi isimleri bile yanl\u0131\u015f okudu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Wittek bu zorluklara ra\u011fmen sadece \u015eikar\u00ee\u2019de ge\u00e7en Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi ad\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fruya en yak\u0131n bilgi oldu\u011funu kabul etmekte, ancak daha sonra \u00e7izdi\u011fi \u015fecerede dikkat \u00e7ekici bir bi\u00e7imde, bu isme yer bile vermemektedir.<\/p>\n

Wittek, Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi ad\u0131 konusunda ikirciklenmesini iki nedene dayand\u0131r\u0131r. Birincisi, \u015eikar\u00ee\u2019nin Karamanname<\/em> \u2019sinin hepsi de sonradan istinsah edilen el yazma n\u00fcshalar\u0131nda Hac\u0131 Bahaddin<\/em>\u2019in baz\u0131 yerlerde Hac\u0131 Bahad\u0131r<\/em> olarak yaz\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi de \u015eikar\u00ee\u2019nin Hac\u0131 Bahaeddin\u2019e mal etti\u011fi baz\u0131 olaylar\u0131n, asl\u0131nda ondan sonraki d\u00f6nemlere, 1277\u2019den sonralara, 1290 hatta 1300\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara ait olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fkusuz bu iki durum da izah edilebilecek niteliktedir. Hac\u0131 Bahaddin<\/em> ve Hac\u0131 Bahad\u0131r<\/em> adlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 iki farkl\u0131 ki\u015finin olmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil, Arap alfabesiyle el yazmalarda, son harflerinin birinin \u2018<\/em>\ufee5\u2019 (nun),<\/em> di\u011ferinin \u2018<\/em>\ufeae\u2019( ra)<\/em> olmas\u0131 ve aralar\u0131ndaki grafik fark\u0131n bir nokta olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Nun<\/em>\u2019daki nokta yaz\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, unutuldu\u011fu ya da sonradan a\u015f\u0131nma nedeniyle silindi\u011finde \u2018\u2019ra\u2019\u2019 olarak okundu\u011fu ve ard\u0131ndan gelen istinsah\u00e7\u0131larda ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi i\u00e7in Bahaddin<\/em> ve Bahad\u0131r<\/em> gibi bir farka yol a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 ku\u015fku g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci neden ise; anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki ne \u015eikar\u00ee ne de Wittek, Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n atas\u0131 Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ondan bir-iki on y\u0131l sonra varl\u0131k g\u00f6steren Amasya Emiri Bahaeddin K\u00fcrd\u2019den haberdar de\u011filler. Amasya Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z K\u00fcrt Emirli\u011fi[50]<\/strong><\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda, Amasya Emiri Bahaeddin K\u00fcrd\u2019\u00fcn hayat\u0131na ve d\u00f6nemine ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 yer verdik. Amasya Emiri K\u00fcrd Bey 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131 ile 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde Amasya emiri, Kayseri emiri olmu\u015f ve \u00f6nceleri Sivas, Kayseri ve Amasya\u2019ya sahip Eretna Beyli\u011finin emirli\u011fini, vali ve vezirli\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015f biridir.<\/p>\n

Kan\u0131m\u0131zca, \u015eikar\u00ee de eserinin bir iki yerinde K\u00fcrt Bey ad\u0131n\u0131, o\u011fullar\u0131 Hac\u0131 Kutlu \u015eah \u0130bn K\u00fcrd, karde\u015fi H\u00e2ce Ali\u2019yi verdi\u011fi halde, onlar\u0131 tan\u0131mamakta, sadece eserinin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini Fars\u00e7adan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye terc\u00fcme etti\u011fi Y\u00e2r\u00eecan\u00ee ve Dehanni\u2019den nakletmekte, ama Mente\u015falar\u0131n atas\u0131 Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi ile Amasya Emiri Bahaddin K\u00fcrd\u2019\u00fc birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.[51] 1277\u2019den sonra Emir Bahaddin K\u00fcrd\u2019\u00fcn yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Mente\u015fa atas\u0131na mal etmektedir. Bu isimlerin iki ayr\u0131 emire ait oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ta\u015flar daha yerli yerine oturmakta ve Wittek\u2019i ku\u015fkuland\u0131ran sebepler ortadan kalkmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Paul Wittek\u2019i ikirciklerinden ba\u015fka bir durum daha var. Son d\u00f6nem Mente\u015fa beylerinden Ahmed Gazi bin \u0130brahim Bey\u2019in 793\/1391 y\u0131l\u0131na ait mezar ta\u015f\u0131nda, soyu ile ilgili standart bilgilere uymayan isimler\u2026 Mezar ta\u015f\u0131nda, Ahmed Gazi ibn \u0130brahim, ibn Orhan, ibn Mesud, ibn Mente\u015fa, ibn Eblistan, ibn Karabay<\/em> bi\u00e7iminde okudu\u011fu bir kitabe var.<\/p>\n

Burada tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f ilgin\u00e7 bir k\u0131s\u0131m ismin (Eblistan, Karabay) yan\u0131nda Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ad\u0131 var ama Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi\u2019nin ad\u0131 yok. Olsayd\u0131, muhtemelen Muhammed Bey bi\u00e7iminde olmal\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130bn Bibi\u2019de M\u00fcluk\u00fc\u2019l Sevahil Bahaeddin Muhammed diye ge\u00e7er. Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n babas\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131n yerinde \u2018Eblistan\u2019 var.<\/p>\n

Eblistan\u2019\u0131 biz Mara\u015f\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 Elbistan\u2019\u0131n eski ad\u0131 olarak biliriz. \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131o\u011flu da Eblistan i\u00e7in \u015funlar\u0131 belirtir: Eblistan ismi dikkate \u015fayand\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Mara\u015f vilayetinin kazas\u0131 olan Elbistan\u2019\u0131n eski ad\u0131 Eblistin\u2019di. Acaba bu memleket ismi ayni zamanda \u015fah\u0131s ismi midir? On d\u00f6rt ve on be\u015finci as\u0131rlarda tarihte Dim\u015fik, M\u0131s\u0131r, Ba\u011fdat, Mardin, Isfahan gibi \u015fah\u0131s isimlerine de tesad\u00fcf etmekteyiz. Bunun i\u00e7in kitabedeki Eblistan \u015fah\u0131s ismidir\u2019\u2019[52]\n

Ayr\u0131ca, yukar\u0131daki kitabeden \u00f6nce, Milas\u2019ta yap\u0131lan Ahmed Gazi Camisi\u2019nin 780\/1378\u2019de yaz\u0131lan kitabesinde daha farkl\u0131 bir \u015fecere var. \u2018\u2019Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck camiyi ulu Emir ve M\u00fckrim Sultan milletlerin rikab\u0131n\u0131n maliki, Arap ve Acemlerin[53]<\/strong> h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n sultan\u0131 Ahmed Gazi Bey \u2013Allah \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc uzun etsin- ibn merhum ve ma\u011ffur bahtl\u0131 \u015fehit \u0130brahim Beg bin Orhan, bin Mesud, bin Eblistan\u2019\u2019<\/em> denmi\u015f. Dikkat edilirse burada (Ahmed Gazi sa\u011fken), hem mezar ta\u015f\u0131ndaki kitabede en son ata diye okunmu\u015f Karabay<\/em> yok, hem de daha ilginci beyli\u011fin bizzat kurucusu, Mente\u015fa yok. Ayn\u0131 caminin minbere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kenar\u0131ndaki kitabelerde de ayn\u0131 \u015fecere var.[54]\n

Wittek, Bizans tarih\u00e7isindeki bir bilgiden hareketle de, \u015fecerede ku\u015fkuya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Pachym\u00e9res\u2019in, \u2018Karmanos Alisurios\u2019<\/em> diye birinden bahsetti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekerek, Germiyanl\u0131 Ali\u015fir<\/em>\u2019in kastedildi\u011fini anl\u0131yor, ancak ba\u015fka bir yerde \u2018Karmanos Mantachiyas\u2019<\/em> diye birini yazmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, \u2018\u2019buradaki \u2018Karmanos\u2019u \u2018Germiyan\u2019 olarak anlayamay\u0131z, bu olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r\u2019\u2019 diyor[55]. Neden? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu Mente\u015fal\u0131 biridir. Asl\u0131nda birbirine kom\u015fu, akraba ve i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f topluluklar\u0131n birbirlerinin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u015fahsiyetlerinin adlar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7melerinden do\u011fal bir \u015fey olamaz ama onu bir kenara b\u0131rakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Wittek\u2019e g\u00f6re bu, daha \u00e7ok Kalka\u015fandi\u2019nin 1412\u2019de tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olan devlet salnamesinde rastlanan \u2018\u2019Zervan ibn Karaman ibn Mente\u015fa\u2019\u2019(\u200e<\/em>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627)<\/em>daki Karaman<\/em> ismiyle ayn\u0131 olabilir. Buradan hareketle Wittek, Karaman<\/em> ad\u0131nda karar k\u0131l\u0131yor ve kitab\u0131n sonundaki \u015fecereye de bunu yerle\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n

Tabi, Wittek, ayn\u0131 anda Kalka\u015fandi tekstinin Arap\u00e7a yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halini de veriyor ve buradan \u2018Karaman\u2019 diye birini kastetmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de \u2018Karaman\u2019 olarak yaz\u0131lan ad\u0131n Arap\u00e7a alfabeye g\u00f6re \u2018Qaraman (\u0642\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 )\u2019 olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Kalka\u015fandi \u2018\u2019Zervan ibn Kirman\/Karman (Karaman da de\u011fil) ibn Mente\u015fa\u2019\u2019<\/em> diye yazm\u0131\u015f. \u0130sim kesinlikle hem Pachym\u00e9res\u2019te, hem Kalka\u015fandi\u2019de \u2018Karmanos\/Karman\/Kirman\u2019d\u0131r, ya bunu \u2018Germiyan\u2019, ya da yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u2018Karman\/Kirman\u2019 diye kabul etmekten ba\u015fka \u00e7are yok. Kald\u0131 ki tarihte, insanlara ad olmu\u015f \u2018Kirman\/Karman \u2018 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de var. Karman \u015eah, sonra da Kerman\u015fah \/ Kirman\u015fah\u2019a ad olmu\u015ftur. Orta \u00e7a\u011fda, orta ve bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya gelmi\u015f olan K\u00fcrtlerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Irak\u2019\u0131n \u015earezor\/Germiyan y\u00f6releri ile \u0130ran K\u00fcrdistan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kirman \/Kirman\u015fah\/Loristan b\u00f6lgelerinden gelmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 hat\u0131rlan\u0131rsa \u2018Germiyan\u2019 ya da Karman\/Kirman\/Kerman\u2019 isimleri daha uygun d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

Wittek\u2019in, Ahmed Gazi Bey\u2019in mezar ta\u015f\u0131ndaki Karabay<\/em> ismini de asl\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f okudu\u011fu kendi eserinde teksti verilen kitabeden g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Buradaki en son ata ismi \u2018Karabay, Qarabay\u2019 bi\u00e7iminde okunamaz; ancak \u2018Kurbi Bey\/Qurbi Bey\/Kuri Bey\u2019 hatta Q[a]zi Beg bi\u00e7iminde bile okunabilir. A\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Wittek taraf\u0131ndan dile getirilen kitabe, net bir okuma ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme imk\u00e2n\u0131 vermiyor, buna ra\u011fmen, eserinin sonundaki \u015fecereye bu ismi \u2018Karabay\u2019 diye yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7tir. \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131o\u011flu da \u2018\u2019bu ismi Doktor P. Wittek Karabay Bey diye okumu\u015f ise de ikinci k\u0131s\u0131m kitabelerde Kuri<\/em> veya Kari<\/em> Bey diye okunmu\u015ftur,\u2019\u2019 der. Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131o\u011flu bile ismi okuyamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Ahmed<\/p>\n

Ahmed Gazi Bey\u2019in mezar ta\u015f\u0131ndaki kitabe. Wittek\u2019in kitab\u0131ndan<\/em><\/p>\n

Geriye s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak \u2018Eblistan\u2019<\/em> ismi kal\u0131yor ki Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi d\u00f6nemine denk d\u00fc\u015fen bu yazmay\u0131 \u2018Eblistani\u2019<\/em> bi\u00e7iminde okumak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Hatta daha do\u011frusu \u00f6yle okunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Eski kitaplarda \u2018h\u00fcruf-i imla\u2019 denen \u015fey yaz\u0131lmaz, ama okunurdu. Kimi Osmanl\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7ileri bunu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden yanl\u0131\u015ftan dolay\u0131, \u2018Germiyani\u2019yi \u2018Germiyan\u2019 ya da Germiyan Begi\u2019ni \u2018Germiyan Beg\u2019 diye okumu\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u2018Eblistani\u2019(Elbistan\u00ee) ad\u0131n\u0131 bu hanedan\u0131n, \u0130slamiyet d\u00f6nemindeki bir K\u00fcrt \u015fehri olarak bay\u0131nd\u0131r olan Elbistan\u2019la ili\u015fkilendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ancak en iyisi, Osmanl\u0131 egemenlik ve onlarla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme d\u00f6nemine rastlayan kitabelere bilin\u00e7li olarak ger\u00e7ek \u015fecereyle uyu\u015fmayan isimlerin yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi, baz\u0131 isimlerin atlanarak, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi ya da eklenebilece\u011fi ihtimalini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 ve orta Anadolu\u2019ya gelen K\u00fcrtlerin hemen hemen t\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00f6nce Suriye ve \u015eam b\u00f6lgelerine, Eyyubilere gelmi\u015fler. Ard\u0131ndan, oradan Mara\u015f, Elbistan, Malatya ve Sivas, hatta Kayseri ve Amasya\u2019ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, pey der pey bat\u0131 ve orta Anadolu\u2019nun s\u00f6z konusu etti\u011fimiz b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi\u2019nin ya da onun Qurbi\/Qurbi\/Q[a]zi Beg diye okunabilen atas\u0131n\u0131n Elbistanl\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil. Nitekim M\u00fcluk\u00fc\u2019l Sevahil Emir Bahaeddin Muhammed\u2019in ilk ya\u015fam\u0131 oralara \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olan Sivas\u2019ta ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece e\u011fer Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131na bir \u015fecere olu\u015fturulacaksa Wittek\u2019in dile getirdi\u011fi Karabey ve Karaman Bey adlar\u0131n\u0131 bir tarafa atmak ve belki de \u015f\u00f6yle bir \u015fecere olu\u015fturmak gerekir:<\/p>\n

Quri\/Qurbi\/Qazi Bey, onun o\u011flu Eblistan Bey\/Emir Hac\u0131 Bahaeddin Muhammed K\u00fcrdi, onun o\u011flu Mente\u015fa Bey, onun o\u011flu Kirman (Karmanos\/Germiyan) Bey, onun o\u011flu Mesud Bey, onun o\u011flu Orhan Bey, onun o\u011flu \u0130brahim Bey, onun o\u011fullar\u0131 Musa, Muhammed ve Ahmed Gazi Beyler, (Ahmed Gazi\u2019dan sonra karde\u015fi) Muhammed Bey, onun o\u011flu \u0130lyas Bey, onun o\u011fullar\u0131 Ahmed ve Leys Beyler. Ahmed\u2019in o\u011flu \u0130lyas Bey. Aradaki baz\u0131 halkalar\u0131n zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bizim konumuz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, sahil beyli\u011fini Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kuran Emir Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi (Melik\u00fc\u2019l sevahil Bahaeddin Muhammed) ve bu beyli\u011fe, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederek ad\u0131n\u0131 veren o\u011flu Mente\u015fa \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda esas ama\u00e7 Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n tarihine daha fazla yer verilmeyecek, etnik k\u00f6kenleri \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fmakla yetinilecektir.<\/p>\n

MENTE\u015eA \u0130SM\u0130N\u0130N K\u00dcRT ORTAMIYLA BA\u011eLARI<\/p>\n

Wittek, Mente\u015fa konusunda o kadar karamsar davranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki onun bir \u015fah\u0131s, a\u015firet ya da yer ismi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bile karar verememi\u015ftir. Oysa Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n iki s\u00f6zc\u00fckten meydana gelen bile\u015fik bir insan ismi oldu\u011fu y\u00fczeysel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2018\u2019Mente\u015fa\u2019\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn insan ad\u0131 ve K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fam alan\u0131yla i\u00e7li d\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ili\u015fkisini derli toplu olarak \u015eeref Xan (\u015eeref Han), \u015eerefname<\/em>\u2019de Kilis beyleri ile ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ele al\u0131rken vermektedir:<\/p>\n

\u2018\u2019Dediklerine g\u00f6re [Kilis H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131], do\u011fru rivayet gere\u011fince Hakk\u00e2ri ve \u0130madiye h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n amcao\u011fullar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar \u00fc\u00e7\u0327 karde\u015fti ve adlar\u0131 \u015eemseddin, Bahaddin ve Mente\u015fa\u2019yd\u0131. Hakk\u00e2ri h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 \u015eemseddin\u2019in soyundand\u0131r ve K\u00fcrtler taraf\u0131ndan bunlara \u2018\u015eem\u00fb\u2019 denilmektedir; Bahaddin\u2019in soyundan olan \u0130madiye h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131na da \u2018Behdin\u2019 denir; Kilis h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131na gelince, bunlar da Mente\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n soyundand\u0131r ve onlara \u2018Mend\u2019 denir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli rivayetlerden hangisi do\u011fru olursa olsun, Mend, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta K\u00fcrtlerin bir a\u015firetini \u00e7evresinde toplamaya muvaffak oldu ve onlarla birlikte \u015eam ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gidip Eyyubo\u011fullar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n hizmetine girdi. Onlar da kendisine Antakya Vilayeti yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Kusayr Nahiyesi\u2019ni verdiler. Mend ve adamlar\u0131 k\u0131\u015f\u0131n buraya yerle\u015ftiler. \u0130\u015f bununla da kalmad\u0131; daha \u00f6nce o diyarda oturan K\u00fcrt Yezidiler\u2019den bir topluluk da Mend\u2019in \u00e7evresinde topland\u0131. Bu da g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne \u015fan\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fccelmesine ve n\u00fcfuzunun artmas\u0131na yola\u00e7t\u0131. Kendisine her taraftan K\u00fcrtler geldiler; ayr\u0131ca Cun ve Kilis taraflar\u0131nda oturan K\u00fcrtler de kendisine kat\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Al-\u0131 Eyyub\u2019un ulu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 kendisine ilgi g\u00f6sterdiler ve onu \u015eam ve Halep\u2019teki b\u00fct\u00fcn K\u00fcrtlere beylerbeyi olarak tayin ettiler; bu toplulu\u011fu y\u00f6netmek, meseleleri karara ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ba\u011flamak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kendisini tamamen serbest b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece kendisini en y\u00fcksek askeri ve idari r\u00fctbeye y\u00fckselttiler. \u0130\u015fin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda, Hama ve Mara\u015f\u0327 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0327 olan Yezidi K\u00fcrtler\u2019in \u015feyhleri bu y\u00fcce makam \u00fczerine kendisiyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Bu durum, zaman zaman k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesine ve sava\u015fa dahi yola\u00e7t\u0131. Fakat Mend onlara galebe \u00e7ald\u0131 ve bazen sertlikle, bazen yumu\u015fak davranarak, bazen bask\u0131yla, bazen de iyilik yaparak onlar\u0131 kendisine boyun e\u011fecek duruma getirdi. Sonunda istedi\u011fine kavu\u015ftu ve o diyardaki b\u00fct\u00fcn K\u00fcrtler onun mutlak h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na boyun e\u011fdiler.<\/p>\n

Mend \u00f6l\u00fcnce yerine o\u011flu Arab Bey ge\u00e7ti. Ondan sonra da o\u011flu Emir Cemal y\u00f6netimi ald\u0131. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra da yerine o\u011flu Ahmed Bey ge\u00e7ti. Bu beyin zaman\u0131nda Al-\u0131 Eyyub Devleti\u2019nin g\u00fcnleri sona erdi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck devletleri \u00c7erke\u015f Meml\u00fckler\u2019e ge\u00e7ti. Fakat Ahmed Bey \u00c7erke\u015flerin devletine boyun e\u011fmedi ve g\u00fcnlerini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak ge\u00e7irdi. Sonunda iki \u00e7ocuk b\u0131rakarak \u00f6ld\u00fc.\u2019\u2019[56]\n

Kilis beylerinin tarihi, \u015eerefname\u2019de bundan itibaren de Canpolatlar\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alarak devam ediyor, ancak bizim konumuzu do\u011frudan ilgilendirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in biz bu kadar\u0131yla yetiniyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u015eeref Han\u2019\u0131n verdi\u011fi bilgilerden Mente\u015fa<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n bir bey ad\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve K\u00fcrtlerin bu beyi Mend<\/em> diye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131, onun, zaman\u0131nda Botan b\u00f6lgesinden gidip Eyyubilerin hizmetine girdi\u011fi, Eyyubilerin, ona, Antakya b\u00f6lgesinde beylik verdikleri anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Mend adl\u0131 beyin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle ona ba\u011fl\u0131 toplulu\u011fun (a\u015firetin), hatta Kilis h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 ailesinin Mend ad\u0131yla tan\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 bilgisi de var. Mend, Antakya b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce de orada K\u00fcrtler, \u00f6zellikle Yezidi K\u00fcrtler kalabal\u0131k bir topluluk olarak varlar. Mend ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunca hem (Cun ve Kilis taraf\u0131ndaki) M\u00fcsl\u00fcman K\u00fcrtler, hem de Yezidi K\u00fcrtler onun etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fiyorlar. Sonra Eyyubi Sultanlar\u0131 onu Halep ve \u015eam\u2019daki (yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kuzey Suriye, Hama, Halep, \u015eam ve L\u00fcbnan topraklar\u0131) b\u00fct\u00fcn K\u00fcrtlerin ba\u015f\u0131na beylerbeyi olarak at\u0131yorlar. Mend\u2019in g\u00fcc\u00fc ve egemenlik alan\u0131 Hama\u2019dan Mara\u015f\u2019a kadar geni\u015fliyor.<\/p>\n

Tarihte, Musul, \u015eengal, \u015earezor, Germiyan ve Loristan b\u00f6lgelerinden bat\u0131ya, Roma topraklar\u0131na giden K\u00fcrtlerin, do\u011fu Toros ve Zagros s\u0131ra da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n, y\u00fcksek yaylalar\u0131n ve buralardan inen F\u0131rat, Murat, Dicle ve Zap gibi nehirlerin ge\u00e7it vermemeleri nedeniyle, yollar\u0131, Germiyan, \u015earezor, Musul, Mardin, Harran, Urfa, Halep al\u00e7ak yayla ve \u00e7\u00f6lleri (berri) ile ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n, uzant\u0131lar\u0131 Cudi, \u015eengal ve benzerinin g\u00fcney eteklerinden ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrtler bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinden, Irak\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu ve kuzeydo\u011fusundan bu g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 takip ederek verimli Suriye, Halep, \u015eam ve Antakya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na gelmi\u015flerdir. Buradan bir taraftan g\u00fcneyi, L\u00fcbnan, Filistin, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Yemeni, di\u011fer taraftan Antakya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey ve do\u011fu y\u00f6relerini, Kilis, Elbistan, Mara\u015f, Malatya, Sivas, Kayseri, Amasya, Tokat, K\u00fctahya, Kastamonu, Ankara ve Sinop y\u00f6relerini hedeflemi\u015f, ya da Adana, Antalya, Konya\u2019y\u0131 konak edinerek Ege b\u00f6lgesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eam ve Halep\u2019in kuzey y\u00f6releri, Antakya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusu ve kuzeyi ilk konak yeridir. Buralarda ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz \u015fehirler, ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve K\u00fcrt yerle\u015fim yerleri ve idare merkezi olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda ilk Arap istilalar\u0131 da bu g\u00fczerg\u00e2htan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun i\u00e7lerine, ta \u0130stanbul \u00f6nlerine kadar varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan O\u011fuz-T\u00fcrkmenlerinin ve Mo\u011follar\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusu, Irak-\u0131 Acem ve Irak-\u0131 Arap \u00fczeri gelen istila dalgalar\u0131 da bu g\u00fczerg\u00e2h ve konaklamalar\u0131 izlemi\u015ftir. Bu, o d\u00f6nemin co\u011frafi ve do\u011fal ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zorunluluktu.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, Hem ilk \u0130slam yay\u0131lma d\u00f6nemlerini hem de O\u011fuz-T\u00fcrkmen ve Mo\u011fol yay\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan orta \u00e7a\u011f \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda Mara\u015f, Harput, Elbistan, Sivas, Kayseri, Amasya, Tokat ve daha sonra K\u00fctahya, Kastamonu, Sinop, Ayd\u0131n ve Mu\u011fla b\u00f6lgelerinde K\u00fcrt emir ve beylere rastlamak o kadar da \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n daha \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde, S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n 1086 y\u0131l\u0131nda Antakya ve Halep y\u00f6resinde Tutu\u015f\u2019la sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi anlat\u0131l\u0131rken, \u0130bn Bibi\u2019nin ve Yaz\u0131c\u0131zade Ali\u2019nin de\u011findikleri bir ad\u0131 tekrar hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m. Ta Tokat\u2019tan beri di\u011fer emirlerle beraber S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda olan, onunla omuz omuza sava\u015fan ve o \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcnce, o\u011flu K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan\u2019\u0131, di\u011fer emirlerle elbirli\u011fi ederek tahta oturtan Mende Bey\/Emir Mende<\/em>. \u015eeref Han\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi Mend Bey<\/em> ile \u0130bn Bibi ve Yaz\u0131c\u0131zade\u2019nin ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri Mende Bey<\/em> kan\u0131m\u0131zca ayni isimdir. Ayni ki\u015filer olduklar\u0131 eldeki bilgilerle iddia edilemez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015eeref Han\u2019\u0131n Mend Bey\u2019i sonraki bir tarihe, Eyyubilerin imparatorluk haline geldikleri en az bir as\u0131r sonraki bir d\u00f6neme rastl\u0131yor. Ama iki isim ayn\u0131d\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131, oradan kuzeye, Anadolu\u2019ya gitmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir ipucudur, anlaml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tabi Hac\u0131 Bahaddin\u2019i K\u00fcrdi\u2019nin o\u011flu Mente\u015fa<\/em> ile bu iki Mend<\/em> de ayr\u0131 ki\u015filerdir. Mente\u015fa onlardan \u00e7ok sonra ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama bu, bize kendisi tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce Mend ve Mente\u015fa adlar\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu, hatta Mend hanedan soyunun olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve bunun Antakya, Kilis, Mara\u015f, Halep ve Hama y\u00f6relerini y\u00f6netti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. \u015eah\u0131slar ayn\u0131 olmayabilir ama g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Mente\u015fa devletini kuran beyin ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Sivas\u2019\u0131 y\u00f6neten atalar\u0131n\u0131n, daha \u00f6nceki tarihlerde daha g\u00fcneyde Elbistan\u2019\u0131 ve ba\u015fka y\u00f6releri de y\u00f6netmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 ve hatta Mend hanedan\u0131 soyundan gelmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 pek ala m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sundu\u011fumuz bilgilerle vard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonu\u00e7 \u015fudur: Mente\u015fa ad\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131 \u2018Mend\/e\u2019<\/em>dir. Mend\/e ilk ba\u015fta Bey r\u00fctbesiyle ad\u0131n\u0131 duyurmu\u015ftur; Mend Bey, Mende Bey<\/em>. Ancak Mend\/e Bey, beylerbeyi r\u00fctbesi al\u0131p eyaletleri, beylikleri y\u00f6neten emir haline gelince Mend\/e \u015eah [57]olmu\u015ftur. \u2018Amasya Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z K\u00fcrt Emirli\u011fi\u2019<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda Emir Bahaeddin K\u00fcrd\u2019\u00fcn o\u011flu Hac\u0131 Kutlu Bey\u2019in Amasya emiri olunca Hac\u0131 Kutlu \u015eah ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck. \u015eeref Han\u2019\u0131n bahsetti\u011fi Mend Bey\u2019in de daha sonra Hama\u2019dan Mara\u015f\u2019a kadar olan b\u00f6lgedeki K\u00fcrtlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u2018\u2019beylerbeyi\u2019\u2019 yani \u2018\u015eah\/Xan\u2019\u2019 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fck.<\/p>\n

Mende \u015eah<\/em> ad\u0131, zamanla tan\u0131n\u0131p sevilince, hanedan \u00e7evrelerinde, birle\u015ftirilerek ad olarak da verilmi\u015ftir; Mende\u015fa[h]. Zamanla bu kelime hafifleyerek \u2018Mente\u015fa\u2019<\/em> ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Zaten \u015eeref Xan da \u015eerefname\u2019yi bu beylerden \u00e7ok sonralar\u0131, 1597\u2019de yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O tarihte Mende\u015fah<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131n her tarafta Mente\u015fa<\/em>\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, onun eserinde de bu haliyle yer etti\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u015eeref Han\u2019\u0131n kendi ad\u0131 da sonra b\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun ad\u0131 \u015eeref(\u015eerefeddin)\u2019dir. Han (Xan )r\u00fctbesini daha \u0130ran\u2019da iken \u015eah Tahmasp d\u00f6neminde beylerbeyi olunca alm\u0131\u015f ve \u015eeref Xan olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat sonralar\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu isim birle\u015ftirilerek \u015eerefxan bi\u00e7iminde insanlara ad oluyor.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak verdi\u011fimiz bilgi ve belgeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Mente\u015fao\u011fullar\u0131 hanedan\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrt oldu\u011fu rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir kanaatindeyiz. Beyliklerin tebaalar\u0131, orta \u00e7a\u011fdaki b\u00fct\u00fcn beylik ve devletlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, farkl\u0131 etnik topluluklardan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak K\u00fcrtler, T\u00fcrkmenler, Mo\u011follar, Harezmiler, Araplar Farslar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fan Ermeni ve Rumlar. Ayr\u0131ca M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Rumlar, Ermeniler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Yahudiler, S\u00fcryani-Asuri topluluklar\u0131, bat\u0131dan gelen Latinler, Frenkler\u2026<\/p>\n

Tabi bu hanedan, bat\u0131 ve orta Anadolu\u2019da, T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli bir hanedan\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi Rum Sel\u00e7uklu devleti i\u00e7inde, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu T\u00fcrkmen olan emir, bey, y\u00f6netici, asker ve a\u015firetlerle ha\u015f\u0131r ne\u015fir olmu\u015ftur. Ta ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri, kendi dilleri K\u00fcrt\u00e7enin, Fars\u00e7a ve Arap\u00e7an\u0131n yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, hatta Rumcay\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131nda geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde kullanm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 varsy\u0131labilir. Bu dillerle, onun k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini ta\u015f\u0131yan topluluklarla i\u00e7li d\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde, Fars\u00e7a ve Arap\u00e7an\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde terkedilmesinden sonra bu hanedan\u0131n \u00fcyeleri de daha \u00e7ok Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netim \u00e7evreleri ve T\u00fcrklerle entegre olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kadar\u0131yla Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar K\u00fcrtl\u00fcklerini bilmi\u015fler, \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6zellikle y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f, dillerini unutmu\u015f olsalar da onlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olan K\u00fcrt a\u015firetler ve yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler K\u00fcrt\u00e7eyi unutmam\u0131\u015flar, k\u0131rsal ya\u015famda kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de orta ve bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015fan n\u00fcfusun ciddi bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc o d\u00f6nemden kalan K\u00fcrtlerdir. \u00d6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, art\u0131k T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fsalar bile, K\u00fcrt as\u0131ll\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bilmektedirler. Ancak tarihleri hakk\u0131nda ciddi bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011fu kez kulaktan dolma bilgiler vermekteler, ilk gelenlerle sonradan defalarca dalgalar halinde gelenlerin tarihleri birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, bilgisizlik a\u011f\u0131r basmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7avkan\u00ee:<\/strong> https:\/\/muradciwan.com\/2018\/04\/07\/osmanlilardan-once-bati-anadoluda-devlet-kuran<\/em><\/p>\n